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Topic: Political Islam

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	CQ Press : Current Events In Context : Terrorism
		This submission or act of Islam means living a life of faith and practice as defined in the Qur'an and participating in the life of the community of believers.
		Islam was no longer a faith identified with a particular world region; it had become more universal and cosmopolitan in its articulation and in the nature of the community of believers.
		In Iran the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 by an Islamic revolution, a major indication of the resurgence of political Islam in the late twentieth century.
	www.cqpress.com /context/articles/epr_islam.html (7454 words)

	Political Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Modern Political Islam was invented by the orientalists serving British colonialism in India and was adopted intact by Mawdudi of Pakistan.
		Political Islam believes, or pretends to believe, that these rules are those of the “real Islam,” the Islam of the age of the Prophet.
		Contemporary Political Islam is not the outcome of a reaction to the so-called abuses of secularism, as often purported, unfortunately.
	www.worldnewsstand.net /2002/special/8-5.htm (3155 words)

	Islam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Islam has two primary branches of belief, based largely on a historical disagreement over the succession of authority after Muhammad's death; these are known as Sunni and Shi'ite.
		Islam is open to all, regardless of race, age, gender, or previous beliefs.
		As of January 1926, their final ruling on the matter of the origins of the Bahá'í Faith and its relationship to Islam was that the Bahá'í Faith was neither a sect of Islam, nor a religion based on Islam, but a clearly defined, independently founded faith.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islam (5633 words)

	Islam as an Instrument of Radical Political Change
		Yet, in spite of the view that political Islam is essentially internationally oriented in its outlook, the primary focus of Islamist groups is actually at the domestic level, as Islam is utilized as a political instrument to initiate radical political change within Middle Eastern states.
		Thus, political Islam is the beacon around which all those groups most detrimentally affected by the existing order converge in their denunciation of the current regime.
		Islam's popularity, and the recurring themes of social justice, equality, and the ending of oppressive structures and systems, has given Islamism the opportunity to synthesize its role as both an emancipatory ideology and a vehicle of political protest.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a4.html (7795 words)

	[No title]
		Islam is in political power in Iran and many countries of the Middle East and North Africa and cannot be compared to Protestantism in Britain.
		Islam in political power (political Islam) which is as much a political ideology as it is a religion aims to establish Islamic states and rules and needs political power to do so; this political power has enabled it to maim, gag and kill women on a mass scale.
		In Iran, in particular, political Islam was brought to the fore of the 1979 revolution vis-à-vis the Left and as a Cold war tool and because of an anti 'westernization' and Islam-ridden tradition dominant in a majority of the intellectual and cultural sections of society.
	www.faithfreedom.org /Articles/Namazie/Women_in_ME.htm (2298 words)

	Jihad Watch: No to Political Islam
		(Thanks to Jonathan for the link.) Their statement that "Political Islam is a movement that arose in the 1940s as a reaction to foreign domination and political corruption" is demonstrably false; political Islam is as old as the Prophet Muhammad, and I provide an abundance of proof of this in Onward Muslim Soldiers.
		Since Muhammed was a temporal ruler, by definition, islam became a political ideology that is, in the eyes of the true believers, a system that was perfected during the reign of the prophet.
		Reform of islam in the same way as Christianity was reformed by the Protestant movements or by accomodation of the discoveries of the Age of Reason is not possible.
	www.jihadwatch.org /archives/002572.php (1189 words)

	iranian.com: Azar Majedi, Political Islam vs. secularism
		It is a political movement seeking hegemony and a share of power in the Middle East, North Africa and in Islamist communities.
		There is a strong movement for the secularisation of society in a country under the siege of political Islam for 25 years.
		We need to and must criticise Islam relentlessly, without the fear of being beheaded in countries under the siege of Islam, or of being called racist in the West.
	www.iranian.com /Women/2004/November/Majedi (1249 words)

	Understanding Modern Political Islam
		I argue that the rise of the radical political Islam — Islamic terrorism, is a direct consequence of political oppression on grassroots based Islamic fundamentalists; which is a natural outcome from declining societies, cultures and nations that are looking for an alternative organic solution to failed Westernization.
		Furthermore, I argue that political Islam is not innately evil, and it is inaccurate to claim that all fundamentalists embrace political Islam.
		The politics of force, using state military and police networks to nail down terrorist groups is not the best solution; the positive side for the United States is that al Qaeda is on the run, and it has created a sense of security inside of the United Sates.
	www.empereur.com /Islam/whyterror.html (5927 words)

