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Topic: Political commissar

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Commissar

Revolutionary Military Council

Communist Party of the Soviet Union

CPSU purges

Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets

Communist party

Right Opposition

Leonid Breznev

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Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel

List of leaders of the Soviet Union

	Political commissar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A political commissar is an officer appointed by a communist party to oversee a unit of the military.
		The political commissars were appointed by the Communist Party to military units for the purpose of direct political propaganda, and to ensure that Party decisions were implemented.
		The political commissar was head of a party cell within the military; however, military membership in the party has been restricted to the lower ranks since the 1980s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Political_commissar (529 words)

	Collected Works of Mao Zedong (JPRS) (CIA) version 1917-1949
		The detachment political commissar serves as the instructor in charge, and the battalion political commissars are responsible for the various subjects separately.
		The political training of the directly subordinate units of the army and columns is handled by the political training committee organized by the political propaganda sections of the army and columns.
		Before the local political organ is organized, the direction and supervision of mass work, such as propagandizing to the masses, organizing the masses, building political power, down to confiscation, trial, punishment, soliciting donations,, raising funds, and relief, are the functions of the political department.
	www.etext.org /Politics/MIM/classics/mao/cwcia/text.php?mimfile=cwm2_2.txt (20079 words)

	The Soviet Army - The Political Officer (Zampolit) in the Soviet Army by Kent J. Goff, MAJ, MI, USAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Political control of the military forces challenges all states, democratic, authoritarian, or totalitarian, to balance the need for an effective military against allowing the military to grow into a threat to the internal political order.
		This new "freedom" was not to last however, because the political imperatives of the state saw the reintroduction of commissars in July of 1941 and strengthening of the system as the war went on.
		Political supervision is the primary reason for the existence of and the first duty of the zampolit.
	www.sovietarmy.com /documents/zampolit.html (3746 words)

	People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army Air Force
		At HqAF, the political commissar is the secretary (shuji) of the Air Force Party Committee and the commander is the deputy secretary (fushuji).
		Although the "normal" rank for the deputy director of an MRAF Political Department is a senior colonel or colonel, the deputy director of the Chengdu MRAF in December 1990 was a major general.
		Political commissars (zhengwei) are assigned to units (budui and danwei) at and above the regimental level, while political instructors (zhidaoyuan) are assigned to units below this level.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1991/plaaf-ch22.htm (899 words)

	Commissar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Commissar (комисса́р) was an official title used in Russia after the revolution and in the Soviet Union, as well as some other Communist countries.
		During the Russian Civil War, the White Army widely used the collective term bolsheviks and commissars for their opponents.
		There are two well established titles: People's Commissar (government) and political commissar (military).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commissar (120 words)

	National Roundtable on The Referendum
		The National Political Commissar (NPC) detailed the political and military struggles that preceded the declaration of Uganda as a British Protectorate in 1894 and effectively led to their victory.
		The National Political Commissar submitted arguments against boycotting the referendum namely, that it is within the sovereign right of the people to choose a political party.
		Uganda's political problems cannot be attributed to the historical actions of political parties, and the current insurgency was referenced, with a record 1,163 treason cases, 1.4m orphans and at least 10,000 armed civilians in Kampala alone.
	www.ned.org /grantees/fhri/99roundtable/session1.html (2394 words)

	Encyclopedia: Political commissar
		In modern usage, a communist party is a political party which promotes communism, a sociopolitical philosophy based on the particular interpretation of Marxism put forth by Vladimir Lenin.
		Usually, the political commissar is a uniformed military officer, although this position has been used to give civilian party officials some exposure to the military.
		The political commissar was head of a party cell within the military, however military membership in the party was restricted for lower units starting in 1980s.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Political-commissar (1532 words)

	ipedia.com: Political commissar Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The political commissar were appointed by the Communist Party to military units to direct political propaganda and ensure that Party decisions were implemented.
		In this system, each unit has a political officer who is not responsible to the normal military chain of command, but instead answers to a separate chain of command which is controlled by the Communist Party.
		The purpose of the system is to ensure political loyality and to prevent the military from acting independently and perhaps stage a coup d'etat.
	www.ipedia.com /political_commissar.html (356 words)

	Leonid Brezhnev, 1906-1982
		After graduating (1935), he worked as an engineer and director of a technical school and also held a variety of local party posts; his career flourished under Stalin's regime, and by 1939 he had become secretary of the regional party committee of Dnipropetrovsk.
		During World War II Brezhnev served as a political commissar in the Red Army, advancing in rank until he became a major general (1943) and head of the political commissars on the Ukrainian front.
		When Stalin died (March 1953), Brezhnev lost his posts on the Central Committee and in the Politburo and had to accept the position of deputy head of the political department of the Ministry of Defense with the rank of lieutenant general.
	www.historyguide.org /europe/brezhnev.html (862 words)

