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Topic: Politics of Turkmenistan

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Elections in Turkmenistan

Democratic Party of Turkmenistan

Welayatlar of Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan

Democratic Party

Saparmurat Niyazov

Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem

Balkan Welayaty

President of the United States

Mary Welayaty

History of Turkmenistan

Economy of Turkmenistan

ROC Presidental Election 2004

All India Muslim League

Belarusian Popular Front

	NCSJ - Turkmenistan page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		U.S. Turkmenistan is slightly larger than California and occupies the fourth-largest landmass in the former Soviet Union, although 90 percent of the land is the uninhabited Kara Kum Desert.
		Turkmenistan maintains a policy of “positive neutrality” that eschews alliances with other nations, a position simultaneously driven by a reliance on surrounding countries as export markets and an isolationist doctrine.
		Turkmenistan allowed its territory to be used for humanitarian aid shipments during the war in Afghanistan, while it maintained its official neutrality by refusing to participate militarily.
	www.ncsj.org /Turkmenistan.shtml (1380 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Turkmenistan's Embattled Opposition Forges a United Front
		The UDFT’s formation is a response to the political crisis in Turkmenistan precipitated by the apparent attempted coup in November 2002.
		Turkmenistan, which has been led by Niyazov since the Soviet era, has long been known as one of the most repressive and closed countries in the world, in addition to being one of the richest in hydrocarbon resources.
		Given Turkmenistan’s hostile political environment, "it is harder to be in opposition than in the government," said Thomas Dine, the Director of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty who presided over a post-meeting news conference.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/eav093003.shtml (1055 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour- Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan, one of the poorest republics of the former Soviet Union, is bordered by Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian Sea.
		At its peak in the 1980s, the Jewish population in Turkmenistan was 2,500.
		Turkmenistan was the last former Soviet republic to establish diplomatic relations with Israel, in 1993.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Turkmenistan.html (553 words)

	TURKMENISTAN
		Women’s health in Turkmenistan, and particularly that of rural women, is considered to be the worst of all the former Soviet republics.
		In addition to his brutal tactics of political repression, Niyazov is known for his bizarre decrees, such as those changing the names of the days of the week and forbidding long hair on men and gold teeth.
		Turkmenistan’s record on fostering civil society stands in stark contrast to the government’s assertion in Paragraph 31 of its report that non-governmental organizations play an important and active role in determining the economic, social, and cultural policies of the state.
	iwraw.igc.org /publications/countries/turkmenistan.htm (10201 words)

	Government & Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In 1985 he was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Turkmenistan and was subsequently elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan, the highest state and party post.
		Niyazov was elected President of the Republic of Turkmenistan.
		Following his election, one of the first resolutions to be adopted was a decree on the free use of water, gas and electricity by the people of Turkmenistan.
	www.turkmenistanembassy.org /turkmen/gov/presbio.html (316 words)

	Ahmet Kuru* The Rentier State Model and Central Asian Studies: The Turkmen Case
		Turkmenistan is neither a monarchy nor a theocracy nor an oligarchy.
		Turkmenistan has estimated 21 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, and 6.8 billion tons of oil reserves.(43) In spite of the vital position of natural gas export for Turkmenistan, it could not sufficiently benefit from its huge resources.
		Turkmenistan has periodically threatened to terminate natural gas export to several of these countries as a sanction, and sometimes stopped natural gas export.(44) For that reason Turkmenistan's natural gas export has decreased, annually, from 1992 to 1998, as follows (billion cubic meters, respectively): 51.8; 55.9; 26.1; 22.6; 24.3; 6.5; 1.8.
	www.alternativesjournal.net /volume1/number1/akuru.htm (4918 words)

	Top20Turkmenistan.com - Your Top20 Guide to Turkmenistan!
		Turkmenistan, formerly known as the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic is a country in Central Asia.
		The territory of Turkmenistan has a long and chequered history, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories.
		Turkmenistan is dominated by an all-pervasive cult of personality extolling President Niyazov as Turkmenbashi ("Leader of all Turkmen").
	www.top20turkmenistan.com (1205 words)

