Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War

Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War - Factbites
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Topic: Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War

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	Polish Tatars
		This is a flag used by the Union of Polish Tatars (Zwiazek Tatarow Polskich or Polonya Tatar Birlik), the foremost organization of the remnants of a once prosperous and influential ethno-religious group of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		But their involvement in epic struggles in defense of Poland, from the wars with the Teutonic Knights to fierce resistance against German-Soviet invasion of 1939 entitle them a special place in the society.
		I believe that some of them were refugees from the protracted strife on the steppe, which followed the Mongol conquest, and some were prisoners of war captured by one of the Polish Kings and transported along with their families to
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/pl-tatar.html (313 words)

	Polish Renaissance Warfare
		There were few years in this era when Polish-Lithuanian forces were not fighting against one of the Commonwealth's enemies, which included Tartars, Teutonic Knights, Swedes, Austrians, Ottomans, Muscovites, Moldavians and Zaporozhian Cossacks.
		Their forces combined elements of eastern tactical and strategic thinking with western tactics of technology and firepower and the influence of the Polish army on the West is often under estimated, for example:-
		It should be remembered that one of the greatest generals in history, Gustav Adolf, developed his skills in almost continuous warfare with the Poles - and his success in the Thirty Years War was preceded by many years of effort against inferior numbers of Poles who had humiliated the Swedish army at Kircholm.
	www.jasinski.co.uk /wojna (199 words)

	Thirteen Years' War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After victory by the Polish and Lithuanian forces at the Battle of Grunwald during the, the Prussian states eagerly pledged allegiance to King Wladyslaw Jagiełło, but they quickly returned to Teutonic rule after the Poles were unable to conquer Marienburg (Malbork).
		The Polish army moved slowly to Thorn, but military actions were halted briefly, when the king finally agreed to mediation by Frederick II, Margrave of Brandenburg (all earlier propositions of mediation from different sides had been rejected).
		Teutons were raiding the Polish lands and enjoying quite a few successes (for example, komtur of Chojnice, captured for a few months one of the Polish cities in northern Greater Poland).
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Thirteen_Years'_War (5107 words)

	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
		The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or the Republic of the Two Nations : in Polish, Rzeczpospolita Obojga NarodÃ³w ; in Lithuanian, Žečpospolita ; in Latin, Regnum Serenissima Poloniae ; in Belarusian, Рэч Паспалі́тая) was a federal monarchy - republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1569, lasting until 1795.
		The Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous states in Europe and for over two centuries successfully withstood aggressions from the Teutonic Order, the Mongols, the Russians, the Ottomans, and Sweden.
		In the 16th century, the Polish bishop and cartographer Martin Kromer published a Latin atlas entitled, Poland: about Its Location, People, Culture, Offices and the Polish Commonwealth, which was regarded in its time as the most comprehensive guide to the country.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth (5107 words)

	before war - THE BATTLE OF GRUNWALD
		King Jahaila(Yagailla) and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitaut the Great (Witold) had difficulty in reconciling with the occupation of their lands, the massacres of innocent citizens in villages near the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic borders.
		There was peace for a time after the union of Lithuania and Poland, but in 1398 the Teutonic knights invaded Lithuanian and Polish territory, and occupied the areas of Zemaitija (Zmudzi), Santok, and Drezdenko.
		The Poles and Lithuanians realised they were not strong enough to oppose the terror which the knights visited on the far fringes of their land, and had to bear the invasions and insults in silence.
	grunwald.iatp.by /bw-e.htm (5107 words)

	Prussia under the Teutonic Order
		In 1410, with the death of the emperor Rupert, war broke out between the Teutonic Knights and a Polish-Lithuanian alliance supported by Ruthenia n and tiny Tatar auxiliary forces, in which Poland and Lithuania were the winners following their victory at Battle of Grunwald.
		Possession of Danzig by the Teutonic Order was questioned all the time by the Polish kings Ladislaus the Short and Casimir the Great what led to a series of bloody wars and legal-suits in the papal court in 1320 and 1333.
		Finally in 1343 peace was concluded when the Teutonic Knights accepted that they control Gdansk Pomerania as an alm or gift of Polish kings, and they also acknolegded the fuedal overlordship of Poland.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Prussia_under_the_Teutonic_Order.html (5107 words)

