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Topic: Political parties in Bhutan

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	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Bhutan
		Bhutan is a hereditary monarchy with an "elected" prime minister.
		The political implications of this administrative change are not yet clear, but at least the basis for a democratic constitutional monarchy would seem to now be in place.
		In an effort to lessen the political inequities between the dominant Ngalongs and the subservient Sharchops, in 1994 the Druk National Congress Party was formed in exile.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /polity/country_reports/Bhu1.htm (1016 words)

	Bhutan - MSN Encarta
		The treaty recognizes Bhutan’s sovereignty, guarantees noninterference by India in the internal affairs of Bhutan, and provides for free trade between the two countries and duty-free transit of Bhutan’s imports across India.
		Bhutan insists that the migrants are being incited to leave the country by small Nepali groups seeking a greater share in Bhutan’s political system.
		Underground political groups dominated by Nepali have launched a campaign to destabilize the prosperous southern districts in an attempt to gain greater power and privileges for the Nepali in Bhutan.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568123_2/Bhutan.html (1142 words)

	Bhutan. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Political parties are banned; the Bhutan Congress party, led by Nepalese, operates from India.
		In 1864 the British occupied part of S Bhutan, which was formally annexed after a war in 1865; the Treaty of Sinchula provided for an annual subsidy to Bhutan as compensation.
		The Chinese claim to Bhutan (as part of a greater Tibet) and the persecution of Tibetan Buddhists led India to close the Bhutanese-Tibetan border and to build roads in Bhutan capable of carrying Indian military vehicles.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bh/Bhutan.html (1152 words)

	Bhutan - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The reforms also gave the assembly the power to vote, by a two-thirds majority, to require the king to abdicate in favor of his successor.
		The principal trial courts are a High Court and district courts; the king is the final, highest level of appeal in Bhutan.
		Bhutan is divided into four administrative zones, 18 districts, and 191 village groups for purposes of administration.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761568123___6/Bhutan.html (321 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Lhotshampas in Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bhutan argues that the detainees are guilty of "anti-national" or terrorist acts.
		Bhutan argues that the majority of the refugees left the country voluntarily while Nepal asserts that they are bona fide Bhutanese who were evicted.
		While Bhutan claims that the vast majority in refugee camps are not Bhutanese citizens, the UNHCR reports that almost all of the refugees have documentary proof of Bhutanese nationality.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=76001 (6086 words)

	Draft Constitution of Bhutan
		A primary round of election shall be held to select the two political parties for the general election on the expiry of the term of the National Assembly or in accordance with the provision of sections 10 and 11 of this Article.
		The two political parties having the highest number of votes in the primary election shall be declared as the two political parties for the purpose of section 5 of this Article to contest in the general election.
		The High Court of Bhutan, which shall comprise of a Chief Justice and eight Drangpons, shall be the court of appeal from the Dzongkhag Courts and Tribunals in all matters and shall exercise original jurisdiction in matters not within the jurisdiction of the Dzongkhag Courts and Tribunals.
	www.satp.org /satporgtp/countries/bhutan/document/actandordinances/constitution2.htm (3649 words)

	Bhutan - Political Developments
		The political forces that shaped Bhutan after its seventeenth- century unification were primarily internal until the arrival of the British in the eighteenth century.
		Bhutan participated in the Olympic Games and in other international games, and imported high-tech bows for use in national archery tournaments, although for a time only the simple traditional bow was permitted in contests within Bhutan.
		Between 2,000 and 12,000 Nepalese were reported to have fled Bhutan in the late 1980s, and according to a 1991 report, even high-level Bhutanese government officials of Nepalese origin had resigned their positions and moved to Nepal.
	countrystudies.us /bhutan/47.htm (1708 words)

	1996 Human Rights Report: Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Of those detained in connection with political dissidence and violence in southern Bhutan in 1991-92, 1,685 were ultimately amnestied, 9 acquitted, and 46 released after serving their sentences, and 88 are serving prison sentences.
		Political authority resides ultimately in the King and decisionmaking involves only a small number of officials; however, major decisions are routinely made by officials subject to questioning by the National Assembly.
		Political parties do not legally exist, and their formation is discouraged by the Government as unnecessarily divisive.
	stockholm.usembassy.gov /human/human96/bhutan.html (4552 words)

	Bhutan at a Glance:CEMARD-Bhutan
		Bhutan is located in the eastern Himalayas bordered by India in the south, east and west and by the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China in the north.
		In 1999, Bhutan’s population was 657,548 according to the Planning Commission of the Royal Government of Bhutan.
		Bhutan was admitted to the United Nations in 1971.
	www.geocities.com /cemardbhutan/glance.html (2491 words)

	eKantipur.com - Nepal's No.1 News Portal
		The draft constitution of Bhutan, announced in March, should be taken as a positive move of Bhutan towards establishing democracy and an open society.
		Bhutan is a multi-ethnic, multi-racial, multi-religious and multi-cultural society.
		Bhutan is the only country in South Asia where despite political strife and refugee problem, there is no armed struggle and bloodshed as in other South Asian countries.
	www.kantipuronline.com /kolnews.php?&nid=56182 (741 words)

