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Topic: Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia

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	Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Czechoslovakia continued to demonstrate subservience to the policies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in domestic and especially in foreign affairs.
		The continued presence of the Red Army in Czechoslovakia until 1946 facilitated the communists' efforts to reorganize local government, the militia, and the Czechoslovak army and to place communists in key positions.
		The 1968 constitutional amendments redefined Czechoslovakia as a federation of two equal states and nations, the Czech nation and the Slovak nation, and increased the responsibilities of the constituent republics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia (806 words)

	communism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Communist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base; they were made up only of the elite—those approved by the higher members of the party as being reliable, active, and subject completely to party rule.
		Communist parties were formed in countries throughout the world and were particularly active in trying to win control of labor unions and in fomenting labor unrest.
		A Communist administration was also installed in North Korea, and fighting between the People’s Republic of Korea (Communist) and the southern Republic of Korea exploded in the Korean War (1950–53), fought between Communist and United Nations troops.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/communism.html (2411 words)

	Why War? Keywords: Czechoslovakia
		Czechoslovakia (Československo in Czech and in Slovak) was a country in Central Europe, in existence from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period).
		Czechoslovakia arose in October 1918 as one of the succession states of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
		After World War II, the pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, the Germans were expelled from the country and Ruthenia was given to the Soviet Union.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/places/Czechoslovakia (1437 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia
		A monopoly on political power was held by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ;).
		The extent of the repression during the early years of the rule by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Komunistická strana Československa — the KSČ;) was unprecedented.
		In the early 1950s, some 900,000 persons were purged from the ranks of the KSČ;; about 100,000 were jailed for such political crimes as "bourgeois nationalism." Antonin Novotný became First Secretary of the KSČ; in 1953, the year of Stalin's death, and continued to rule in Stalin's rigidly authoritarian style for fifteen years.
	www.fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Politics_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia (798 words)

	Czechoslovakia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak : Československo) former country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period).
		After World War II the pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished the were expelled from the country and Ruthenia was occupied by (officially "given to") Soviet Union.
		The Czechoslovakia national football team was a performer in the international scene with 8 in the FIFA World Cup Finals finishing in second-place in 1934 and 1962.
	www.freeglossary.com /Czechoslovakia (1624 words)

	> Communist at abcworld.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Following Lenin's democratic centralism, the Communist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base; they were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to party discipline.
		Despite the actvity of the Comintern, the Soviet Communist Party adopted the Stalinist theory of "socialism in one country" and claimed that, due to the "aggravation of class struggle under socialism," it was possible, even necessary, to build socialism in one country alone.
		Communist parties, or their descendent parties, remain politically important in many Eastern European countries and throughout the Third World, particularly in India.
	abcworld.net /Communist.html (2967 words)

	Vaclav Havel hero file (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Political opponents are removed from positions of influence, education is socialised, private ownership of property is limited, all power is centred on the party, and domestic interests are subordinated to those of the Soviet Union.
		Soviet troops remain stationed in the country and political, cultural, and economic ties with Moscow are reaffirmed.
		Havel is elected interim president of Czechoslovakia on 29 December, promising to lead the nation to free and democratic elections.
	www.moreorless.au.com /heroes/havel.html (3622 words)

	Communism and National Security: The Menace Emerges--by Ellen Schrecker
		Even at its peak, the Communist party had a high turnover rate; and by the early 1950s, most of the people who had once been in the party had quit, proving that they were hardly the ideological zombies they were commonly portrayed as.
		Nonetheless, the assumption that all Communists followed the party line all the time was to structure and justify the political repression of the McCarthy period.
		Nonetheless, because Communists had been active, these strikes were cited during the early years of the cold war as evidence that the party had tried to sabotage American rearmament.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/mccarthy/schreker1.htm (1325 words)

	The Breakup of Czechoslovakia and the Calculus of Consociationalism
		The Breakup of Czechoslovakia and the Calculus of Consociationalism
		I apply this reformulated theory to the case of Czechoslovakia and argue that rather than accepting the high decision-making and indirect-external costs that would be borne by society under a consociational system, Václav Klaus, the winner of the 1992 election in the Czech region, choose the breakup of the state.
		It is primarily this consideration, and particularly the freeing of Klaus's cherished economic reform agenda from political constraints, that appears to have shaped his loss of interest in further negotiations with the Slovaks after the 1992 elections and led to the final breakdown of [Czech] efforts to preserve the state.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /ndsu/ambrosio/consociational.html (7479 words)

	Politics1 - Guide to American Political Parties
		Marxist political organizer James Harris was the SWP Presidential nominee in 1996 (ballot status in 11 states - 8,500 votes - 0.01%) and 2000 (ballot status in 14 states - 7,378 votes - 9th place - 0.01%).
		Marxist political organizer and journalist Róger Calero was the SWP Presidential nominee in 2004 -- ballot status in 14 states - 10,791 votes - 9th place - 0.01% -- even though he was constitutionally ineligible as a foreign citizen living in the US as a Permanent Resident Alien.
		Frustrated by traditional partisan politics and the quality of national media coverage of elections, this party proposes to seek "direct input" from the public to mold this new politically centrist party into a vehicle that unifies America in the 21st Century.
	www.politics1.com /parties.htm (9389 words)

