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Topic: Political Titles of the Ottoman Empire

	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Empire was situated in the middle of East and West, and interacted through-out its six-century history with both the East and the West.
		Ottoman system was a three court system composed from one for the Muslims with the kadi (read judges), one for the non-Muslim (appointed Jews and Christians ruled over their religious areas) and another for the trade (originated after the capitulations).
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the Jews of Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (5597 words)

	Wikipedia: Ottoman Empire
		The Ottoman Empire (sometimes referred to in diplomatic circles as the "Sublime Porte" or simply as "the Porte") was a Turkish state that comprised Turkey, part of the Middle East, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by the Seljuq Turkish tribe of Söğüt in western Anatolia.
		The Empire reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Hungary in the northwest; and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
		The Empire had suffered hard from the Interregnum; the Mongols were still at large in the east, even though Timur Lenk had died in 1405; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control; and the land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (6149 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Ottoman Empire was a state that existed from 1281 to 1922, one of the largest empires to rule the borders of the Mediterranean Sea which, at its height, comprised Anatolia, the Middle East, part of North Africa, and south-eastern Europe.
		The Empire was situated in the middle of East and West and interacted throughout its 6 century history with both the East and the West.
		The Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Allies during the war and its territories were colonized by the victors.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /ottoman_empire.htm (1342 words)

	Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish state in the Middle East that comprised Anatolia, part of Southwest Asia, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia.
		The Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities in the 16th and 17th centuries when the nations of Europe felt threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans.
		Ottoman state organisation was based on a hierarchy with the sultan in the top and below him his viziers, other court officials and military commanders.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (830 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was an imperial power that existed from 1299 to 1923 (634 years), one of the largest empires to rule the borders of the Mediterranean Sea.
		In its day, the Ottoman Empire was also commonly referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, though it should not be confused with the modern nation-state of that name.
		At the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire had 29 provinces plus three tributary principalities and Transsylvania, a kingdom which swore allegiance to the Porte.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Ottoman_Empire (1907 words)

	Ottoman Empire -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Ottoman Empire was an imperial power that existed from 1299 to 1923 (634 years), one of the largest (The domain ruled by an emperor or empress) empires to rule the borders of the (The largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia) Mediterranean Sea.
		The Empire was founded by (The conqueror of Turkey who founded the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman dynasty that ruled Turkey after the 13th century; conquered most of Asia Minor and assumed the title of emir in 1299 (1259-1326)) Osman I (in Arabic ʿUthmān, hence the name Ottoman Empire).
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the (A person belonging to the worldwide group claiming descent from Jacob (or converted to it) and connected by cultural or religious ties) Jews of Europe, who did not have the freedom of religion in Europe that the citizens of the Ottoman Empire did.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/ot/ottoman_empire.htm (3015 words)

	Read about Ottoman Empire at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Ottoman Empire and learn about Ottoman Empire here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Empire was situated in the middle of East and West and interacted throughout its six-century history with both the East and the
		While the Ottomans were stagnating in a stalemate with their European and Asian neighbor countries, the European development went into overdrive, buoyed by the economic advantages of large scale colonialism and slave trade.
		1923 from the remnants of the fallen empire.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Ottoman_Empire (1544 words)

	The principles of Ottoman rule in the Balkans
		The Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire are often (and usefully) presented together as natural rivals: one Catholic, the other Muslim; one western and European, the other eastern and Asian.
		In its prime the Ottoman Empire was defined by its ruler, by its faith and by its military, all acting together.
		Ottoman slavery was based in the capture of military captives, who became the property of their captor.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lecture3.html (4207 words)

	The Rise of the Turks and the Ottoman Empire
		To the Ottoman Empire, however, the capture of the imperial capital was of supreme symbolic importance.
		The Ottoman Empire had Turkish roots and rested on Islamic foundations, but from the start it was a heterogeneous mixture of ethnic groups and religious creeds.
		Ottoman forces confronted those of the Habsburg kingemperor Charles V along the Danube and in the western Mediterranean.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Turkey2.html (3639 words)

	H-Net Review: Viorel Panaite on The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although for some, Ottoman history is interesting by virtue of its being exotic, Quataert has tried and succeeded in emphasizing the Empire's vital role in the history of Europe and the Middle East as a whole.
		The era of political and military success was followed by a long period of decline, marked first by the "wars of contraction" with the Habsburg Empire and later, more especially with Russia.
		, a title inferior to that of padishah.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=187731051523101 (2079 words)

	HURI Publications: Ottoman Documents
		This work is a contribution to the development of Ottoman archival sources, still insufficiently used and largely unavailable in Western languages despite their considerable historical significance.
		The Ottoman survey registers (defter-i mufassal) are recognized as unparalleled sources on the demographic, economic, toponymic, onomastic, and linguistic characteristics of the regions for which they were made.
		The survey register for the province of Kamanice (the name used for the region of Podolia and city of Kamjanec' which the Ottomans conquered in 1672) is the only surviving survey register of an ethnic Ukrainian territory.
	www.huri.harvard.edu /cat.ottoman.html (533 words)