	Teutonic Knights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Teutonic Order (German: Deutscher Orden; Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum; Hungarian: Német Lovagrend-German Knighthood; Polish Zakon Krzyżacki - The Order of the Cross) was a German crusading military order under Roman Catholic religious vows formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre in Palestine.
		In 1410 at the Battle of Grunwald (also known as the battle of Tannenberg), a Polish-Lithuanian army decisively defeated the Order and broke its military power.
		In 1410 at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), a Polish-Lithuanian army decisively defeated the Order and broke its military power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Teutonic_Knights (5107 words)

	Thirteen Years' War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After victory by the Polish and Lithuanian forces at the Battle of Grunwald during the Great War 1409-1411, the Prussian states eagerly pledged allegiance to King Wladyslaw Jagiełło, but they quickly returned to Teutonic rule after the Poles were unable to conquer Malbork.
		The Thirteen Years' War (also called the War of the Cities) started out as an uprising by Prussian cities and the local nobility with the goal of gaining independence from the Teutonic Knights.
		In autumn 1455 the peasants of eastern Masuria, tired of the burdens of war, revolted against the Teutonic Knights.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War (5179 words)

	Kingdoms of Eastern Europe - Bosnia
		Polish and Lithuanian forces under Ladislaus II (Ladislaus Jagiello) halt the eastward expansion of the Teutonic Knights.
		The First Polish-Swedish War ends with the Treaty of Altmark, which sees the Swedish take all of
		Bishop Albert founds the Livonian Order of Knights, a branch of the Teutonic Knights, for the purposes of conquest and Christianisation in the Baltics.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/EasternEstonia.htm (5179 words)

	Articles - East Prussia
		East Prussia (German: OstpreuÃen; Lithuanian: RytÅ³ PrÅ«sija; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Ð’Ð¾ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÑÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ â” Vostochnaya Prussiya; Dutch: Oost-Pruisen; Spanish: Prusia Oriental;) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and of the German Empire, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia.
		In 1875 the ethnic make-up of East Prussia was 73.48% German, 18.39% Polish, and 8.11% Lithuanian (according to "Slownik geograficzny Krolestwa Polskiego").
		After the war, some ethnic Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia.
	www.lastring.com /articles/East_Prussia?mySession=4a2b8c38d0ec994bed8bf3623ee3a19a (5179 words)

	Teutonic Order
		Disputes between the knights and the new Polish-Lithuanian alliance increased, nonetheless, and the knights even found themselves engaged in the war between two other Christian states, Denmark and Sweden.
		Unfortunately, throughout their rule in Eastern Europe the knights were frequently forced to deal with uprising among their own subjects, particularly in Prussia and each time a crusade was preached against the Mongols the knights had to turn to defend their own territories from internal rebellion or Lithuanian harassment.
		The first Teutonic hospital, of Saint Thomas, was confirmed by the Emperor Henry VI in 1197 and, in the same year, the Emperor and Empress granted the knights their request for possession of the Church of Santa Trinità in Palermo.
	www.chivalricorders.org /vatican/teutonic.htm (9066 words)

	Lithuania Early History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System
		During this period, Lithuania's political elite was dominated by the Polish nobility and church, resulting in neglect of the Lithuanian language and introduction of Polish social and political institutions.
		In 1569 Lithuania and Poland united into a single state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, whose capital was Kraków, and for the next 226 years Lithuania shared the fate of Poland.
		Jogaila chose to open links to western Europe and to defeat the Teutonic Knights, who claimed that their mission was not to conquer the Lithuanians but to Christianize them.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/lithuania/lithuania_history_early_history.html (9066 words)

	Polish Renaissance Warfare - Swedish Polish War 1600-09
		In 1588 Zygmunt Waza III (Sigismund Vasa) was elected King of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Polish Renaissance Warfare - Swedish Polish War 1600-09
		During this period Livonia - known as Inflanty in Polish - was an important transit region for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as well as the Duchy of Muscovy.
	www.jasinski.co.uk /wojna/battles/1600-Sw/1600-Sw-01.htm (9066 words)