	Bhutan
		Bhutan is a hereditary monarchy with a population of approximately 800 thousand.
		Political authority has devolved to the National Assembly, which can pass legislation; however, ultimatecontrol still resided in the king and the cabinet, which is composed of the Royal Advisory Council and the Council of Ministers.
		Workers are eligible for compensation in the case of partial or total disability, and, in the event of death, their families are entitled to compensation.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61706.htm (5010 words)

	Concluding Observations/Comments - Bhutan
		The Committee recommends that the State party review its legislation with a view to ensuring that the definition of the child and minimum age requirements conform to the principles and provisions of the Convention, are gender neutral, are explicit and are enforced by law.
		The Committee recommends that the State party ensure that family reunification is dealt with in a positive, humane and expeditious manner, in accordance with article 10 of the Convention.
		Noting the State party's efforts to address adolescent health, such as the publication of pamphlets on reproductive and mental health, and drug abuse, the Committee is concerned at the effectiveness of these efforts.
	www.law.wits.ac.za /humanrts/crc/bhutan2001.html (3385 words)

	Bhutan. In: Amnesty International Report 2001
		Leaders of political parties in exile were reportedly arrested on their return.
		After her visit in April, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees reported that Bhutan was ready to proceed with joint verification of people living in the camps to determine their eligibility for inclusion in a future voluntary repatriation program.
		Bhutan's position was that individuals over the age of 18 should be verified individually while Nepal wanted the unit of verification to be the head of the family.
	web.amnesty.org /web/ar2001.nsf/webasacountries/BHUTAN?OpenDocument (642 words)

	Bhutan
		Bhutan is ruled by a hereditary monarch, King Jigme Singye Wangchuk, who governs with the support of a National Assembly and a Council of Ministers.
		Ethnic Nepalese political groups in exile complain that the revision of the country's citizenship laws in 1985 denaturalized tens of thousands of former residents of Bhutan.
		Workers are eligible for compensation for partial or total disability, and in the event of death their families are entitled to compensation.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8228.htm (7629 words)

	Welcome to D. P. Ahuja & Co.- Indian Intellectual Property Law Firm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bhutan is a small country, located 400 miles from the city of Calcutta in India, with a total population of 700,000.
		As you may be aware, Bhutan ranks 3rd or 4th amongst the poorest countries in the world in all respects.
		Bhutan exports commodities like cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit and electricity, 90 per cent of which are to India, amounting to US$80 million.
	www.dpahuja.com /pages/international/international.asp (3400 words)

	Political System of Bhutan: Bhutannewsonline.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Royal Government of Bhutan is guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations.
		The members of National Assembly do not belong to any political party, since political parties have no legal status in Bhutan and they function only in exile.
		Bhutan's civil and criminal codes are rooted in the Tsa Yig, a code established in 1616 by Shabdrung, the first Monk-ruler.
	www.bhutannewsonline.com /political_system.html (1149 words)

	About Bhutan
		Bhutan, located in the eastern Himalayas, borders China to the north and India to the south, east and west.
		Bhutan is a rugged, mountainous country with great extremes in climate.
		Bhutan remained isolated from the rest of the world until 1959, when China claimed part o fthe country.
	www.exoticjourneys.com /aboutbhutan.html (1106 words)

	About Us:CEMARD-Bhutan
		All Bhutanese human rights organisations, human rights activists and political parties are required to work in exile under exceptionally difficult situation, as there is a complete ban on the formation of unions, associations, organisations, human rights organisations and political parties in Bhutan by the autocratic, feudal and despotic government.
		In the eighties, the government of Bhutan implemented a series of racist and discriminatory policies against the Nepali-speaking Lhotshampas in the Southern Bhutan.
		The Government of Bhutan arrests, imprisons and evicts a person along with his family from the country, if he/she is found to contributing fund to any Bhutanese or Bhutanese NGO in exile.
	www.geocities.com /cemardbhutan/aboutus.html (877 words)

	Political uncertainties looming for Bhutan and Nepal, IRED
		Political uncertainties looming for Bhutan and Nepal, IRED
		He was part of the first group of Bulgarian intellectuals that began the opposition movement that finally put an end to the communist regime in the country, and in 1996-1997 participated in the international monitors' teams during the elections in several Balkan countries - Romania, Albania and Bulgaria.
		Political uncertainties looming for Bhutan and Nepal 0512
	www.ired.com /news/mkt/bhutan-nepal2005.htm (719 words)

	Countries at the Crossroads 2005
		Bhutan lies in the eastern Himalayas, south of China and north of India.
		Bhutan is unique in its character as the last remaining Himalayan Buddhist state.
		The action was taken partly as a result of increased pressure by India on Bhutan to expel the insurgents, who were involved in a range of guerrilla activities in the northeastern states of India.
	freedomhouse.org /modules/publications/ccr/modPrintVersion.cfm?edition=2&ccrpage=8&ccrcountry=78 (7167 words)

