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Topic: Politics of Lebanon

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	Al Jazeera English - News - Politics Stall Lebanon Recovery
		Lebanon's reconstruction after last year's devastating war is being hampered by a crippling political standoff between the government and the opposition, and it is ordinary citizens who are paying the price.
		After last year's war, Lebanon's external debt reached $41 billion – second-highest in the world, in relation to the country’s population.
		The proposed economic reforms prompted strikes in the country, highlighting the financial pressure exerted by the political deadlock.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/1820B6D0-2BFA-4742-9A71-0A0B99490C77.htm (593 words)

	Politics of Lebanon
		Lebanon has a unique from of parliamentary democracy in which the highest offices are reserved for certain ethnic groups.
		Political blocs are usually based on confessional and local interests or on personal/family allegiance rather than on political affinities.
		Whether in political parties, places of residence, schools, media outlets, even workplaces, there is a lack of regular interaction across sectarian lines to facilitate the exchange of views and promote understanding.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/p/po/politics_of_lebanon.html (1396 words)

	Politics Central
		We talk about large families and prejudice against parenting, against porn (we’re a lot more favorable than she is) and politics, plus a look at the 2008 elections and the immigration battle.
		It’s an interesting discussion, and Ingraham is different from many other social reformers in that she largely stresses individuals using their voices and market power, as opposed to the force of law, to effect changes in culture, politics and media.
		This podcast is brought to you by Volvo Automobiles.
	politicscentral.com (1514 words)

	Lebanon’s Power Politics - Council on Foreign Relations
		But Lebanon hasn't conducted a census since 1932, and according to a 2005 EU report (PDF), the system is in need of urgent reform.
		In accordance with the 1989 Taif Accords, seats in Lebanon's parliament are divided evenly between Christians and Muslims.
		In February 2005 there was political upheaval in Beirut when Syrian officials were implicated in the assassination of the Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, and Syrian troops were forced to withdraw from the country, where they had been stationed since 1976.
	www.cfr.org /publication/10673/lebanons_power_politics.html (844 words)

	Party politics in Lebanon,1963-2000
		The 1980 edition of Political Parties described Lebanon as a "confessional democracy" because of "the constitutional status accorded to its religious groupings, which are recognized by law as forming the basis for political representation" (Janda, 1980: 841).
		In a political twist, many Christians supported the SSNP--despite their disapproval of pan-Syrianism--because it appeared to be aimed at reversing the Lebanese government’s conciliatory policy toward Nasser.
		Political blocs are usually based on confessional and local interests or on personal allegiance rather than political affinities" (Department of State, "Background Notes: Lebanon").
	www.janda.org /ICPP/ICPP2000/Countries/7-MiddleEastNorthAfrica/76-Lebanon/Lebanon63-00.htm (5496 words)

	Budgetary Politics in Lebanon: The 1997 Budget in Brief
		Lebanon is at a crossroads in the rehabilitation of its public finances.
		Lebanon enjoyed a prosperous economy and stable financial conditions prior to the outbreak of the war in 1975.
		Lebanon has adopted tax rates of between zero and 10% on income and profits, which are very low compared to other developing countries.
	www.lcps-lebanon.org /resc/eco/97/budget/let5text.html (5671 words)

	Sharing the Land of Canaan - Lebanon and Politics
		But politics in Lebanon are always more complicated, and an effort to read between the lines, to uncover what is hidden, the unsaid, is of crucial and immediate importance, especially after the much awaited speech by Bashar Assad.
		If Lebanon was to remain in line with Syria’s strategy, it had to remain weak, its already ample divisions further amplified; then and only then would its psychotic need for Syria be justified.
		Hizballah, and Lebanon with it, paid dearly for the Liberation, but Syria was the one who could cash in the regional price- and in that sense the only Arab victory against Israel remained confined within the limits of the Shiite community and never became a national Lebanese victory, let alone an Arab one.
	www.qumsiyeh.org /lebanonandpolitics (1127 words)

	"Student Politics in Lebanon" (November 2003)
		While the climate of university politics is compromised to varying degrees by outside influences, there is no "invisible hand" that dictates who controls student councils - a critical distinction underscored by the tendency of electoral fortunes to rise and collapse from year to year.
		Student groups that are affiliated with national political organizations, whether pro-government or opposition, have tended to strike official alliances that reflect the considerations of their off-campus patrons.
		Although national politics strongly condition the formation of official coalitions in the universities, student groups often negotiate tacit agreements even with their archrivals when it is expedient to do so.
	www.meib.org /articles/0311_l1.htm (2647 words)

	Mordechai Nisan: Nationalism and Politics in Lebanon
		In Lebanon, the political communities agree not to agree instead of trying to shape and build a shared identity and agreed-upon policies in the name of all communities and their elite leaderships.
		Lebanon was in dire need of a pure leader who loved his people, tradition, and land, a patriot whose record demonstrated these noble ideals.
		Thereby Lebanon will clarify that she is not a part of the Arab world, or at the least not subjugated to it, despite many points of contact between the two.
	www.acpr.org.il /ENGLISH-NATIV/09-issue/nisan-9.htm (4188 words)