	The rise and fall of political Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In my opinion, political Islam is a general title referring to the movement which sees Islam as the main vehicle for a right-wing restructuring of the ruling class and for creating an anti-left state in these societies.
		Political Islam would still certainly exist, but it would have lingered on as a peripheral and sectarian movement and would not have entered the political centre stage in these countries.
		The machinery of Islam and the other main religions (Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, etc.) are not voluntary societies of believers of specific ideas; they are enormous political and financial institutions, which have never been properly scrutinised, have not been subject to secular laws in society and have never accepted responsibility for their conduct.
	www.dsp.org.au /links/back/issue20/Hekmat.htm (2929 words)

	AlterNet: U.S. Policy Toward Political Islam
		Islam is a faith that offers a clear sense of social justice, a feeling of empowerment, and an obligation by individuals to challenge those who cause the injustice.
		It is noteworthy that the FIS in Algeria competed fairly and nonviolently during that country's brief political opening in the early 1990s, only to have its anticipated election victory stolen in a military coup.
		In many respects, political Islam has filled a vacuum that resulted from the failure of Arab nationalism, Marxism, and other ideologies to free Islamic countries both from unjust political, social, and economic systems and from Western imperialism.
	www.alternet.org /story.html?StoryID=11479 (2627 words)

	Alliance For Security - What is Political Islam? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thus was born the term "Political Islam" -- a movement that holds that Islam should have a prominent role in governing the affairs of government.
		Political Islam's initial influence started after colonial powers and secular Arab governments failed to secure economic independence, prosperity, and good governance in the Muslim world.
		The most extreme examples of jihadist political Islam are the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (led by Ayman al-Zawahiri) and Gama`a Islamiyya (led by imprisoned cleric Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman).
	www.allianceforsecurity.org /islamism (1215 words)

	Middle East Report 205: Women & Gender in Middle East Studies: A Roundtable Discussion
		Political parties such as Hizb al-'Amal in Egypt or the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in Algeria that base their appeal on their Islamic credentials appear to exemplify this instrumental relation to religion.
		Lastly, although discussions of political motivation or class interest should continue to be important parts of accounts of contemporary Islam, they are not necessarily germane to a description of every problem the analyst poses.
		Terms such as "political Islam" are inadequate here as they frame our inquiries around a posited distortion or corruption of properly religious practice.
	www.merip.org /mer/mer205/hirschk.htm (1248 words)

	Asia Times - Asia's most trusted news source
		Islam is a political movement set to conquer the world.
		I shall argue that Islam is both a religion and a political ideology.
		Islam, by contrast, seeks to prolong the life of traditional society indefinitely, by extending it through conquest.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Front_Page/FH10Aa01.html (1490 words)

	Human Rights in Islam: The Political Framework Of Islam
		Man, according to Islam, is the representative of Allah on earth, His vice-gerent; that is to say, by virtue of the powers delegated to him by Allah, and within the limits prescribed, he is required to exercise Divine authority.
		Islam has laid down universal fundamental rights for humanity which are to be observed and respected in all circumstances.
		Islam has also laid down certain rights for non-Muslims who may be living within the boundaries of an Islamic state and these rights necessarily form part of the Islamic constitution.
	www.jamaat.org /islam/HumanRightsPolitical.html (2355 words)

	Talk:Political Islam - SourceWatch
		They cite Olivier Roy, Noah Feldman and Graham Fuller with regards to definitions of political Islam, who see it quite differently.
		political Islam referring to the current movement, Islam as a political movement for the history.
		Militant Islam as one thread within this, to parallel say democratic Islam, and avoiding "radical" which some read as violent, but which doesn't mean that, by the dictionary definition.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Talk:Political_Islam (808 words)

	Global Agenda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Radical political Islam is not a development of the ulama (legal scholars), not even of mullahs or imams (prayer leaders).
		The development of religious political tendencies that glorify the liberating role of violence is a latter-day phenomenon.
		The narrow theology recast Islam around a single institution, the jihad; it redefined the jihad as exclusively military and claimed the military jihad to be an offensive war entered into by individual born-again devotees as opposed to defence by an Islamic community under threat.
	www.globalagendamagazine.com /2005/mahmoodmamdani.asp (2093 words)

	Political Islam - SourceWatch
		Among other things, the view that Islam is inherently alien, hostile and can only be dealt with militarily has been quite useful to the military-industrial complex trying to pitch new threats and new weapons to the Republican Party and Democratic Party, who have historically always bought into the story, and bought the weapon system.
		The most notable feature of political Islam is the application of one of the five schools of classical fiqh of the sharia - popularly called Islamic law.
		The quite dangerous result of these repeated failures to comprehend, or fairly or fully describe political Islam, or tenuous first steps to democracy in the Islamic and especially Arab world, contributes to the general impression among Muslims that the so-called War on Terrorism is in fact a War on Islam.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Islamism (987 words)