	Professional Autonomy of the Military: in the United States and the Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The commissar was to show a special vigilance toward the military specialist, as the former officers were called, but he was also charged with the reeducation of this officer and with helping him understand the historical significance of the revolution.
		While the institution of the commissar role was no doubt a novel one, the importance of the military specialist was in essence a recognition of the role of the professional, as imperative to the success of the revolution.
		While the relationship between the commissar and the military specialist during the Civil War may have approximated the rules only rarely and most likely produced conflict, the interdependence between the political and military officer was likely to lead to a process whereby control was not the most important part of the relationship.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1981/sep-oct/segal.htm (5058 words)

	The Tukhachevsky trial and the anti-Communist conspiracy within the army
		The military commander was given the responsibility for `general political leadership for the purpose of complete coordination of military and political affairs in the unit'.
		The `political assistant' was to be responsible for `all party-political work' and was to report to the commander on the political condition of the unit.
		The Tolmachev Military Political Academy in Leningrad and the commissars of the military district of Byelorussia protested against `the depreciation and diminution of the rôle of the party-political organs'.
	www.plp.org /books/Stalin/node114.html (347 words)

	The German High Command Trial. Part III. United Nations War Crimes Commission, 1949
		Extermination of the Bolshevist Commissars and of the Communist intelligentsia.
		Commissars and GPU men are criminals and must be dealt with as such.
		Commissars were regularly shot with his knowledge and he took no action as a result.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /WCC/ghctrial3.htm (5066 words)

	China General Political Department - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		The General Political Department director was at the head of a system of political commissars assigned to each echelon in the PLA.
		One of the primary tasks of the political commissar was the supervision of the party organization through party committees at the battalion level and above or through party branches in companies.
		Political commissars were equal in rank and authority to the commander of their echelon in peacetime but theoretically deferred to the commander during war.
	www.photius.com /countries/china/economy/china_economy_general_political_de~1034.html (228 words)

	Biographies
		Between 1976-1978, Heng Sarin served as political commissar and commander of Democratic Kampuchea’s fourth division stationed in the eastern zone.
		Political splits within BLDP led Mouly to challenge Son Sann’s leadership by holding his own congress and attempting to get himself elected as the president of BLDP.
		Ta Mok is also known as "the butcher" for his role in the violent political purges during the Khmer Rouge rule between 1975-1978 when he served as the party secretary-general of the southwestern zone.
	www.seasite.niu.edu /khmer/Ledgerwood/biographies.htm (3786 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Truth About Hitler's "Commissar Order" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		...The order had involved not only suspected politruks (army political commissars), but prisoners who for any reason whatever were a nuisance to their captors and guards, prisoners who were not considered worth feeding, such as Jewish soldiers, and soldiers who were desperately wounded or seriously ill...
		...3 4 HILE the direct execution of suspected political commissars ceased to be carried out by Wehrmacht commanders after the first winter campaign, the Security Service never lost the authority to drag whomever they liked out of the camps in order to murder them in secret places...
		...The genuine hunt for political commissars, as opposed to the mere reduction of the numbers of prisoners of war under the cloak of the Commissar Order, was naturally hottest in officer camps...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V28I1P13-1.htm (8261 words)

	China - POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS AT THE PARTY CENTER
		Hua's political weakness was most graphically illustrated by the rehabilitation--for the second time- -of Deng Xiaoping, in July 1977, and Deng's subsequent successful elevation of his proteges and initiation of a comprehensive reform program to realize the Four Modernizations.
		A stress on political stability supplanted the call to "continuing revolution." In Chinese academic circles, efforts were made to restore and raise academic standards, and party leaders stressed the importance of science and technology and the contribution of intellectuals in realizing modernization.
		Economic reform was to be accompanied by political reform that would permit a greater range of personal and intellectual choices and include the opening up of debate on key issues of local and national concern.
	countrystudies.us /china/116.htm (2457 words)

	Articles - Nikita Khrushchev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Khrushchev was regarded by his political enemies in the Soviet Union as a boorish, uncivilized peasant, with a reputation for interrupting speakers to insult them.
		Although intelligent (as his political enemies also admitted after he had defeated them) and certainly cunning, he lacked knowledge and understanding of the world outside of his direct experience and so would often prove easy to manipulate for scientific hucksters that knew how to appeal to his vanity and prejudices.
		For example, he was a supporter of Trofim Lysenko even after the Stalin years and became convinced that the Soviet Union's agricultural crises could be solved through the planting of maize on the same scale as the United States, failing to realize that the differences in climate and soil made this inadvisable.
	www.lightmag.com /articles/Nikita_Khrushchev (1893 words)

	Search Form -- Test Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was appointed Political Commissar of the 15th International Brigade.
		Fred Keller - Political Commissar of the Lincoln Battalion and hero of the Spanish Civil War, he swam the Ebro three times during the great battle and was a legend for his uncanny skill in avoiding capture by the Fascists.
		Frederick Lutz — was Political Commissar of the Lincoln Battalion.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /rbx/SCWpeople.html (972 words)

	A face-saving manoeuvre
		The three men are Karikalan, Visu and Thurai, who functioned respectively as special political commissar, political wing head and deputy political chief of the Batticaloa-Amparai districts of the East.
		A former deputy leader of the LTTE's political wing, Karikalan had been elevated from the position of the Batticaloa-Amparai political commissar to that of special political commissar only in April 2002.
		Kausalyan, the LTTE's financial controller for the region is the new Batticaloa-Amparai arasial poruppalar (political leader) and the regional political chief, Reginald, the current administrative head for Batticaloa city, will be the thunai poruppalar or deputy chief and be in overall charge of the region's administration.
	www.frontlineonnet.com /fl1917/19170600.htm (2248 words)

