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	PONSACS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Political office holders were able to use the military courts to pursue political enemies, in feuds that ranged from personal vendettas to more substantively political conflicts.
		State repression then, is no longer directed systematically at political opponents of the government, but instead at suspected criminals and the potentially criminal, which includes almost the entire poor population and a disproportionate share of the non-white population.
		The French political theorist Bertrand de Jouvenal notes that the rule of law depends on a legal system that, at least in part, reflects popular custom and tradition, is not easily changed, and in which the interpretation of law by judges is relatively standardized and predictable.
	www.wcfia.harvard.edu /ponsacs/seminars/Synopses/s95perei.htm (3935 words)

	Political repression - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Where political repression is sanctioned and organised by the state, it may constitute state terrorism.
		In such regimes, acts of political repression may be carried out by secret police forces, paramilitary groups or death squads.
		If political repression is not carried out with the approval of the state, a section of government may still be responsible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Political_repression (306 words)

	Political Repression in the United States
		That politics was characterized by low participation; shifting, personally based factions; demagogic appeals; and the emergence of leaders hostile not just to racial equality but to a variety of ideas that were labeled un-American.
		The criminalization of political differences, the collapse of politics into disease, the spread of surveillance, and the stigmatization of dissenters as social pariahs have all played important roles in the suppression of radical politics.
		The racial politics of American history, in a massive return of the repressed, took over the country in the 1960s, producing in response a massive state repression of political dissent.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Political_Repression/Political_Repression_US.html (13307 words)

	TCHRD - Publications - 1996 - One More Year of Political Repression
		Repressions continue in Tibet under Chinese occupation in-spite of China's claims that "citizens enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.
		By law, all members of the judiciary must be members of the CCP and all political cases are adjudicated by a Political and Law Commission which is comprised of members of the judiciary, the Public Security Bureau and the Procuracy (agents of the court responsible for investigating and prosecuting criminal cases).
		Jangchub Gyaltsen (31), a tailor at Sera Monastery was arrested in April-May 1995; Lungtok (21), a monk of Rongbo Monastery in Amdo was arrested in July 1995; Lobsang Namgyal, a former monk of Nechung Monastery, was arrested in February 1995 and Ngawang Thonglam, a former monk of Ganden Monastery, was arrested in February 1995.
	www.tchrd.org /publications/annual_reports/1996 (20606 words)

	Chapter 1: Political Repression - Annual Report 2000: Enforcing Loyalty - TCHRD - Publications
		This current intensification of political repression is an outcome of Chinese government policies that are clearly reflected in the official statements of top Chinese leaders.
		It is during this period of detention that "suspects" are susceptible to the worst kind of treatment, without being given an effective opportunity to have his or her case heard promptly by a judicial or similar authority.
		Furthermore, testimonies of former political prisoners distinctly indicate that these kind of frequent and violent acts of torture and abusive language are an integral part of the Chinese interrogation system for political prisoners.
	www.tchrd.org /publications/annual_reports/2000/chapter1.html (6121 words)

	PublicEye.org - Encountering and Countering
		Repression appears whenever social and political movements threaten the status quo and challenge the unequal distribution of power and wealth.
		Most activists will face political repression in the streets in the form of police using excessive force such as kicking and beating demonstrators, indiscriminate and dangerous use of tear gas, mass arrests, and roughing up those arrested.
		He has written extensively on political repression, worked as a paralegal on lawsuits against government intelligence abuse, and was a co-founder of Police Misconduct and Civil Rights Law Report.
	www.publiceye.org /liberty/countering_repression.html (1012 words)

	Human Rights House Victims of Political Repression in Russia
		On October, 30th the Day in Memory of Victims of Political Repressions and their struggle for civil and political rights of all people was celebrated all over Russia.
		Today political prisoners are appearing in Russia once again and their number is increasing.
		Nowadays political prisoners are appearing in Russia again and their number is increasing.
	www.humanrightshouse.org /dllvis5.asp?id=4888 (608 words)

