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Topic: Political crimes

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	Introduction from the book The Tree of Liberty
		Presenting the notion that the concept of political crime might have a place in American social science or law brings forth either a denial of the validity of the concept or the opposite assertion that all crimes are at root political.
		Crimes committed for political ends manifested by rebellions, treasons, assassinations, homicides, hostage taking, bomb throwings, seditions, draft evasions, and widespread civil disobedience have influenced and continue to affect dramatically the political life of the nation.
		The law's failure to recognize the existence of the political offender, or to respond to his or her offer of noble motives, perversely translates into a negative comment upon the system of justice and its punishment of someone who might popularly be accepted as acting for the common good.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /History/Introduction_TOL.html (3265 words)

	Political crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the standard sense of the phrase, a political crime is an action deemed illegal by a government in order to control real or imagined threats to its survival, at the expense of a range of human rights and freedoms.
		People convicted or suspected of certain crimes qualified of terrorism by the government of their country (or some foreign countries) refuse that qualification.
		They consider that their fight is a legitimate one, achieved by legitimate means, and thus their crimes should be more appropriately called political crimes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Political_crime (330 words)

	Social Anarchism/On the Political Offense
		In it the political dissident is an individual responding according to some "higher" moral or political principle to "immoral, arrogant and intransigent leaders," "rules of laws" he or she finds "unjust," or instances in which the state "behaves brutally and immorally." The "government," or state, "ideally...
		Bennett's definition of "political dissent," and by extension "political crime," is individualistic and therefore poses problems for his analysis of the history of radical political activity and organized political movements.
		Because Bennett describes political dissent as basically protest against certain egregious acts of violence, immorality or injustice by the state and the interests it represents, he overlooks the fact that persons and organizations who are condemned as dissidents and criminals by these institutions are not usually reacting to specific and occasional acts by the state.
	library.nothingness.org /articles/SA/en/display/276 (2313 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Political and religious leaders said that the disproportionate number of fl churches being burned indicated that the Nation was experiencing a serious wave of hate crimes.
		For the purposes of this monograph, hate crimes, or bias-motivated crimes, are defined as offenses motivated by hatred against a victim based on his or her race, religion, sexual orientation, handicap, ethnicity, or national origin.
		They claim that retaliatory crimes do not necessarily increase when crimes are bias motivated, citing examples of certain religious groups that, in accordance with the tenets of their religion, will not retaliate when attacked, and certain disabled persons who cannot retaliate.
	www.ojp.usdoj.gov /BJA/txt/pgthc.txt (15749 words)

	WowEssays.com - Hate Crimes
		Hate Crime: Definition and History Ever since the body of James Byrd was found in pieces on a road in east Texas, the authorities have been struggling to bring charges to reflect the horror of the crime.
		Congress has defined hate crimes as “a crime in which the defendant intentionally selects a victim, or in the case of property crime, the property that is the object of the crime, because of the actual or perceived race, color, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation of any person” (1).
		The FBI report indicated that about 63 percent of the reported hate crimes were race-based, with 14 percent committed against individuals on the basis of their religion, 11 percent on the basis of ethnicity, and 12 percent on the basis of sexual orientation (7).
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ad2/arn118.shtml (3363 words)

	Welcome to Netiran! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Article 54: Political crimes and misdemeanors that advocate revolution, etc. shall absolutely not be pardoned and be a part of a general amnesty.
		Moreover, the law defining the limits of the activities of political parties, political and other gatherings, Islamic groups, religious minorities, etc. passed in 1981 says that the judiciary high council is obligated to draft a jury legislation within one month after the ratification of this statute.
		Political crime is not just committed by ordinary citizens but government authorities and top officials of the country can also commit political crimes.
	www.netiran.com /?fn=artd(3228) (2286 words)