	CNN Cold War - Spotlight: Communist Party, U.S.A.
		Eventually, most of those legal barriers against American communists were dropped, and the CPUSA was allowed to operate like other political parties.
		In November 1997, communist Denise Winebrenner Edwards was elected to the city council of Wilkensburg, Pennsylvania.
		And The Communist Manifesto, which is celebrating its 150th anniversary, has been released in a new edition -- meant more for the coffee table than the public meeting.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/06/spotlight (944 words)

	The Institute of World Politics > News & Publication > International Terrorism: The Communist Connection Revisited
		Put differently, if communist governments and political groupings, of one ideological emphasis or another, were to cease terrorist activity and assistance, the present wave of international terrorism would be quashed.
		Communists and Islamists are working together, collaborating with one another in the continued sponsorship of terrorism, the sheltering of known terrorists, or the incubation of destructive designs against the United States.
		Put differently, if communist governments and political groupings, of one ideological emphasis or another, were to cease terrorist activity and assistance, the present wave of international terrorism would be squashed.
	www.iwp.edu /news/newsID.54/news_detail.asp (9497 words)

	CER \| Book review \| Post-Communist Party Systems
		Until recently, the study of politics in the Communist and then the post-Communist world was considerably removed from the mainstream of political science.
		Party politics, of course, are a staple of political science, but, as the authors note, it has only been studied in a schematic way in the third-wave democracies, that is those that have arisen since the mid-1970s.
		This may come as a surprise to political scientists, but the authors are careful to state that their conclusion applies mainly to the early years of transition.
	www.ce-review.org /01/7/books7_roberts.html (2156 words)

	H-Net Review: Jaro Stacul on Politics and Symbols: The Italian Communist Party and the Fall ...
		The main issue was the necessity to maintain communist identity, while at the same time, communist symbolism was not as powerful as during the Cold War, especially after the collapse of the Berlin Wall.
		Although the author stresses the relevance of perceptions and emotions, in fact he seems to assume that the values of the party elites are shared by the party followers, and does little to illuminate the question of why, if at all, communism is still a compelling formulation of selfhood.
		His analysis of political symbolism would have been more effective if he had not confined himself to the exploration of politics as "representation," but had instead investigated how the new party ideologies accommodate themselves to local-level discourses.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=28472884981697 (1305 words)

	Hal Draper: The Russian Invasion of Czechoslavakia (1968)
		The invasion of Czechoslovakia by Russia and its Communist alliance is the kind of landmark event that cuts right through all world politics; and as it does so, it shows up what everybody’s politics is made of.
		American politics being what it is, the most prominent repercussions are about how the invasion is a blow against the peace movement.
		We must note that the leadership of the American Communist Party (or of what is left of this sad outfit) has, on the contrary, come out with a statement which must be interpreted as mealy-mouthed support for the Russians, though it was obviously engineered to give a more neutral impression.
	www.marxists.org /archive/draper/1968/08/czech.htm (1759 words)

	syllabus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This course is designed to familiarize students with broad issues related to the crises and transformation of communist regimes and the establishment of new political and economic systems in Eastern Europe and Russia.
		The three topics for presentation will be (1) the political institutional structure of post-communism, (2) the privatization process, and (3) international assistance (public or private).
		Communist Politics and the Crises of 1956 and 1968,
	www.unc.edu /courses/2002spring/rues/230/001/syllabus.htm (1648 words)

	The Warsaw Pact
		As the highest decision-making body of the Warsaw Pact, the PCC is charged with assessing international developments that could affect the security of the allied states and warrant the execution of the Warsaw Pact's collective self-defense provisions.
		Czechoslovakia and East Germany, in particular, are heavily industrialized and probably surpass the Soviet Union in their high-technology capabilities.
		In "The Warsaw Pact at 25," Dale R. Herspring examines intra- alliance politics in the PCC and East European attempts to reduce Soviet domination of the Warsaw Pact.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/WarPact.html (16234 words)

	Alexander Dubcek, Czechoslovakia (1921-1992) - Hall of Freedom - Politics - Liberalism
		He joined the Communist Party in 1939, and fought as a Slovak patriot against the Nazis (1944-5).
		As first secretary of the communist party, he introduced a series of far-reaching economic and political reforms (called the Prague Spring), including abolition of censorship and increased freedom of speech.
		In 1989, following the overthrow of the existing Communist government, he was elected chairman of the Czechoslovak parliament.
	www.liberal-international.org /editorial.asp?ia_id=1034 (139 words)