	WHAT SHOULD BE DONE AGAINST THE UNABATING WAVES OF TERROR AND POLITICAL REPRESSION IN ERITREA
		The second victim of its repressive politics was group of high-ranking Eritrean government officials and members of the ruling party known as the G-15.
		Since the political repression in Eritrea under the PFDJ regime is mounting and it appears it would get only worst before it gets better.
		I could thus say now that assuming Adhanom is capable of mending his political positions which portrays him in a negative light, that is, some of his political flirtations with the Woyane regime, I have no-doubt whatsoever that Adhanom could still emerge as the much sought after national leader in Eritrea.
	www.meskerem.net /what_should_be_done_against_the.htm (1369 words)

	Chile: Economic "Freedom" and Political Repression - Transnational Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		But they have succeeded, at least temporarily, in their broader purpose: to secure the economic and political power of a small dominant class by effecting a massive transfer of wealth from the lower and middle classes to a select group of monopolists and financial speculators.
		Despite strong financial and political pressure from abroad and efforts to manipulate the attitudes of the middle class by propaganda, popular support for the Allende government increased significantly between 1970 and 1973.
		Repression and terror against those who had supported the Popular Unity went along with a careful and systematic process of purges and revision of goals in the political, the economic and the cultural spheres designed to return to the traditional dominant classes their lost predominance.
	www.tni-archives.org /detail_page.phtml?page=books_pamp1 (5013 words)

	C. Political Repression and Control in the Industrial Revolution
		Their ameliorating effect on working conditions, to the real but limited extent they occurred, were a side effect of their main purpose of increasing political stability and bringing the working class under more effective social control.
		Regarding legislation for the ten-hour day, for example, Marx described it as an attempt by capitalists to regulate the "greed for surplus labour"; they served to regulate the economy in the interest of the capitalist class as a whole, in a way that could only be accomplished by acting through the state.
		Thompson characterized this system of control as "political and social apartheid," and argued that "the revolution which did not happen in England was fully as devastating" as the one that did happen in France.
	www.mutualist.org /id63.html (3174 words)

	Political repression and the development of Western classical music \| Samizdata.net
		Given the nature of what and how most artists think about politics, you have to admit that there is something deeply attractive about an art form where you get all the art you could possibly want, but from which, time after time, the politics has been stripped out.
		I believe that a degree of political repression certainly explains why so much compositional effort went into the non-verbal side of classical music, which is surely at the heart of its extraordinary achievement.
		The use of political repression as a causal factor is one possiblility.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/2006/10/political_repre.html (3405 words)

	Political Affairs Magazine - Putting the Right under a Microscope: An Interview with Chip Berlet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Editor's note: Chip Berlet is a senior analyst at Political Research Associates and has written, edited and co-authored numerous articles on right-wing activity and government repression for The Boston Globe, The New York Times, The Progressive, The Nation, The Humanist, and The St. Louis Journalism Review.
		But it isn’t useful to misanalyze repressive capitalism as fascism because the trick is fascist movements are quite willing to look at repressive capitalism and say, it’s not enough.
		Whenever you combine xenophobia, anti-regime politics, and apocalyptic dualism with a form of militant nationalism, you have the basic elements to build fascism.
	www.politicalaffairs.net /article/articleview/269/1/32 (4427 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Freedom squelches terrorist violence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Associate Professor of Public Policy Alberto Abadie examined data on terrorism and variables such as wealth, political freedom, geography, and ethnic fractionalization for nations that have been targets of terrorist attacks.
		Instead, Abadie detected a peculiar relationship between the levels of political freedom a nation affords and the severity of terrorism.
		Though terrorism declined among nations with high levels of political freedom, it was the intermediate nations that seemed most vulnerable.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2004/11.04/05-terror.html (712 words)