	Bill on Political Crime to Be Presented to Parliament: Justice Minister
		The Constitution has mentioned political crimes and press offenses, so we need corresponding laws to ensure that the Constitution is implemented, he told reporters on the second day of Justice Week.
		Political activists are calling for jury trials for those accused of press violations, as stipulated by the Constitution.
		The sixth parliament drafted a bill on a law that would have required the Judiciary to hold jury trials for defendants accused of political crimes, but the Guardian Council rejected it, saying that it was not in line with the Constitution.
	www.mehrnews.com /en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=89168 (321 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.3, Entry 28, PARDON.: Library of Economics and Liberty
		But political crimes and offenses have a special character: they do not manifest in their author the same degree of perversity as common crimes, and conscience does not express the same reprobation for them.
		Common crimes are crimes everywhere; political acts are crimes only in a variable and, in a sense, conditional manner.
		What makes repression necessary in cases of this kind is not the immorality and perversity of the person committing the offense, but political causes which must be subjected in their action to the general principles of justice and of right; the opportuneness, sometimes even the necessity, of pardon, depends on the same causes.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy798.html (956 words)

	UScomNikken
		She adds that "the way to seek the President of the Republic’s political liability is indirect: he shall not be the dismissedsubject, only one of his ministers, as a result of the former’s political policies".
		There is a distinction between political crimes and odinary crimes, making it clear that Venezuela statute law does not establish such distinction, although the Penal Code does define facts and acts as crimes "that may be deemed as political from an objective point of view, that is those threatening the State’s political order.
		Nikken points out that these political crimes from an objective point of view may be committed by the President of the Republic "either through action or omission, that is to say by infrigement of his constitutional duties, the first of them being that of guaranteeing the Republic’s internal order and international security".
	www.analitica.com /archivo/vam1997.04/ingles/uscomnikken.html (2711 words)

	Dealing with political crime
		Crimes against the state are called "oppositional political crimes." There are two main types: nonviolent and violent.
		The first type is political corruption, which "usually includes accepting or soliciting bribes (i.e., usually money or some other economic benefit, like a gift or service)." The reason that this is a political crime is that "The citizen's trust has been violated," with citizens being the ultimate victims.
		Political corruption is damaging to public trust because it means that the people who are passing and enforcing laws are the ones who are breaking them.
	www.uow.edu.au /arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/03BRwhistle10.html (905 words)

	Social Anarchism/Political Trials and Prisoners in the United States
		For my special purpose is to advocate the separation of political crimes from ordinary criminal activity and to urge the creation of political crime as a distinct legal entity.
		In such a condition, in which the political heretic is treated just as intolerantly as the religiously orthodox had treated the religious heretic, individuals have historically tried to advance justice and democracy by violating laws, or by advocating the violation of laws, or even by being perceived as violating laws, and always by questioning orthodoxy.
		Goldstein's definition of political repression is clarifying too: "government action which grossly discriminates against persons or organizations viewed as presenting a fundamental challenge to existing power relationships or key governmental policies, because of their perceived political beliefs" (Goldstein, 1977; p.(xvi).
	library.nothingness.org /articles/SA/en/display/15 (3041 words)

	Leader1.doc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Thousands of political prisoners who had served their sentence and more, were murdered in cold blood not only because they did not believe in the Islamic regime or in Islam but because they had refused to totally renounce their individual and social identity.
		The aim of this movement is not necessarily to punish the criminals as this is understood in the logic of a court.
		An international tribunal should, in the first instance, try the Islamic regime for the political crime of cold-blooded murder of a generation purely for what was in their head, and for refusing to renounce it.
	www.iran-bulletin.org /political_commentary/International_tribunal2.html (3055 words)