	Politics of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Politics of Turkmenistan take place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Turkmenistan is both head of state and head of government.
		Turkmenistan refuses to join any international organization, because of its "status of permanent neutrality," which was accepted by the UN General Assembly on December 12, 1995.
		Foreign policy of Turkmenistan is based on the status of permanent positive neutrality recognized by the UN General Assembly Resolution on Permanant Neutrality of Turkmenistanon 12 December, 1995.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan (947 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2003: Europe & Central Asia: Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan made available to the U.N. its air space and land corridors for the delivery of humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.
		The bank resolved to limit its engagement in the country to the promotion of private sector activities, and to support these only where it could be shown that the proposed investments were not effectively controlled by the state.
		Turkmenistan's cooperation in providing humanitarian aid to Afghanistan during the 2001-02 U.S.-led military operation against the Taliban raised slightly Turkmenistan's profile vis-a-vis the U.S. government.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k3/europe14.html (2101 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Turkmenistan's opposition-in-exile took a long-awaited step when representatives from four major groups announced in Prague this week that they are joining forces.
		She said the opposition's previous efforts to influence politics in Turkmenistan proved unsuccessful.
		Turkmenistan's Renaissance movement is also participating in the opposition grouping.
	www.rferl.org /features/2003/10/01102003160541.asp (734 words)

	Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Politics of Turkmenistan take place under a totalitarian dictatorship, whereby the President of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat Niyazov, retains absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated.
		The majority of Turkmenistan's citizens are ethnic Turkmen; other ethnic groups include Russians, Uzbeks, Azeris, Armenians and Tatars.
		Particular concern has been voiced by corruption watchdogs over the management of Turkmenistan's currency reserves, most of which seem to be held in off-budget funds such as the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund in Deutsche Bank Frankfurt, according to a report released in April 2006 by London-based NGO Global Witness.
	www.indcischamber.com /turkmenistan.html (529 words)

	Global Voices Online » Turkmenistan
		In one of the most in-depth discussions about Turkmenistan’s unknown future after President Niyazov, Peter of neweurasia and some fellow readers exchange their points of view about what could be likely future scenarios.
		Other newsworthy tidbits from Turkmenistan include a bird-flu scare, demolition of houses in the Caspian Sea port town Krasnovodsk (now called after the President Turkmenbashi) and the ongoing coverage of the gas row between Turkmenistan and the Ukraine.
		Peter of neweurasia notes that Turkmenistan’s president has publicly admitted that he has health problems and he discusses what this might mean for Turkmen politics.
	www.globalvoicesonline.org /-/world/central-asia-caucasus/turkmenistan (5527 words)

	Turkmenistan-Islam and Middle East
		Archaeological Pre-History of Turkmenistan - Addresses questions about original inhabitants of Turkmenistan and their culture based off the archaeological discoveries and artifacts of the region.
		Languages of Turkmenistan: Ethnologue for Turkmenistan includes two living languages (Balochi and Turkmen) as well as an extinct language (Chagatai) with additional information about the languages and the demographics of Turkmenistan available.
		Britain in Turkmenistan: This is the British Embassy in Turkmenistan webesite.
	www.ou.edu /mideast/country/turkmeni.htm (621 words)

	Travel & Tourism
		In an effort to attract foreign investment and tourism to Turkmenistan, the government has focused on infrastructure, construction of quality accommodation, including several 4-star hotels, and development of conference and business facilities.
		Turkmenistan now hosts the largest and most modern airport in Central Asia.
		For those of you who have had trouble reaching Turkmenistan by phone - please be aware that the communications company has changed the country and city codes dated from former-Soviet times.
	www.turkmenistanembassy.org /turkmen/travel/travel.html (112 words)

	Supply of Gas:
		In the past, Turkmenistan had relied on Gazprom’s pipelines to transport its resources, but this option is unprofitable and currently unavailable.
		Currently, Turkmenistan is exporting some of its natural gas to Iran by way of a pipeline in the Korpedzhe field in the west of the country, to the town of Kurt-Kui in northern Iran.
		Turkmenistan’s gas reserves are found primarily in the east, in the Dauletabad-Donmez field within the basin of the Amu Darya River, and in the south, in the Yashlar field within the Murgab river basin.
	www.wws.princeton.edu /~wws401c/1998/deepa.html (6205 words)

	Politics of Turkmenistan
		Following the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan declared its independence on October 27, 1991.
		On December 28, 1999, Niyazov's term was extended indefinitely by the Mejlis (parliament), which itself had taken office only a week earlier in severely flawed elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov.
		Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned, and the citizens of Turkmenistan do not have the means to change their government democratically.
	www.fastload.org /po/Politics_of_Turkmenistan.html (781 words)

	Open Doors USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Turkmenistan became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991.
		The desert lands of Kara Kum occupy 80% of Turkmenistan’s total area, which conceals unexploited oil and gas deposits.
		Turkmenistan is world famous for their breeding horses and for their carpets.
	www.opendoorsusa.org /Display.asp?Page=TurkmenistanProfile (430 words)

