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Topic: Political terrorism

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	Political terrorism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Political terrorism is a form of terrorism (a tactic of violence that targets civilians) used to influence socio-political events so that gains occur that might not have otherwise happened by peaceful means or by conventional warfare.
		Political terrorism is not a single random act, nor it is number of interspersed violent acts; it is a sustained, organized policy of terror that one group of some sort wages on another.
		It is often said that terrorism is the weapon of the weak, but if terrorism means using overt, destructive violence to create a climate of fear and to subjugate people to powerful abstractions, then it is obviously the weapon of the strong as well.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Political_terrorism (770 words)

	Terrorism
		Political terrorism, presumably, is the state of mind of political actors who are paralyzed by the threat of unpredictable attack.
		Terrorism is the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.
		Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
	www.animalliberationfront.com /ALFront/Defining_Terrorism.htm (4807 words)

	"Beyond Political Terrorism: The New Challenge of Transcendent Terror," by Jeffrey S. Helmreich
		Brian Michael Jenkins, a leading terrorism expert in the U.S. and frequent advisor to the State Department, once summarized the terrorist's mindset: "Their actions are calculated to create an atmosphere of fear and alarm to force social or political change....Their violence is not an end in itself, but for advancing a goal.
		But if definitions of terrorism are to capture the transcendent terrorists as well, they must be stripped of qualifying language like "in the pursuit of political objectives." That leaves an account of terrorism that focuses on the act itself: violence directed at civilians identified with a national, religious, or other kind of community.
		Terrorism, in these terms, would be described as simply evil, an abominable violation of human decency and the sanctity of life.
	www.jcpa.org /jl/vp466.htm (3192 words)

	Thoughts about Political Terrorism
		According to the current conventional wisdom, terrorism is being single out as the most morally repugnant method not because of a high incidence of civilian casualties but rather because of the intentions of those who commit terror attacks, whose aim is to cause harm to innocent people beforehand.
		It must be recognized that terrorism is a symptom of an international system based on great disparities in the distribution of power, broadly defined as the ability to influence outcomes, where the great majority of states have become increasingly marginalized, with little capacity to advance or defend their vital interests.
		The frequency of terror attacks is a function of the potential effectiveness of such attacks as a political instrument, as well as the strength of the incentive to use it.
	members.tripod.com /mecra/page7.html (2006 words)

	SSU Lesson: Political Terrorism -- December 17, 1999
		Political terrorism is a criminal political act, designed to strike a political blow that the perpetrator does not believe can be made in legitimate venues.
		The chief cause of political terror is a breakdown in communication between those in authority and those seeking justice or at least the adjudication of a grievance.
		Oklahoma City was political terrorism on a different scale, intended by Timothy McVeigh to vent his outrage against a federal establishment that he perceived as being corrupt.
	www.polyconomics.com /searchbase/12-17-99.html (3047 words)

	Terrorism & Terrorists - The Peace Encyclopedia
		Terrorism is thus distinguished from other types of political violence (guerrilla warfare, civil insurrection, etc.).
		Terrorism exploits the relative vulnerability of the civilian 'underbelly' - the tremendous anxiety, and the intense media reaction evoked by attacks against civilian targets.
		The proposed definition emphasizes that terrorism is not the result of an accidental injury inflicted on a civilian or a group of civilians who stumbled into an area of violent political activity, but stresses that this is an act purposely directed against civilians.
	peace.heebz.com /terrorism.html (757 words)

	Political Terrorism brings down the Maldives
		This article briefly examines the theory of 'political terrorism' and specific instances of 'political terrorism' in the Maldives and highlights the consequences that are likely to follow.
		The term 'political terrorism' is often described by experts as the use of violence by an established authority for political ends, and includes any use of violence for the purposes of putting the public or any section of the public in fear.
		The term 'terrorism' is defined in the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1990, Maldives Law No. 90/10, (Terrorism Act) practically encompassing all the elements of the Wardlaw Theory and hence the theory of 'political terrorism' becomes part of the domestic law of the Maldives.
	www.maldivesculture.com /maldives_terrorism02.html (2853 words)

	Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome
		Terrorism and Political Violence reflects the full range of current scholarly work from many disciplines and theoretical perspectives.
		In addition to focusing on the political meaning of terrorist activity, the journal publishes studies of various related forms of violence by rebels and by states, on the links between political violence and organized crime, protest, rebellion, revolution, and human rights.
		Symposia are a regular feature covering such subjects as: terrorism and public policy; religion and violence; political parties and terrorism; technology and terrorism; and right-wing terrorism. A truly interdisciplinary journal, it is essential reading for all academics, decision makers and security specialists concerned with understanding political violence.
	www.tandf.co.uk /journals/titles/09546553.asp (179 words)

	A proposed definition of terrorism. (article)
		The question is whether it is at all possible to arrive at an exhaustive and objective definition of terrorism, which could constitute an accepted and agreed-upon foundation for academic research, as well as facilitating operations on an international scale against the perpetrators of terrorist activities.
		Namely, the goal is to attain political objectives; changing the regime, changing the people in power, changing social or economic policies, etc. In the absence of a political aim, the activity in questwill not be defined as terrorism.
		Terrorism exploits the relative vulnerability of the civilian “underbelly”—the tremendous anxiety, and the intense media reaction evoked by attacks against civilian targets.
	www.youmeworks.com /definingterrorism.html (794 words)

	Terrorism - Introduction
		Individual level terrorism refers to acts of terrorism committed by a person or persons against a society or government to affect political change.
		State terrorism, or official terrorism, is a label applied to oppressive regimes which systematically commit acts of violence against their own people.
		Defining terrorism is difficult and controversial, since tactics often overlap those of conventional militaries.
	www.towson.edu /polsci/ppp/sp97/terror/intro.html (364 words)

	Why Marxists oppose acts of political terrorism
		The dictionary defines terrorism as "the unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence to intimidate or coerce societies or governments." By this standard, the U.S. government is the biggest terrorist there ever was — and many of the world’s people see this quite clearly.
		Terrorism also gives the ruling class a pretext to crack down on dissent and suspend civil liberties.
		A: Acts of individual political terrorism are born out of oppression and despair.
	www.socialism.com /fsarticles/special/terrorism.html (660 words)

	Terrorism and Political Violence - Abstracts
		Israel’s political culture, which emphasizes the importance of the state and is characterized by weak liberalism, is not a good breeding ground for civil disobedience, even in circumstances where one would expect such behaviour.
		Although one of the main factors responsible for political violence was the autocratic state tradition and the rigid understanding about prevention of political terrorism and violence, the major political parties also failed to play a constructive role in protecting democracy in Turkey.
		This article examines the political context of four waves of terrorism in the United States: by White racists in the South during the civil rights period, by Black militants in the late 1960s and early 1970s, by left-wing revolutionaries in the 1970s, and by contemporary anti-abortion extremists.
	www.tandf.co.uk /journals/archive/ftpv-abs.asp (17812 words)

	New Vision Online : Political terrorism in the name of religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Though modern media is awash with tales of Islamic terrorism, Islam has no monopoly over use of violence nor is it the only religion whose sects are known to have applied violence in the pursuit of a cause.
		With the advent of the concept of sovereignty and the re-articulation of the roles of nation-states and citizens and the emergence of radical political thoughts such as Marxism, nihilism, secularisation of governance, the focus of terrorism shifted from the religious to political platform.
		As Iran is a theocracy it may be said to exemplify a fusion of religious and political terrorism.
	www.newvision.co.ug /D/8/459/524912 (891 words)

	Terrorism - Causes of Modern Terrorism
		From their point of view, terror tactics are logical, valid activities to achieve a particular goal.
		The terror escalated to a global scale after the 1967 Six Day War when Israel annexed Palestinian lands on the west bank of the Jordan River and Gaza Strip near the Sinai Peninsula.
		The Basque ETA was formed in 1959 as a political movement against General Franco, the fascist leader of Spain.
	www.towson.edu /polsci/ppp/sp97/terror/causes.html (1423 words)