	Monthly Review November 2000 George Winslow
		Crime rates rose in the 1960s, when the number of people behind bars fell, but those numbers rose in the 1970s as the prison population skyrocketed.
		In the 1980s, crime became an increasingly worrisome problem in both rural and suburban areas as millions of workers lost their jobs, the manufacturing sector was devastated, and real wages fell dramatically.
		It is no coincidence that street crime rates have fallen to their lowest levels in thirty-five years in a period when unemployment and poverty rates have also dropped back to the levels last seen in the more prosperous 1960s.
	www.monthlyreview.org /1100wins.htm (4810 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » DR Congo pres declares amnesty for acts of war, political crimes
		A decree published late Wednesday said that "acts of war, crimes of a political nature and opinion, including banned protests and insults to the head of state, committed during the period running from August 2, 1998 to April 4, 2003" will be covered by the amnesty.
		The amnesty was said by Kabila to be a key step in reuniting the Congolese people after their long war, in which some 2.5 million people have died, either directly in combat or indirectly through famine and disease.
		Not covered by the amnesty are war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity, the decree said.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/6b2e254cbd80faf5c1256d0b0055ce64 (304 words)

	Crimes of War > The International Criminal Court
		While not historically far removed from periods of extreme political violence - characterized by cases of torture, extra-judicial executions (often on a massive scale) and forced disappearances - most Latin American countries now consider themselves to be firmly committed to the protection of human rights.
		Efforts to seek justice for crimes of the past are also underway in Chile, partly in response to the Pinochet case, and in Peru.
		Similarly, specific provisions have been proposed to establish that crimes against humanity and war crimes are not subject to amnesties or pardons.
	www.crimesofwar.org /icc_magazine/icc-popkin.html (3784 words)

	Amnesty International on the death penalty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The reality of the death penalty is that who is executed and who is spared is often determined not only by the nature of the crime but also the ethnic and social background, the financial means or the political opinions of the defendant.
		The wealthy, the politically well-connected and members of dominant racial and religious groups are far less likely to be sentenced to death and even less likely to be executed for offences of comparable severity than are the poor, supporters of the political opposition and members of unpopular racial or religious groups.
		The political crimes for which the death penalty may be imposed in such circumstances can be defined in such a way that virtually any political activity inconsistent with government policy becomes a capital offense.
	www.worldpolicy.org /globalrights/dp/ai-dp.html (1526 words)

	Cuba 1983 - Chapter VI
		notes with concern that is some countries of the hemisphere legislation related to the death penalty has been enacted, either to reestablish it or to extend it to crimes of a political and social nature, which is clearly incompatible with the necessary application of the means of protection of the right to life.
		Crimes punishable by death in the Penal Code in force, linked to the security of the State (Book II, title I), are divided into those that refer to external security (Chapter I) and those relating to the internal security of the State (Chapter II).
		This means that the death penalty for political crimes permanently subsists as a latent threat to citizens.
	www.cidh.oas.org /countryrep/Cuba83eng/chap.6.htm (1050 words)

	Very political crimes in Bombay, by Jeremy Seabrook
		The appearance of this phenomenon in Bombay, where the rule of the extreme communalist Shiv Sena and the Bharatiya Janata Party is now uncontested, marks a new departure in the criminalisation of politics and the politicising of crime.
		Two of the latter’s close associates have been killed in "police encounters" and his right hand, Sada Pawle, was shot by the "encounter specialist", the assistant inspector of police, Vijay Salaskar, who, single-handed, shot dead fourteen gangsters between January and September 1997.
		Where there is no outside political challenge, the only challenge to ruling groups comes from within their own ranks.
	mondediplo.com /1998/06/10india2 (1481 words)

	AURELIAN - LoveToKnow Article on AURELIAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		His religious exercises and temperate BI bits gave him, in popular estimation, a great superiority A(er his brothers, but he was too politic to put forward his claims th enly.
		He therefore proposed to unite th forces to those of Murad, who would thus have no difficulty Al making himself master of the empire while the two elder co others were divided by their own strife.
		He introduced sumptuary laws; relieved the poor IS distributions of bread and meat, proceeded with great severity of tinst informers and embezzlers; began the construction of ns rious public works and buildings; and proclaimed a general ro inesty for political crimes.
	26.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AU/AURELIAN.htm (966 words)