	Myanmar: Prisoners of political repression - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Political prisoners are often moved to prisons far from their families, making it more difficult for relatives to visit them, and restricting access to extra food and medicine.
		Scores of political prisoners have died in custody, some of them reportedly from torture, and some from ill-health exacerbated by the nature of their treatment and lack of adequate medical care while in detention.
		The CRPP was established by the National League for Democracy and other political parties on 28/09/1998 in response to the authorities' consistent refusal to comply with the election results and to allow the convening of the elected parliament.
	web.amnesty.org /ai.nsf/Recent/ASA160062001 (5514 words)

	D. Neoliberal Reaction and Political Repression
		In politics, it manifested itself in a decline in public confidence and trust in political leaders and institutions, a reduction in the power and effectiveness of political institutions..., a new importance for the "adversary" media and "critical" intelligentsia in public affairs, and a weakening of the coherence, purpose, and self-confidence of political leadership.
		There are, however, built in limits to these tendencies toward repression and statism; they lie in the potential for legitimation crisis detailed in the previous section.
		Many aspects of the neoliberal reaction itself, like the politically charged debate over "welfare reform," are examples of the contradictions of capitalism being translated to the administrative realm, as Habermas predicted.
	www.mutualist.org /id90.html (2821 words)

	Political repression -- World Problems - Issues Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		There are therefore degrees of repression at all times everywhere, which may range from deterrent persuasion to sanctions, to incarceration, to the murder of dissidents in society by the state.
		Repression of political views, organizations and actions felt to be detrimental or subversive to a nationally accepted or imposed norm includes: the banning of political parties, literature and activities; internment; torture; disenfranchisement; confiscation of property; and maltreatment of families of offenders.
		However, political repression of intellectuals may often be due to the fact that they may be acting as spokesmen (whether students, artists, or theorists) for the masses
	www.diversitas.org /db/x.php?dbcode=pr&id=11319190&sbmt=1&go=e (602 words)

	Analysis: Ethiopia, Suppressing dissent: Human rights abuses and political repression in Ethiopia's Oromia Region, ...
		However, as this report documents, the political freedoms required for elections to be a meaningful exercise of Ethiopian citizens' fundamental right to participate in the selection of their government do not exist for many Ethiopians.
		In Oromia, the largest and most populous state in Ethiopia, systematic political repression and pervasive human rights violations have denied citizens the freedom to associate and to freely form and express their political ideas.
		The OPDO has dominated politics in Oromia since 1992, when the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), which had much older and deeper roots in Oromia, withdrew from the transitional political process after clashes with the EPRDF and the OPDO in the run-up to the country's first national elections in 1992.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/RMOI-6C93BX?OpenDocument (1725 words)

	Russia has nine lakh victims of political repression: Memorial
		''Among them are those who suffered political repression and also members of their families, and most of them are elderly people whose ranks are thinning,'' the Memorial's, Russia's prominent human rights group, Executive Director Yelena Zhemkova told Interfax news agency.
		She made the statement ahead of 'Day of Soviet Political Prisoners' tomorrow, which is observed in memory of the victims of political repression in the country, especially under President Josef Stalin.
		''The recent shift from social benefits to cash payments had an impact on the law on the rehabilitation of victims of political repression, passed 15 years ago, causing the victims' living standards to fall,'' she said, adding the matters related to social benefits for the victims of political reprisals were relegated to regional authoritieis.
	news.webindia123.com /news/Articles/World/20061029/492159.html (250 words)

	SudanTribune article : US aid group pulls out of Eritrea citing political repression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It cited repeated postponements of elections, arrests and exiling of journalists, the jailing of political and religious dissidents and the "uncontested control" of the sole political party, the People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), over society in the Horn of Africa nation.
		GRI, which works to advance political, economic and social rights and support development alternatives, began its Eritrea program in 1983 when the country was still engaged in the fight for independence from Ethiopia.
		It said the PFDJ was reneging on pre-liberation promises of openness and political pluralism and social transformation for which the country and outsiders had high hopes when de facto independence was achieved in 1991 and formalized two years later.
	www.sudantribune.com /article.php3?id_article=8678 (411 words)