	Terrorism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Terrorism is a term used to describe violence or other harmful acts committed (or threatened) against those considered innocents by groups or persons for political, nationalist, or religious goals.
		Per the most common definition of terrorism — typically used by states, academics, counter-terrorism experts, and civil, non-governmental organizations —, "terrorists" are actors who do not belong to any recognized armed forces or who don't abide the laws of war, and who, therefore, are regarded as "rogue actors".
		Terrorism is a crime in all countries where such acts occur, and is defined by statute—see Definition of terrorism for particular definitions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Terrorism (4190 words)

	Barnard Political Science: Syllabi
		Our primary aim in this colloquium is to examine political violence and terrorism, from both a comparative and international relations perspective.
		This will include a discussion of narcoterrorism, the interlaced relationship between terrorism and the media, the role of the international legal system, multilateral responses to the threat, and the implications of these developments for both vulnerabilities and responses to political violence and terrorism.
		Barry Rubin, Chapter 2: "The Political Uses of Terrorism in the Middle East," in Rubin, editor, The Politics of Terrorism: 27-66.
	www.econ.barnard.columbia.edu /~polisci/courses/3055sp99.html (924 words)

	It's political terrorism - The News International
		At times it begins to feel as if terrorism has largely been brought under control in Pakistan, and then a new tragedy reminds us we had just been too optimistic.
		It was simply an act of political terrorism, the kind that was common in Karachi until not so long ago when drive-by shootings were the terror of the city.
		It would have been a political earthquake if the bomber had succeeded in eliminating Mr Aziz, whose survival that day was a virtual miracle.
	www.thepersecution.org /news/2005/news0910.html (444 words)

	Kashmir: A Paradise turned into Hell by Terrorism
		But with the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism all over the world, this theo-fascist brand of political philosophy accompanied by hatred, intolerance, and terrorism was pushed into and peddled in the peaceful valley by Pakistan.
		And now the rapture of birdsong and murmur of gentle streams of yesteryears is replaced by the misery of physical and psychic violence instigated by the terrorists.
		We are carrying on a non-violent war through legitimate political means and by using the Internet to disseminate the truth about how Islamic interests have caused the near-extinction of our community in their zeal to convert the valley into the next Afghanistan.
	www.kashmir-information.com (502 words)

	Task Force on Political Violence and Terrorism
		The objective of the APSA Task Force on Political Violence and Terrorism is to assess the contribution of political science to the understanding of how trends in civil violence affect domestic and international political order and to share findings with the public.
		The APSA Task Force on Political Violence and Terrorism has compiled a bibliography of political science resources on the study of political violence and terrorism and a set of syllabi for model courses (and units within courses) on political violence and terrorism for secondary school and college levels.
		The goal of this web site is to make research in political science on political violence available to students, teachers, journalists, and public servants.
	www.apsanet.org /section_571.cfm (540 words)

	Political Wire: Terrorism Report Halted
		The Bush administration "decided to stop publishing an annual report on international terrorism after the government's top terrorism center concluded that there were more terrorist attacks in 2004 than in any year since 1985, the first year the publication covered," Knight Ridder reports.
		Taegan D. Goddard is the creator of Political Wire, a political column updated around the clock with the most interesting news, buzz and commentary.
		In addition, Goddard’s essays on politics and public policy have appeared in dozens of newspapers across the country, including the Washington Post, USA Today, Boston Globe, San Francisco Chronicle, Chicago Tribune, Philadelphia Inquirer and Christian Science Monitor.
	politicalwire.com /archives/2005/04/16/terrorism_report_halted.html (223 words)

	Bangladesh: Political Terrorism threatens Democracy
		Sheikh Hasina has accused that Kibria was killed to make a smooth way for the prime minister's political secretary to win the general election.
		When the government high-ups make such statements the people engaged in investigation are bound to make effort to establish the views of their bosses.
		The political violence in Bangladesh taking place at regular interval is weakening democracy.
	www.saag.org /papers13/paper1267.html (1318 words)

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