	Canadian Journal of History: An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
		Inalcik's material emphasizes the empire's role as a successor state to the Roman and Byzantine states, and he argues that many features of the Ottoman agrarian structure in fact had their roots in unbroken Roman and Byzantine traditions.
		His treatment of the dense and multi-faceted commercial and political relationships between the Ottoman empire and its European and Asia neighbours is fascinating, and underscores the pivotal role played by the Ottomans in world commerce prior to the western European conquest of the Indian Ocean trade.
		She highlights the role of merchant networks in sustaining the empire's internal and external trade, raises gender issues in relation to production, and touches on cultural anthropology by comparing public festivals in the Ottoman lands with those in Ottoman history, and suggests research agendas for the future.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199612/ai_n8737166 (1261 words)

	Turkey - Ottoman Institutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		At the apex of the hierarchical Ottoman system was the sultan, who acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities, under a variety of titles.
		During the early sixteenth-century Ottoman expansion in Arabia, Selim I also adopted the title of caliph, thus indicating that he was the universal Muslim ruler.
		The Ottoman Empire had Turkish origins and Islamic foundations, but from the start it was a heterogeneous mixture of ethnic groups and religious creeds.
	countrystudies.us /turkey/7.htm (376 words)

	Talk:User:Stevertigo Archive 2 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I wish to apoligize for incorrectly asserting that the period of New Imperialism lasted from 1871 - 1914 and making up shaolin chess as if it were real.
		I like that song you posted at If You're Happy and You Know It, but I'm a little worried that the ratio of factual information to political satire in the article might be getting a bit low!
		Only thing I can say about naming conventions unimpeachably is that every title should endeavor to be written so that it can easily used in the opening sentence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:User:Stevertigo_Archive_2 (719 words)

	Powell's Books - Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642-1660 by Daniel Goffman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Far from bending the Ottoman Empire to English will, it was the English adventurer who had to conform — and who sometimes found himself used for the Ottomans' political and military ends.
		In this book, historian Daniel Goffman uses a wealth of English and Ottoman primary sources to re-create the lives of some of the Englishmen who adapted — or failed to adapt — to life, commerce, and politics in the Ottoman Empire during the turmoil of the civil wars and interregnum at home.
		Uses a wealth of English and Ottoman primary sources to re-create the lives of some of the Englishmen who adapted, or failed to adapt, to life, commerce, and politics in the Ottoman Empire during the turmoil of the civil wars and interregnum at home.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0295976683-3 (364 words)

	Journal of Transport History, The: Distant Ties: Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and the construction of the Baghdad ...
		Jonathan S. McMurray, Distant Ties: Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and the construction of the Baghdad Railway, Praeger, Westport CT (2001), 156 pp., L53.90.
		McMurray sees the railway as emerging from an idealistic and largely cultural German interest in the Ottoman Empire, which fostered the belief that Germans could personally reverse Ottoman decline, one means being through a railway that connected Istanbul with its distant provinces in Anatolia and Mesopotamia.
		Whereas both Ottomans and Germans saw commercial advantages in the railway, the Ottomans gave priority to strategic concerns, which became apparent when they declined to route the railway through Alexandretta.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3884/is_200309/ai_n9252959 (930 words)

	Caliph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Fatimids of Egypt had also taken this title, as far as back to 909, but they put less emphasis on this than what the Ummawiyys of Spain did.
		When the Ottomans conquered Egypt in 1517, the remaining Caliph was transported to Constantinople, the Ottoman Sultan, Selim, also called himself Caliph.
		With the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan held on to his title of Caliph for two more years, until his office was abolished in March 1924.
	www.i-cias.com /e.o/caliph.htm (1050 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 (New Approaches to European History) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These hard-to-find titles are not discounted and are subject to an additional charge of $1.99 per book due to the extra cost of ordering them.
		Donald Quataert, a distinguished Ottoman scholar, has written a lively, authoritative and accessible introduction, supported by maps, illustrations and a chronology, which will be of enormous value to students and nonspecialists alike.
		Of course generalizations about politics, how the state was run, and its relationships toward European powers are covered - but if you are looking for a detailed political history of the empire this not the book to pick up.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521633605?v=glance (1153 words)

	Ottoman and Turkish Studies: Turkish State and Turkish History, Conquest of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In his new work, Dr. Vryonis discusses the ideological foundations of Turkish official history, beginning with a critique of the recent work by President Turgut Ozal, in which the latter seeks to develop the idea of the Turkish foundations of European culture (sic).
		Vryonis examines the efforts, underwritten by a succession of Turkish governments, to impose their views of history on the political and academic establishments of the United States.
		Philippides has researched sources in many languages to reconstruct his life and his policies and to provide a detailed description of his reign in the years preceding the fall.
	www.caratzas.com /OTTOMAN.HTM (494 words)

	Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864-1914
		A fresh look at the town's demography is followed by an in-depth discussion of the way inter-communal relations developed after the 1864 Vilāyets Law had brought a restructuring of the sources of elite power.
		The author's findings on the social status of Haifa's Muslim women significantly add to the vibrant picture of economic activities we now know urban Muslim women in the Ottoman Empire were involved in.
		It deserves an audience far beyond students of the urban history and the history of Ottoman Syria, Lebanon and Palestine.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=1430 (237 words)

	United States and the Middle East: 1914 to 9/11 (Detailed Description)
		The U.S. had now become a "world colossus so prominent in the political, economic, and cultural life of the Middle East that it was the unquestioned target of those bent on attacking the West for its perceived offenses against Islam."
		This lecture series is a narrative history of U.S. political involvement in the Middle East from World War I to the present day.
		Presented from a historian's perspective, it is meant to strengthen your ability to place today's headlines into historical context, evaluate what is most likely to happen next, and understand those oncoming events when they do occur.
	www.teach12.com /ttc/Assets/courseDescriptions/8593.asp (959 words)

	Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations (15th-18th Century)
		This volume deals with the history of the Ottoman-Polish political and diplomatic relations, and with the role and function of international treaties in early modern Europe, especially in the contacts between the Christian and Muslim states.
		Part II provides a chronological survey of the Polish-Ottoman relations covering the years 1414-1795, and then follow the texts of 69 documents composed in Turkish (rendered in a Latin transcription), Polish, Latin, Italian, and French.
		He has published a monograph of the Ottoman rule in Podolia Ejalet Kamieniecki 1672-1699 (Warsaw, 1994) and The Ottoman Survey Register of Podolia (ca.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=502 (238 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Please note that special order titles occasionally go out of print, or publishers run out of stock.
		An important book on the monetary history of the Ottoman empire by a leading economic historian.
		Ottoman Empire has ruled Balkans for hundreds of years and there is so much influence in economic terms that sometimes it is very difficult to weed out the reasons why something happened.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0521441978 (461 words)

	The Ottoman Empire: 1700-1922 (New Approaches to European History #17 ) by Donald Quataert (The Ottoman Empire: ...
		The Ottoman Empire: 1700-1922 (New Approaches to European History #17) by Donald Quataert (The Ottoman Empire: 1700-1922 (New Approaches to European History #17) by Donald Quataert) - Tulumba.com
		This book surveys the history of the Ottoman Empire from 1700 to 1922.This major new survey of the Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, strikes a balance among social, economic, and political history.
		Armies of the Ottoman Turks, 1300-1774 (Men-At-Arms (Osprey) #140)
	www.tulumba.com /icy_itemdesc.asp?ic=zBK285400HQ134 (314 words)

	FREEMASONRY IN EGYPT
		Whether or not Hussein visited Masonic lodges and took part in their rituals is unknown, yet there are persistent claims in certain circles that he was an honorary Grand Master.
		Which is why by the late 19th century, Masonic lodges were scattered across the Ottoman Empire, from Constantinople where Young Turks were beguiled by the secretive brotherhood, to Greater Syria and Egypt where emerging nationalists aped their European assailant in their inherent opposition to autocratic authority.
		But since Christendom had little influence in a predominantly Moslem Ottoman Empire, the expansion of Freemasonry among its cosmopolitan elite went on unhindered.
	www.egy.com /community/99-03-01.shtml (3109 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Cultures En Couleurs/Cultures in Colours: L'Heritage Des Empires Ottoman Et Austro-Hongrois En Orient ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Amazon.ca: Books: Cultures En Couleurs/Cultures in Colours: L'Heritage Des Empires Ottoman Et Austro-Hongrois En Orient Et En Occident/the Heritage of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the
		Cultures En Couleurs/Cultures in Colours: L'Heritage Des Empires Ottoman Et Austro-Hongrois En Orient Et En Occident/the Heritage of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the
		Top of Page : Cultures En Couleurs/Cultures in Colours: L'Heritage Des Empires Ottoman Et Austro-Hongrois En Orient Et En Occident/the Heritage of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0820454036 (254 words)

	Powell's Books - After Empire: Multiethnic Societies & Nation-Building, the Soviet Union & Russian, Ottoman ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building, the Soviet Union and Russian, Ottoman and Habsburg Empires
		Scholars in political science, history, and historical sociology examine the causes of imperial decline and collapse.
		While the thirteen contributors warn against facile comparisons, they also urge readers to step back from the immediacy of current events to consider the possible significance of historical precedents.
	powells.com /cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=719&cgi=product&isbn=0813329647 (96 words)

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