	STOP TRADE UNION AND POLITICAL REPRESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES! \| kilusangmayouno.org
		They are part of the more than 750 victims of political killings in the Philippines recorded as of Sept 2006.
		We strongly condemn and denounce political killings as the worst form of political repression.
		Political killings violate all norms and international standards for the respect of human rights and has no place in a democratic society.
	kilusangmayouno.org /stop-trade-union-and-political-repression-philippines (455 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Although previous research on the correlates of political repression has found a negative linear relationship between democracy and repression, we maintain that the relationship is more complex.
		We focuse instead on the role of threats as a key precipitant to political repression and contend that scholars should attend to non-linearities in analyses of political repression as well as Fein's (1995) argument that states with intermediate levels of democracy (i.e.
		We hypothesize that there is an inverted U relationship between regime type and political repression.
	cdp.binghamton.edu /papers/threats.html (184 words)

	People's Movements in Orissa Face Political Repression
		As many as 13 industrial plants had been declared to be set up in Kalinga Nagar itself, resulting in evacuation of thousands of indigenous people from their own lands, sans adequate compensations, relocation benefits, education or healthcare assurances, let alone alternative residences.
		And when the people were told that their villages were going to be leveled --meaning, their carefully worshiped houses were to be razed off the grounds without seeking any of their approvals, some tribals thought they should protest.
		Enacting personality politics to project Biju as a savior, the current CM has been turning massive onslaughts on every form of criticism that exists in the state today, with an inherited arrogance that has rare parallel.
	countercurrents.org /hr-pattanayak110107.htm (1755 words)

	Political Repression Spawns Extremism in Arab World
		"Politics is prohibited in this society in general," said Hafez Abu Saada, secretary general of the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, which the government has refused to give legal standing.
		Modern political Islam is sometimes influenced as well by many Muslims' perception of Western institutions and culture as hollow.
		In that political environment, ordinary citizens and activists say the absence of any other outlet for civic expression leads increasing numbers of people to view religion as the frame for politics.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines01/1030-03.htm (847 words)

	Uganda: Political Repression Accelerates (Human Rights Watch, 24-11-2005)
		The government issued the ban on speech and demonstrations on November 22 following criticism of the security forces’ interference in a hearing related to the Besigye case.
		In an eight-day span, the Ugandan government has seriously damaged its human rights reputation by riding roughshod over the rights of political opponents and the courts.
		The government has arrested the main presidential opponent, used commandos to intimidate the judiciary and banned all public protests, radio discussions and even posters on the subject.
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2005/11/24/uganda12089.htm (782 words)

	Tanzania: Zanzibar Political Repression
		The right to peaceful assembly and to hold processions, just like the right to join political parties and other voluntary organizations is recognized and guaranteed in the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977 as well as the Constitution of Zanzibar of 1984.
		We were equally appalled by the reports of arrests, harassment, torture, injury and incarceration of the leaders of political organizations exercising their rights to peaceful assembly on these islands and in Dar Es Salaam.
		During the campaigning in both the 1995 Elections, and these most recent elections held in October 2000, CCM members claimed that the CUF is funded by 'Arabs,' and has the aim of returning slavery and the Sultanate to the Isles.
	www.africaaction.org /docs01/zan0102.htm (2624 words)

	sandiego.indymedia.org \| Political Repression in Baja California (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This year the celebration is(was) tainted by threats of repression that affect not only the leaders of Maclovio Rojas, but also other social movements in Baja California.
		Several organizations are proposing the creation of a coalition against repression.
		Once again, however, a group of people, tied to the political elite of Ensenada (including former congress representative, Abraham Correa), has appeared with "claims" to the 78 hectares of land.
	sandiego.indymedia.org /es/2002/05/1191.shtml (3014 words)

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