	Virtual Angola - Facts and statistics of Angola - History of Angola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On 18 June 1978, he was appointed Head of the 1st Command Division of the CPPA and, in June 1979, head of the Political Department and of the Personnel Section of the National Directorate of the People’s Police, holding the two posts.
		In 1981, he was appointed Deputy Head of the National Political Directorate of the Ministry of the Interior and, in 1982, National Director of Personnel in the same ministry, holding the two posts.
		In 1998, at a congress he was elected a member of the Central Committee and Political Bureau of the MPLA, and, in 1999, by presidential decree, was appointed Minister of the Interior, combining this post with that of Commander General of the National Police.
	www.angola.org.uk /facts_bio_pm.htm (678 words)

	RUSI- Online feature - Biography: Li Jinai
		Li spent all of the 1970s in the 2nd Artillery Corps, where he first served as the Deputy Chief Regiment political division propaganda branch and later as the branch's Deputy Political Commissar.
		He was then promoted to the 2nd Artillery Political Department's Organization Department, where he served as Deputy Director of the department, in addition to heading its sections for Youth and Organization.
		Li was Deputy Political Commissar of a 2nd Artillery base from 1983 to 1985, although he worked at the All-Army Party Rectification Office for much of that time.
	www.rusi.org /studies/asia/cmu/ref:P42F366A4C206B (691 words)

	Commissar Frum, by Justin Raimondo
		Unless, of course, the conflation of ethnicity and nationhood that Lilienthal bemoaned is a device that Frum uses to smear his political enemies.
		As for my "broad hints" that the anthrax attacks were the work of "an American Jewish scientist" with political views similar to Frum's, he is here referring to a number of columns I wrote on the strange career of Colonel Philip Zack, the subject of a series of articles in the Hartford Courant.
		Conservatives take for their guide in politics what Edmund Burke called 'the wisdom of the species': that is, the experience of human beings in community, extending over many centuries.
	www.antiwar.com /justin/j032203.html (3640 words)

	The EastAfrican on the Web
		OPPOSITION political parties in Uganda, including the Uganda People's Congress, the Democratic Party and the Reform Agenda, have been given up to the end of this month to decide if they want to continue with the transitional talks or not.
		The National Political Commissar (NPC), Cryspus Kiyonga, said if they fail to do so, the government will terminate the talks and proceed with dialogue with political parties that are willing to discuss the transition to multiparty politics after 2006.
		A political roadmap to have been drawn up by April and submitted to parliament, collapsed on 23 February as the two parties accused each other of sabotaging the process.
	www.nationaudio.com /News/EastAfrican/05042004/Regional/Regional0504200418.html (750 words)

	Serbia Info News / Political commissar Walker
		We have accepted this mission counting on the good will of the international community to contribute to peace for all the citizens in Kosmet so that this part of the Balkans and Europe becomes the factor of peace and stability.
		Mr Walker has forgotten again that those are the terrorists under the auspices of the Islamic fundamentalism and that in this case, he is defending the freedom and independence or the most vicious form of modern terrorism.
		In this way, Mr Walker has completely changed the role of his mission, and instead of helping us stop the terrorism, he has converted himself, like Adem Demaqi, into a political commissar of the bandits who are spreading death among innocent citizens of Kosmet.
	www.serbia-info.com /news/1999-01/12/8031.html (392 words)

	BBC News \| ANALYSIS \| Vietnam: changing of the guard
		He is the army's chief political commissar, General Le Kha Phieu, who is widely regarded as a conservative.
		He is said to have joined the Party in the 1930s when still a teenager and operated clandestinely against the French from then until the Geneva Agreement in 1954.
		He acquired a reputation as a political commissar in charge of putting an end to private trade first in Hai Phong and then Hanoi.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/world/analysis/42854.stm (339 words)

	Welcome to the Financial Gazette Online! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Third Way is a proposed new political alternative that would bring together disgruntled members from both ZANU PF and the MDC into one strong party.
		ZANU PF political commissar Elliot Manyika laughed off the new idea, saying it did not exist in the Zimbabwean political framework.
		Moyo has been criticised for his harsh treatment of political opponents and media practitioners while he was still in the government.
	www.fingaz.co.zw /fingaz/2005/August/August25/9293.shtml (446 words)

	Taiwan tensions prompt military reshuffle again
		Following recent changes in senior military positions, the People's Liberation Army promoted political department director Sun Dafa of the Nanjing military region to deputy political commissar, the Beijing-backed Wen Wei Po said.
		Major-General Gao Wusheng, political commissar at the joint logistics department of the same region, was made director of the political department.
		Quoting unnamed observers, the newspaper said that recent reshuffles in all navy, land and air forces formed part of an 'important deployment' of military senior officials 'for a future war in combined operation'.
	www.centurychina.com /plaboard/posts/3690222.shtml (186 words)

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