	POLITICS-SLOVAKIA: Communist Ghosts Haunt Leaders
		Deputy construction minister Jan Hurny resigned earlier this month after he was identified as an active agent of the former communist secret police, the StB, in files made available on the Internet late last year by the state-run National Memory Institute (NMI).
		The discussion is important for the country to come to terms with its communist past, sociologists say.
		The Slovak Communist Party (KSS), successor to the communist party that was in power until 1989, has denounced the publication of the files.
	www.ipsnews.net /africa/interna.asp?idnews=27156 (788 words)

	polparties
		The primary concerns of post-Communist Czechoslovakian politics were that of the separation of the country and the future of the economy.
		The ODS was also a very strong political party as Klaus remained prime minister from 1992 to 1997.
		-The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSCM): The party was officially formed in 1990, but it is in reality the heir to the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
	www.unc.edu /~pineda/postcommczech.html (927 words)

	baddates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As originally intended by playwright Vaclav Havel, who spent many years in prison before becoming the president of Czechoslovakia, The Memorandum was an Orwellian take on life under the Russian Communist dictatorship.
		If this is how office politics worked in Communist Czechoslovakia it is too dark a message to be played for laughs.
		And if it is meant to be a parody of office politics in this country, it is unconvincing as well as unfunny.
	www.reviewplays.com /baddates.htm (602 words)

	This Day in History
		Soviet leader Joseph Stalin imposed his will on Czechoslovakia's communist leaders, and the country was run as a Stalinist state until 1964, when a gradual trend toward liberalization began.
		The next day, representatives of European Europe's communist parties met in the Slovakian capital of Bratislava, and a communiqué was issued suggesting that pressure would be eased on Czechoslovakia in exchange for tighter control over the press.
		Hard-line communists assumed positions in his government, and Dubcek was forced gradually to dismiss his progressive aides.
	www.historychannel.com /tdih/tdih.jsp?month=10272960&day=10272985&cat=10272946 (880 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Books \| Review \| Light but sound
		As I began re-reading The Unbearable Lightness of Being, Milan Kundera's novel of love and politics in communist-run Czechoslovakia between 1968 and the early 1980s, I realised that, true to its title, the book had floated out of my mind like a hot-air balloon come adrift from its tethers.
		A novel, even a novel by so engagé a writer as Kundera, must be judged in terms of art, and not of its moral, social or political weight.
		There is too much spilt politics in The Unbearable Lightness for its own good.
	books.guardian.co.uk /review/story/0,12084,1206567,00.html (937 words)

	Czech and Slovak History: An Annotated Bibliography (European Reading Room, Library of Congress)
		Pesek, Thomas G. "Karel Havlicek in Czech Historiography and The Czech Intellectual Tradition." In Labyrinth of Nationalism, Complexities of Diplomacy: Essays in Honor of Charles and Barbara Jelavich, 1992 [Chapter 4, Frucht]: 84-103.
		Fry, Michael G. "Josef Korbel: Historian." In Czechoslovakia: The Heritage of Ages Past, 1979 [Chapter 4, Brisch and Volgyes]: 11- 24.
		Wingfield, Nancy M. "The Historian as Political Force in East Central Europe: R. Seton-Watson and Anglo-American Public Opinion Concerning Czechoslovakia in the Inter-war Period." In Grossbritannien, die USA und die bohmischen Lander 1848-1938, 1991 [Chapter 4, Schmidt-Hartmann and Winters]: 131-42.
	www.loc.gov /rr/european/cash/cash13.html (3841 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Country profiles \| Timeline: Czechoslovakia
		Benes returns and issues decrees which lay the foundation for the expulsion of over two and a half million Sudeten Germans and more than half a million ethnic Hungarians.
		Government crisis leaves Communists with majority in government.
		Federal Assembly abolishes Communists' constitutional hold on power.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1844842.stm (587 words)

	LISNews.org: Librarian and Information Science News
		Books as battle ground: Inspired by the ongoing U.S. occupation of Iraq, the Bush administration's war on terror and domestic policies, the performance of the news media and the vicious partisan nature of today's politics, mainstream publishers are releasing an unusual amount of books on current affairs.
		When the political stakes are high, as they are this year, readers are "using the bookstore like a voting booth," Ross said.
		Walter Skold writes "Madeleine Albright spoke of Communist and Nazi repression in her native Czechoslovakia and then, quoting Jose Marti, defended the right of Cubans to start and maintain libraries independent of State control.
	politics.lisnews.org (855 words)

	Catholicism and Politics in Communist Societies - Questia Online Library
		This has changed now, and for the mainstream of postconciliar Catholicism, the "church" embraces all of Christianity, though the Catholic church still claims a special place for itself in the ecclesiastical order.
		Thus the Catholic church now contains more people open to ecumenical dialogue than ever before, and some, especially in Latin America, who are open to dialogue with communists.
		The Catholic church that confronted communism from the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until Vatican II presented a different face.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&docId=8587437 (504 words)

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