	Politics of Lebanon
		Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy in which the people constitutionally have the right to change their government.
		Until 1990, seats in parliament were divided on a 6-to-5 ratio of Christians to Muslims, when the ratio changed to half and half.
		Lebanon's Sunni parties include the Independent Nasserite Movement[?] (INM), the Tawhid, and Ahbash[?].
	www.fastload.org /po/Politics_of_Lebanon.html (1344 words)

	FRONTLINE/WORLD . Dispatches From A Small Planet . Lebanon/Syria, April 2005 - Lebanon's Religious Mix \| PBS
		There are 17 recognized religious sects in Lebanon, and historically the different groups (mostly Muslims and Christians) have rarely mixed socially outside of the intelligentsia.
		The Shia are the largest of Lebanon's sects, accounting for an estimated 40 percent of the population.
		Many believe that Hezbollah is flexing its political muscles because of the clause in Resolution 1559 that required the disarming of all armed militias.
	www.pbs.org /frontlineworld/dispatches/lebanon.syria/seelye2.html (835 words)

	Politics in Lebanon
		Political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic considerations.
		These cover the political spectrum from far left to far right, from totally secular to wholly religious and often are associated with a particular religion or geographic region.
		Lebanese political parties are generally vehicles for powerful leaders whose followers are often of the same religious sect.
	www.ghazi.de /politict.html (616 words)

	World Politics Watch \| Lebanon Divided Like No Time Since Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		One side is represented by the central government of Prime Minister Fouad al-Siniora and his patron Saad al-Harriri, the leader of a parliamentary majority and son of the slain former Prime Minister Rafiq al-Harriri.
		They felt betrayed because the war was waged in all of Lebanon and not only in the Shiite neighborhoods or Hezbollah strongholds in South Lebanon.
		Members of this generation were children and young adults during the civil war, then grew up in a healthy Lebanon in the 1990s and are helping to rebuild Lebanon after the war.
	worldpoliticswatch.com /article.aspx?id=254 (1612 words)

	World Politics Watch \| Lebanon's Politics Gives Hezbollah Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Lebanon is a consociational democracy where consensus among the various Lebanese sects constitutes the heart and soul of its political order, and any meddling with this fragile system might tear the country apart.
		Lebanon was declared a new front in the war on terrorism.
		Ibrahim Zabad, a native of Lebanon, is a Ph.D. candidate in political science at the University of California-Davis.
	worldpoliticswatch.com /article.aspx?id=138 (1175 words)

	The Head Heeb: Lebanese politics for beginners, part 1
		The methods of political influence used by Syria and its local proxies are numerous, including financing favorable candidates, negotiating and breaking political alliances, placing administrative and procedural obstacles in the way of opponents and, at the last instance, using violence.
		Lebanon also has a relatively free press (albeit one that is sometimes subject to intimidation), functional courts, accountability mechanisms that work at least some of the time and a well-established civil society.
		I do know that as Lebanon was sliding toward civil war we (the US — specifically the Fed) were very concerned about its gold and foreign currency reserves because everyone who had the authority to sign anything relating to their deposition had a Christian name.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/027718.html (5750 words)

	Newsvine - lebanon
		President Bush announced Saturday that he is sending a delegation to Lebanon to meet with Lebanese Prime Minister Fuad Siniora and discuss ways to help rebuild his nation left in ruins after this summer's 34 days of fighting between Israel and Hezbollah.
		From the article: Lebanese opposition protesters led by Hezbollah are digging in for the winter and vowing not to leave the centre of Beirut until the Western-backed government falls.
		It is the idea that the only political determinant in the Arab world is raw force -- the power of physical intimidation.
	www.newsvine.com /lebanon?category=politics (1169 words)

	Newspaper news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Given the constraints imposed by confessional representation, Lebanese politics are not articulated through...
		Demographic politics have prevented a census from being taken in Lebanon since 1932, but the demands of the confessional groups (especially the Shi'ites) may not be resolvable without some kind of...
		The history of Lebanon is characterized by social and sectarian conflicts, the...
	www.hallekiskuriren.nu /confessional__politics__lebanon.asp (229 words)

	Mideast Dispatches: In Lebanon, the politics of division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In Lebanon, politics is the ultimate conqueror, with unrivaled ability to divide – even a tightly knit family.
		Lebanon is still reeling from the effects of the summer war between Hezbollah and Israel.
		Political seats are held for many years and generations.
	www.cbc.ca /news/reportsfromabroad/middleeast/2006/11/in_lebanon_the_politics_of_div.html (2290 words)