	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net » HIV in Turkmenistan
		A World Health Organisation report on health in Turkmenistan, published in 2000, stated that AIDS was not a problem in Turkmenistan.
		And while in the same article UNAIDS Turkmenistan country director Galina Karmanova spoke about the success of information campaigns, it was also conceded that independent research has found large segments to be largely uninformed on the issues.
		To what extent Turkmenistan meets the standards of the list is up for discussion, especially considering the information embargo on much of the related themes, however it is a slightly more useful analytical resource in lieu of hard data:
	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net /?p=94 (1038 words)

	Turkmenistan Politics Inside Ashgabat: The Shadow of Death
		Turkmenistan Politics Inside Ashgabat: The Shadow of Death
		Shikhmuradov appeared to have been beaten and drugged; the rest of his family in Turkmenistan is now being persecuted, including his brother, Konstantin, who was arrested and accused of 14 different crimes, including murder.
		Most Turkmens with Russian passports and no political role, meanwhile, are wondering whether their children will now be able to study in Russian universities.
	www.templetonthorp.com /pl/news220 (942 words)

	The Command Post - 2004 US Presidential Election - Turkmenistan Archives
		Turkmenistan has a "rubber stamp" parliment it seems.
		What's unusual is that this time, when said rubber stamp parliment held elections, nobody showed up.
		Polling stations were nearly empty Sunday in elections for Turkmenistan's rubber-stamp parliament, forcing officials to carry ballot boxes door-to-door in this nation ruled by a former Soviet Communist boss who has been declared president-for-life.
	www.command-post.org /polelect/2_archives/cat_turkmenistan.html (227 words)

	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net » Opposition in Catch 22
		Arguing that any previous elections in Turkmenistan have been un-democratic the two organisations have urged the international community not to recognise the validity of the elections as free, open, and democratic, unless they participate in them.
		However, they have been used by the government of Turkmenistan for claims, that democratic principles and procedures are observed in the country.
		We are ready to join in active political process inside the country and we declare that elections are unique way to define political preferences of the voters.
	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net /?p=121 (745 words)

	Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkmenistan is also under the rule of one of the world's most autocratic and repressive dictatorships.
		Turkmenistan went through a process of further Europeanisation.
		An authoritarian dictator, he refers to himself as "Turkmenbashi" – a title which means "leader of all ethnic Turkmen", in a similar style to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmenistan (2155 words)

	Politics of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planet2.scs.cs.nyu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Turkmenistan has a single-party system ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov.
		Foreign companies seeking to exploit Turkmenistan's vast natural gas resources have cooperated with Niyazov since he also controls access to the natural resources.
		Turkmenistan is a single-party state, the only political party, the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is legally allowed to hold power.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan (950 words)

	Arabic News Weekly Edition for Politics, 6/8/1998
		Political sources stated yesterday that a coup d'etat plot in Sudan was halted hours before taking place.
		As political conflict dominates the Middle East region, the human dimension, the key to solving the region's problems, seems to be the least addressed, Crown Prince Hassan said.
		Syrian diplomatic sources told ArabicNews.com that the operations of releasing political detainees are continuing within the political leadership's adherence to national unity in Syria.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Weekly/Politics/19980608.html (2351 words)

	Turkmenistan - Asian People's Directory
		Turkmenistan Resource Page - provides a wide variety of information about Turkmenistan: politics, culture, history, business, ecology, and more.
		Turkmenistan Information Center - information on the country.
		Turkmenistan - Interactive Central Asia Resource Project - useful links and resources about Turkmenistan.
	www.kotan.org /asia/directory/turkmenistan.html (143 words)

	Attacks on the Press - 2002
		A golden statue in Turkmenistan’s capital, Ashgabat, honors Niyazov, who is called “Turkmenbashi,” or “the Father of All Turkmen,” and his portrait graces the country’s currency.
		Leonid Komarovsky, a Russian journalist who was in Turkmenistan on a business trip unrelated to journalism, was detained, most likely due to his connections with opposition figures.
		For the United States and its allies, however, with Turkmenistan becoming strategically important in the “war on terrorism”—particularly to U.S. military operations in neighboring Afghanistan—concerns about the country’s human rights record took a backseat to geopolitical interests.
	www.cpj.org /attacks02/europe02/turkmen.html (577 words)

	«CASWW» - Central Asia Experts Directory - Politics and International Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Previous to his appointment at UNM, Gleason taught political science and international relations at SUNY at New Paltz and the University of Miami.
		Analysed the political, economic and religious side of this relationship, also in relation to radical Islamist movements for some conferences and research articles.
		Profile: Majid Tehranian, a political economist with degrees from Dartmouth and Harvard, is currently professor of international communication at the University of Hawaii and director of the Toda Institute for Global Peace and Policy Research.
	casww.iatp.az /casww/expert/CASWexpert_list_Politics_IntRel.html (6802 words)

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