	Thirteen Years' War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After victory by the Polish and Lithuanian forces at the Battle of Grunwald during the Great War 1409-1411, the Prussian states eagerly pledged allegiance to King Wladyslaw Jagiełło, but they quickly returned to Teutonic rule after the Poles were unable to conquer Malbork.
		Teutons were raiding the Polish lands and enjoying quite a few successes (for example Kaspar Nostyc, komtur of Chojnice, captured for a few months one of the Polish cities in northern Greater Poland).
		The Polish army moved slowly to Thorn, but military actions were halted briefly, when the king finally agreed to mediation by Frederick II, Margrave of Brandenburg (all earlier propositions of mediation from different sides had been rejected).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thirteen_Years'_War (5142 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lithuania
		Furthermore, both the Polish and the Lithuanian nobility received from the king the right of convoking assemblies and parliaments in the interests of the kingdom with the permission of the prince.
		Thereafter, Lithuania shared the fate of Poland, although in 1648 one section of the Lithuanians of Little Russia — the Ukraine — separated from Poland and, in 1654, made their submission to the Tsar of Russia.
		In the ensuing civil war, Keistut allowed himself to be enticed into Jagello's camp under pledge of personal safety, but on his arrival there he was at once seized, thrown into prison, and eventually put to death (1382).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09292a.htm (5142 words)

	Global Lithuanian Net. Lithuanian History Resources
		It is divided into five sections: Primeval Life in Lithuania, The Early Lithuanian State, The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuania's Loss of Independence and Lithuania After World War I. Following this, I have added a section on Paganism in Lithuania.
		The Lithuanians may have settled along the Neman (Nemanus) as early as 1500 B.C. In the 13th cent., to protect themselves against the Livonian and Teutonic knights, they formed a strong, unified state which, by absorbing neighboring Russian principalities, became one of the largest in medieval Europe.
		Antanas Smetona, Lithuanian President, was born in the village of Uzulenis of the present Ukmerge District on August 10, 1874.
	www.lithuanian.net /resource/history.htm (4428 words)

	Continual Conquest: The Teutonic Knights and Poland
		Poland and Lithuania, were however, the subject of continued invasions by the Teutonic Knights - these attacks did not stop until 1410, when a combined Polish and Lithuanian army won a great victory over the order at the Battle of Tannenberg.
		He won renown for establishing a semi-peace with the Teutonic Knights, and for his liberal policy towards Europe's Jewish population.
		This was to be the Teutonic Knight's last war - by 1697, recruits had dried up and the last remnants were abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1809.
	www.white-history.com /hwr33i.htm (3387 words)

	Continual Conquest: The Teutonic Knights and Poland
		Poland and Lithuania, were however, the subject of continued invasions by the Teutonic Knights - these attacks did not stop until 1410, when a combined Polish and Lithuanian army won a great victory over the order at the Battle of Tannenberg.
		This was to be the Teutonic Knight's last war - by 1697, recruits had dried up and the last remnants were abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1809.
		The Teutonic Knights ensured that Christianized Germans settled in Prussia: this served a double purpose - not only could the new arrivals police the new converts, but also the Teutonic Knights realized very clearly that the easiest way to change the nature of a society was to change its inhabitants.
	www.stormfront.org /whitehistory/hwr33i.htm (3326 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Teutonic Knights
		The Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom, a confederation wary of the Order, was reluctant to fight yet possessed the era's fiercest knights.
		The Order of Teutonic Knights ruled Prussia with an iron fist and plundered its neighbors.
		This time, it is of knights who stand up for their beliefs against knights who hide behind the Teutonic Order - a once upon a time establishment for virtuous beliefs.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0781804337?v=glance (1892 words)

	Crusader States, Israel
		Jews had not been allowed to live in Russia, but the Russian acquisition of Lithuanian and Polish territory brought them under Russian rule.
		Things were a bit worse in Eastern Europe, where Jewish immigrants from Germany not only were economically more sophisticated than the Poles, Lithuanians, Russians, etc. but also continued to speak their dialect of German, locally called "Yiddish" after them.
		Crusader states can also include the lands of the Teutonic and Livonian Knights in the Baltic, which lasted until Prussia was secularized in 1525 and the last Grand Master of the Livonian Knights was made Duke of Courland by Poland in 1561.
	www.friesian.com /outremer.htm (1892 words)

	Crusader States, Kings of Jerusalem & Cyprus, Templars, Hospitallers, Israel, etc.
		Jews had not been allowed to live in Russia, but the Russian acquisition of Lithuanian and Polish territory brought them under Russian rule.
		British tenure in Malta climaxed with another Great Siege (or even the "Greater Siege"), when in World War II Italy and Germany tried to reduce the island by bombardment and starvation.
		The lists of Grand Masters of the Teutonic and Livonian Knights were originally taken from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies.
	www.friesian.com /outremer.htm (14262 words)