	Bhutan News
		THIMPU: When the Bhutan Post became an agent of the Western Union in May 2002 the idea was to provide a fast international money transfer service as an alternative to the services provided by banks.
		The trek to the base camp of Mt. Chomolhari in Bhutan is breathtaking in its diversity.
		Class X, the basic education level in Bhutan, is the bottleneck through which only a limited number slip past to a higher education, a better...
	www.topix.net /world/bhutan (619 words)

	BHUTAN: Refugee Issue- Back to Square One?
		By and large the refugees remained aloof from the political parties though the tend towards politicization was observed.
		The refugees pressurised Rijal to start an aggressive struggle in Bhutan for repatriation of the refugees and were not satisfied with the "Reconciliation Movement" started by the elders at the Goldhop camp and the peaceful Satyagrah being carried on by them at the Mechi bridge.
		The Bhutan Government could be a little more flexible as there is still space for some of the refugees to return with honour in the "ethnic management scheme" they have in mind.
	www.saag.org /notes3/note299.html (1057 words)

	BUBL LINK: Bhutan
		Detailed handbook describing the history of Bhutan and analysing its political, economic, social, and national security systems and institutions, the interrelationships of those systems and the ways they are shaped by cultural factors.
		Set of political and relief maps produced by the CIA covering all the countries in Asia.
		Basic reference information about Bhutan, such as area, capital, population, population density, geography, language, religion, time zone, history and government, plus business and social information, including details of accommodation, addresses, climate, regions, travel, visas, passports, money, health and public holidays.
	bubl.ac.uk /link/b/bhutan.htm (337 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Bhutan's king hands over reins of tiny Himalayan kingdom to his son
		GAUHATI, India – Bhutan's king abdicated Saturday and announced plans to hand power to his Western-educated son, who is expected to usher in a parliamentary democracy for the isolated Himalayan kingdom in coming years.
		The king, who assumed the throne in 1972 when he was 17, astounded his subjects with his announcement that the prince would assume the throne a year earlier than scheduled, propelling the prince to lead the Buddhist nation in its political transition.
		Keunsel quoted the king as saying that “a very bright future lies ahead for Bhutan with the leadership of a new king and a democratic system of governance,” as enshrined under Bhutan's soon-to-be adopted constitution.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20061216-0935-bhutan-king.html (719 words)

	Headline News - Bhutan Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		• India, Bhutan to sign updated treaty this week India and Bhutan will give a contemporary complexion to their fraternal ties by signing an updated treaty of friendship when King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk...
		The final draft of Bhutan's constitution, aimed at ushering of democracy in the royal kingdom, is ready and will be made public soon, an official attached....
		• Bhutan readies draft constitution NEW DELHI, Feb 3 — The final draft of Bhutan’s constitution, aimed at ushering of democracy in the royal kingdom, is ready and will be made public soon,...
	www.bhutantimes.com /modules/headlines1 (1193 words)

	Asian Centre for Human Rights
		Full registration of the political parties would be completed after the parties secure a minimum of 3,000 members within 60 days and get their respective party constitutions approved by the general assembly of the party.
		With the enforcement of the regulation for registration of political parties that bars the Commissioner of Elections, Auditor General, Judges and Magistrates, Members of the Human Rights Commission, and specified levels of government posts from becoming members of the political parties, the role of these government servants cum Members of Majlis has become simply untenable.
		It would be equally scandalous if political parties are not allowed to participate in the drafting of the new constitution and instead, the bureaucrats cum members of the Peoples Majlis are allowed to draft the new constitution.
	www.achrweb.org /Review/2005/76-05.htm (1045 words)

	The Hindu : National : Will democracy help refugees return to Bhutan, ask exiles
		KOLKATA: Leaders of Bhutan's political parties set up in exile (in India and Nepal) have welcomed King Jigme Singye Wangchuk's announcement that he will abdicate the throne in 2008 and arrange for elections under the country's first Constitution.
		Most of these refugees, who started leaving Bhutan since 1989 after a crackdown on "non-nationals," are sheltered in seven camps in eastern Nepal's Jhapa and Morang districts run by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, among others.
		Similar questions have been raised by the leadership of the Bhutan National Democratic Party, set up by Bhutanese-in-exile in Birphamod in Jhapa district in February 1992.
	www.hindu.com /2005/12/20/stories/2005122002201300.htm (286 words)

	Terror Tuesday:Impact on South Asia -- Response -- Political Parties India
		Communist Party of India-Marxist, September 21, 2001, Press Statement.
		Press Statement of the Communist Party of India-Marxist, September 14, 2001.
		When terrorism is inspired by political and religious beliefs it becomes more lethal.
	www.satp.org /satporgtp/usa/Political_PartiesIndia.htm (1440 words)

	World Statesmen.org
		Claims by dissident governments, governments in exile and secessionist movements are listed regardless of political affiliations.
		Political party orientations given are the authors personal impression of the orientation of a party and do not necessarily represent the groups own opinion.
		This author has tried to be as complete and accurate as possible but, inaccuracies or typographical errors can not be excluded.
	www.worldstatesmen.org (264 words)

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