	Politics & Policies: Lebanon fears 'events'
		"Lebanon's political class, notoriously fractured, could create fresh opportunities for outside interference and pave the way for domestic chaos," warns a report issued Tuesday by the International Crisis Group, a Brussels-based think tank.
		For Lebanon to enjoy continued serenity and avoid falling back into civil strife, the Brussels group said it "will require the U.S. to curb its appetite, Lebanon's opposition to maintain its moderation, and Syria to avoid a scorched-earth policy.
		It suggests Lebanese political forces, including the opposition and Hezbollah, adopt a joint platform to form an interim government to organize elections, pass a new electoral law, address unimplemented aspects of the Taif Accord and Security Council Resolution 1559.
	www.spacewar.com /upi/2005/WWN-UPI-20050413-08310200-bc-politics-policies-lebanon-crn.html (955 words)

	Politics of Lebanon - Definition, explanation
		Lebanon has a unique form of parliamentary democracy in which the highest offices are reserved for certain ethnic groups.
		Political parties may be formed; most are based on sectarian interests.
		Reviews the former Prime Minister of Lebanon's rise from the impoverished son of a greengrocer in a provincial town to become one of the worldâs richest men and a friend of kings and presidents, inspiring many.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/po/politics_of_lebanon.php (1831 words)

	Politics & Policies: Lebanon caught in the middle
		WASHINGTON -- Syria and Iran, now more than ever, will play a vital role in Lebanon in the aftermath of the war between Israel and Hezbollah, in what is turning out to be a political tug-o-war between them and the West.
		Following Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1978, a U.N. force was created to monitor the peace between Israel and the Palestinian guerrillas.
		The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon -- UNIFIL -- was initially composed of 6,000 men with a six-month mandate.
	wpherald.com /articles/903/1/Politics--Policies-Lebanon-caught-in-the-middle/Syria-and-Iran-strengthened.html (652 words)

	The Politics Of Lebanon By Robert Fisk
		They know that the regional tour of the US neo-conservative deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, with his demands for a Syrian withdrawal and the disarmament of the anti-Israeli Hizbollah militia, is part of Israel's agenda in Lavant.
		A weakened Syria, along with a pliant Lebanon without any anti-Israeli forces on its border, is almost as pleasant for Washington and its Israeli friends as an emasculated, American-dominated Iraq.
		Christian Maronites suspect that real Syrian power in Lebanon is exercised by the head of Syrian military intelligence, General Rustom Ghazali rather than the Syrian President.
	www.countercurrents.org /fisk100105.htm (569 words)

	Why don't Women Succeed in Politics in Lebanon?
		The kisses and warm handshakes of support they received from the members of two women’s organizations that hosted the forum on that July day in 2000 turned out to be the exception rather than the rule among voters.
		By September, as the country hesitantly allowed itself to hope for better days with the new government, the optimism that Lebanon might progress in terms of women’s representation was quashed.
		As Lebanese women are honored for their achievements throughout the region on Friday during Arab Women’s Day, the country holds the dubious honor of being one of the worst in the Arab world in terms of female political representation.
	www.bintjbeil.com /articles/en/020201_rath.html (1006 words)

	Arabic News Weekly Edition for Politics, 8/14/2006
		As the fragile ceasefire is still in force between Lebanon and Israel, the army of the occupying regime of Israel continued the hand-over of positions to the United Nations Interim Force (UNIFIL) yesterday.
		With thousands of people moving back to their homes or communities in war-ravaged Lebanon, where a cessation of hostilities took effect this morning, United Nations agencies are providing assistance while warning of the dangers posed by landmines and other unexploded ordnance.
		Israeli soldiers returning from the war in Lebanon say the army was slow to rescue wounded comrades and suffered from a lack of supplies so dire that they had to drink water from the canteens of dead Hezbollah guerrillas.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Weekly/Politics/20060814.html (2895 words)

	POLITICS: Lebanon, False Note in Rice's Piano Diplomacy
		Traditionally, ASEAN leaders and delegates let their hair down and celebrate the end of a packed week of annual multi-lateral talks, but this time the mood was sombre with Malaysians angered and gloomy over Lebanon.
		The U.S. has made it clear that a settlement to end the crisis will be made between Israel and Lebanon, and not the Hezbollah ''state within a state''.
		Aliran, an influential social reform movement, said in a statement that the "raw aggression" by Israel and the U.S. is unforgivable.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=34134 (1160 words)

	Incredible PR and Politics out of Lebanon » Netscape.com
		Politics – Lebanese Prime Minister and Defense Minister create some incredible stories, demonstrating why this cease-fire is likely doomed without some serious good luck.
		Politics – University Professor and guest editoralist for the Jackson Sun really reaches to make apologies for Joe and hopes for his re-election.
		Politics – Ann Coulter continues to wow the US with her incredible observations.
	politics.netscape.com /story/2006/08/21/incredible-pr-and-politics-out-of-lebanon (137 words)

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