	Harvard University Press/The Failure of Political Islam
		Olivier Roy is Researcher at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris and the author of Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan.
		Olivier Roy demonstrates that the Islamic Fundamentalism of today is still the Third Worldism of the 1960s: populist politics and mixed economies of laissez-faire for the rich and subsidies for the poor.
		In Roy's striking formulation, those marching today beneath Islam's green banners are the same as the "reds" of yesterday, with similarly dim prospects of success.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/ROYFAI.html (122 words)

	Political Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		If Political Islam is only a version of neoliberalism, extolling the virtues of the market – completely unregulated, naturally – it is also an absolute refusal of democracy.
		According to Political Islam, religious law (the Shari'a) has already given the answer to every question, thereby relieving humanity of the difficulty of inventing laws – a basic definition of democracy – and allows us at most to interpret the nuances of divine law.
		The barbaric “drifts” of the regimes that Political Islam inspires – the Taliban, for instance – are not drifts at all, but actually fall within the logic of their programs, and can be exploited whenever imperialism finds it expedient to intervene brutally, if necessary.
	www.loompanics.com /Articles/PoliticalIslam.html (3197 words)

	The Mismeasure of Political Islam by Martin Kramer
		Even when they "degenerate" into violence, determines this political scientist, violence "does not constitute a structural component of either their strategic thinking or tactical actions." And so they remain "non-violent" "moderates" however many bombs they set off and intellectuals they kill — since they don't tell us explicitly why they are doing it.
		The murky combination of political party, armed militia, and terror cell is hardly the usual constitution of a "reform" movement, and is virtually impossible to classify along simple lines.
		The area experts have been joined by well-intentioned political scientists, schooled in the optimism of American liberalism, who are certain everyone really wants to enjoy what the West enjoys, in the way the West enjoys it.
	www.geocities.com /martinkramerorg/Mismeasure.htm (4326 words)

	Political Islam Put to the Test In Southern Iraq (washingtonpost.com)
		Under their leadership, power and water supplies remain sporadic, city officials have been accused of corruption, and political killings have sown fear in the city.
		Basra, a onetime jewel of the Middle East scarred by three wars in 25 years, has become a surprising, unintended laboratory for the marriage of political Islam and democracy in the Arab world.
		The party at the center of Basra politics is the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, whose leader, Abdul Aziz Hakim, sits atop the electoral slate of the United Iraqi Alliance.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A33732-2005Jan24.html (926 words)

	From Political Islam to Secular Nationalism
		The reason Islam had mass appeal was the promise by Khomeini that equality, the rule of law and freedom from foreign domination would be protected under an Islamic republic.
		Iran is now hosting a lively debate about the appropriateness of Islam as a political ideology and the place of religion in the state.
		Indeed, because Islam was imported to Iran, it is not as central to Iranian identity as it is to Arab identity.
	www.iranian.com /Jan96/Opinion/SecularNationalism.html (892 words)

	Powell's Books - The Future of Political Islam by Graham E Fuller
		By examining the social, economic and political context, he explains that the struggle between the fundamentalists and liberals will determine the future of political Islam.
		Fuller contends that while political Islam is the dominant intellectual current, a focus on radicalism and extremism blinds us from another trend: liberal political Islam.
		The issues are not what is Islam, but what Muslims want, and not whether Islam will play a central role in politics, but which Islam.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-1403965560-0 (237 words)

	Harvard University Press/Jihad
		Gilles Kepel is Professor at the Institute for Political Studies in Paris.
		After an initial triumph with the Islamic revolution in Iran, the movement waged jihad against the USSR in Afghanistan, proclaiming for the first time a doctrine of extreme violence.
		By the end of the 1990s, the failure to seize political power elsewhere led to a split: movement moderates developed new concepts of "Muslim democracy" while extremists resorted to large-scale terrorist attacks around the world.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/KEPJIH.html (273 words)

	Powell's Books - Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Kepel
		Under Soviet rule, Islam was brutally suppressed, and that intolerance has continued under the post-Soviet regimes.
		Religious repression, political corruption, and the region’s extreme poverty (unemployment rates exceed 80 percent in some areas) have created a fertile climate for militant Islamic fundamentalism.
		In tracing the history of Central Asia and explaining the current political climate, Rashid demonstrates that it is a region we ignore at our peril.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-0674010906-2 (899 words)

	The trail of political Islam - openDemocracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These were the militant ideologues who delivered a discourse of political mobilisation to the first two groups; one that the latter would understand and translate quite differently into their social practice.
		This was for several reasons: it was a means by which it could translate its financial clout into political power in the region, an opportunity to subsidise a movement which was turning its back on the Soviet Union, and a vehicle to spread the Islamic religious agenda into the social arena.
		This was characterised by a terrific expansion of radical Islam all over the Islamic world; yet it simultaneously exposed the blatant contradictions that had been implicit in the Islamic movement from the beginning.
	www.opendemocracy.net /debates/article-5-57-421.jsp (4152 words)

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