	SAGE Publications - The Dynamics of Political Crime
		In The Dynamics of Political Crime, Jeffrey Ian Ross provides the most comprehensive and contemporary discussion of the phenomenon of political crime -- crimes committed both by and against the state -- in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom during the past three decades.
		Written by a recognized critical criminologist, this volume develops a new theory of political crime and thoroughly reviews definitional and conceptual issues, causes of political crimes, and ways to control it, and effects of different types of political crime.
		Chapter 5, "Violent Oppositional Political Crimes: Terrorism," puts the events of September 11, 2001 in both a historical and contemporary perspectives.
	www.sagepub.com /printerfriendly.aspx?pid=8954&ptype=B (228 words)

	political. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Of, relating to, or dealing with the structure or affairs of government, politics, or the state.
		Relating to, involving, or characteristic of politics or politicians: “Calling a meeting is a political act in itself” (Daniel Goleman).
		Relating to or involving acts regarded as damaging to a government or state: political crimes.
	www.bartleby.com /61/38/P0413800.html (153 words)

	High Crimes and Misdemeanors
		It is the consensus among legal and constitutional scholars that the phrase "other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" refers to "political crimes." While not necessarily indictable crimes, "political crimes" are great offenses against the federal government.
		Likewise, high crimes and misdemeanors can be serious abuses of the governmental power with which the President has been trusted.
		We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law.
	www.commondreams.org /views05/0618-28.htm (1210 words)

	Restorative Justice - Bhargava, Anurima. Defining Political Crimes: A Case Study of the South African Truth and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Defining Political Crimes: A Case Study of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
		In determining whether an act was committed for political objectives, the TRC was supposed to consider a number of factors.
		This, in effect, failed to provide a viable definition of political crimes that could be used by future countries in transition.
	www.restorativejustice.org /asp/details.asp?ID=3108 (315 words)

	"Hate Crimes" Law Undermines Protection of Individual Rights by Robert W. Tracinski -- Capitalism Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Instead, we should insist on the one principle that forms the foundation for the protection of all rights, i.e., that the purpose of law is to punish criminals for initiating force against others--not for holding bad ideas.
		A "hate crimes" law would expand the law's concern from criminal action to "criminal thought." It would institute the premise that the purpose of our legal system is not to defend the rights of the victim, but to punish socially unacceptable ideas.
		Crimes can be whitewashed if done for the "correct" political motives, while extra punishment can be meted out to those with "incorrect" motives.
	www.capmag.com /article.asp?ID=3314 (992 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: "Hate Crimes" in Our Future? by Robert W. Tracinski
		A "hate crimes" law would expand the law's concern from criminal action to "criminal thought." It would institute the premise that the purpose of our legal system is not to defend the rights of the victim, but to punish socially unacceptable ideas.
		Crimes can be whitewashed if done for the "correct" political motives, while extra punishment can be meted out to those with "incorrect" motives.
		Instead, we should insist on the one principle that forms the foundation for the protection of all rights, i.e., that the purpose of law is to punish criminals for initiating force against others, not for holding bad ideas.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=10833 (762 words)

	Anarchist Black Cross Network: Resistance is Global
		Therefore people who commit crimes or speak out to defend the rights and interests of their oppressed communities to help end the repressive colonial conditions that currently exist, specifically in the Raza and African communities, and are sent to prison, they are Political Prisoners.
		By helping to raise their political consciousness we will be moving them towards the third type of Political Prisoner: The Conscious Prisoner of Colonialism, the prisoner who gains a consciousness.
		If all of those that gained a political consciousness while in prison help to raise the consciousness of all of our people, we would be that much closer to the national liberation and unification of the Mexicano nation.
	www.anarchistblackcross.org /content/essays/articles/question.html (1851 words)

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