	Polish History - Part 4
		The Union was substantiated by economic and social reasons: the aspiration of merchants toward developing far-ranging trade; the Polish magnates sought expansion by settling the Ruthenian lands; Lithuanian princes and boyars sought to bring Polish political patterns to Lithuania.
		The Teutonic Knights resolved to preempt the growth of strength of Poland and Lithuania by starting a war against both states in 1409.
		That sealed the elective character of the throne in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history4.htm (14262 words)

	C.E.R.S. - Consorzio Europeo Rievocazioni Storiche - Living History,Re-enactments, Historical Events and Festival, History
		The Polish-Lithuanian State considered Zemaitija to be part of its own territory, of course, and a cold war started between the Polish-Lithuanian State and the Teutonic Order.
		There was peace for a time after the union of Lithuania and Poland, but in 1398 the Teutonic knights invaded Lithuanian and Polish territory, and occupied the areas of Zemaitija (Zmudzi), Santok, and Drezdenko.
		The 14th century Order's attacks were mainly against the pagan Lithuanian State, combining the mission to spread Christianity, and the desire to capture Lithuanian lands, especially the area around Zemaitija (Zmudzi or Samogitia).
	www.cersonweb.org /webuk/szarchiviostorico.asp (14262 words)

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Grunwald
		This was used as a pretext and on August 14, 1409 the Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen declared war on the Polish-Lithuanian union.
		The overall commander of the joint Polish-Lithuanian forces was king WÅadysÅaw JagieÅÅo, with the Polish units subordinated to Marshal of the Crown Zbigniew of Brzezie and Lithuanian units under the immediate command of Grand Duke Vytautas.
		After several hours of fighting, Ulrich von Jungingen decided to join his embattled forces in the main line of engagement, which were by then becoming outnumbered by the mass of Polish knights and the advancing Polish infantry, which all of a sudden had come pouring on the battlefield from the surrounding forests.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Grunwald (14262 words)

	Renaissance Developments
		Sigismund’s action during and after the Congress of Lutsk was nothing but the climax of his eastern policy, which from the beginning opposed to the Polish-Lithuanian Union the old idea of the control of all East Central Europe by a German dynasty ruling the empire.
		Sigismund was particularly afraid of a solution which would connect Bohemia with the Polish-Lithuanian federation to the detriment of his dynasty and possibly also of the empire.
		This was possible because in the meantime the renewed war between Poland and the Teutonic Order, as well as the civil war in Lithuania, both at least indirectly provoked by the Luxemburg s eastern policy, had ended in 1435 in a victory of the Jagellonian political conception.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/8.htm (5124 words)

	Battle of Tannenberg -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		also called Battle of Grünfelde, or Grunwald (July 15, 1410), battle fought at Tannenberg (Polish: Stebark) in northeastern Poland (formerly East Prussia) that was a major Polish-Lithuanian victory over the Knights of the Teutonic Order.
		(July 15, 1410), battle fought at Tannenberg (Polish: Stebark) in northeastern Poland (formerly East Prussia) that was a major Polish-Lithuanian victory over the Knights of the Teutonic Order.
		(Aug. 26–30, 1914), battle fought at Tannenberg (Polish: Stebark), in what is now northeastern Poland, that ended in a German victory over the Russians in the early days of World War I. Lithuania, grand duchy of
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9001929 (841 words)

	The Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		This book traces Lithuanian history from the Mesolithic Period to the end of the Grand Duchy and the Lithuanian-Polish commonwealth.
		A secret Polish military organization operated in Lithuania from 1918-1919 and conspired to overthrow the Lithuanian government.
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the Eve of the Domestic War analyzes the causes and results of the war between the nobles from 1690-1697.
	depts.washington.edu /baltic/papers/grandduchy.htm (841 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Prussia -
		In 1410, with the death of the emperor Ruprecht III, war broke out between the Teutonic Knights and a Polish-Lithuanian alliance supported by Russian and Tatar forces, in which Poland and Lithuania were the winners following their victory at Grunwald[?].
		Lithuanian duke and king Casimir IV supported their revolt (February 1454) in the War of the Cities or Thirteen Years' War and the second Treaty of Torun[?] (October 1466.
		That treaty provided for the Teutonic Order's cession to the Polish crown of its rights over the western half of its territories.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/pr/Prussia (841 words)

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