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Topic: Pollination management

Related Topics

Fruit tree pollination

Pollinator decline

Cross pollination

Crab apple

Fruit ripening

Gaucho (insecticide)

Pollen source

Pesticide misuse

Fruit tree propagation

Apidae

Nectar

Nectar source

Fruit trees

Flower

Angiosperm

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	Pollination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollenpollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete).
		In pollination management, a good pollenizer is a plant that provides compatible, viable and plentiful pollen, and blooms at the same time as the plant that is pollenized.
		The other trend is the pollinator declinedecline of pollinator populations/, due to pesticide misuse and overuse, new diseases and parasites of bees, clearcut logging, decline of beekeeping, suburban development, removal of hedges and other habitat from farms, and public paranoia about bees.
	www.infothis.com /find/Pollination (1186 words)

	Entomology - Africanized bees and pollination in Mexico
		California crops requiring bee pollination include almond, avocado, plum, prune, cherry, apple and other tree crops, cucumbers, melons, squash, alfalfa, vegetable seeds, kiwi fruit etc. The annual value of these crops is several billion dollars.
		Pollination hives are set out in the crops in groups of about 10 (or whatever the grower wants) along or close to farm roads going through or around the crop, similar to California practices.
		Another factor that probably reduces the defensive behavior of the bees is the use of pollination hives with relatively low numbers of bees, comparable in number of bees to hives used in almond pollination in California.
	bees.ucr.edu /sinaloa.html (3126 words)

	Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
		Pollination is an ecological process based on the principle of mutual interactions or inter-relationships (known as proto-cooperation) between the pollinated (plant) and the pollinator.
		The initial thrust of the pollination programme should be to raise awareness about the significance of managing pollination through honeybees and generate knowledge and information to facilitate the formulation of strategies to ensure the wider use of beekeeping for pollination.
		Pollinator management and managed pollination have direct impact on improving women’s lives in terms of increasing the economic/food security and reducing their drudgery.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y4586E/y4586e11.htm (7445 words)

	The Economic Impacts of Pollinator Declines: An Approach to Assessing the Consequences Conservation Ecology v.5, i.1 ...
		Pollination was probably associated with festivals of spring and fertility in the region at the time of the Prophet Mohammed, who reportedly discouraged such festivals and only reluctantly recognized the need to hand-pollinate dates (Margoliouth 1905: 230, Fraser 1935: II: 25, V: 281).
		Pollination has been adversely affected, and growers have reported difficulties in obtaining services for crops such as blueberries in Maine, pome fruit in the northeastern United States and Canada, almonds in California, field cucumbers in the eastern United States and Canada, and hybrid seed production in western Canada.
		Pollination of greenhouse tomatoes by bumblebees in Ontario.
	www.mindfully.org /Farm/Pollinator-Declines.htm (6540 words)

	International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development - IMD 2001/1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The population of natural insect pollinators is declining as a result of the alteration in their food and nesting habitats caused by shrinking natural ecosystems, i.e.
		A heavy demand for honeybees for pollination has been created, and there are not enough bee colonies to meet this demand, hence, in the apple growing areas of Himachal Pradesh, there is a tremendous scope for entrepreneurial beekeeping for pollination.
		Beekeeping for crop pollination is a relatively new initiative in the HKH region.
	www.icimod.org /publications/imd/imd2001/imd01-1.htm (3476 words)

	Beekeeping Insect Note 7B
		Pollination is essential for good fruit production when growing cucumbers and the only reliable vector for cucumber pollination is an insect.
		Cucumbers require large numbers of honey bees for adequate pollination because each female blossom is only receptive to being pollinated for one day, and each blossom requires an average of 11 bee visits to set up a well-shaped cucumber.
		It is best to make your pollination plans in advance and contract with a local beekeeper or a commercial beekeeper who will move the bees to your area for your pollination needs.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/ent/notes/Beekeeping/bee7b.html (780 words)

	Scaffolds 4/22/02
		However, managing disease reaches a point of diminishing returns where the cost of increased management is not compensated by an equal increase in yield.
		Not only is pollination important for a high yield, it is just as important to fruit size, shape and sweetness.
		A number of insects pollinate crops, but, for several reasons, the honey bee is the most versatile, all-around pollinator.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/scaffolds/2002/4.22.html (3696 words)

	Pollination Info by Crop
		Pollination Requirements for Fruits and Nuts: OK Fruits of Warm Climates by Julia Morton has pollination information on some tropical and subtropical fruits.
		Bees, Pesticides, Pollination at the University of Guelph
		Sunflower Pollination in Argentina Pollination with Leafcutter Bees
	www.pollinator.com /bycrop.htm (618 words)

	" Pollination management of mountain crops through beekeeping" -Mtn-Forum On-Line Library Document
		The book provides a general introduction to pollination; explains the reasons why different kinds of bees are important crop pollinators; and describes how they pollinate a crop.
		It describes the limitations in using bees in traditional fixed-comb hives for crop pollination and explains the advantages of movable-frame hives.
		The role of the hive bees, Apis cerana and Apis mellifera, as crop pollinators rather than wild bees, and how to manage them for pollination of crops in general are described in detail.
	www.mtnforum.org /resources/library/partu99a.htm (224 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		To: ecogardens@sunsite.unc.edu Subject: Thoughts on pollination My work is now slowing down a bit and I'd like to do some work on the pollination portion of the FAQ.
		My experience is that pollination is the least understood part of gardening, and inadequate pollination is frequently a problem, often without the gardener even knowing the reason.
		I used to think that pollination management was only a concern of commercial growers; that there would always be sufficient wild pollination for gardeners.
	www.ibiblio.org /InterGarden/orgfarm/beekeeping/pollination-issues (366 words)

	Pollination Management Resources
		Honeybees have been used for managed pollination for many years.
		And we also need to preserve and enhance a variety of wild pollinators to accomplish all the pollination needed for our food supply, and the food for birds and wildlfe.
		The University of Guelph is strong in pollination research.
	www.pollinator.com /polmanagement.htm (253 words)

	APIS: Apicultural Information and Issues ISSN:0889- 3764 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Pollination is difficult to measure, however, and honey bee colony performance may not always be up to par.
		As a pollinating aid, the publication describes the concept of using a pollenizer, a plant variety providing a source of compatible pollen for cross-pollination.
		He said that because no "pollination problem" had been identified, there was little possibility to evaluate improved foraging by bees on the crops in question.
	apis.ifas.ufl.edu /apis95/apjul95.htm (1805 words)

	Pollinating Insect-Biology, Management, Systematics Research : About Us
		The mission of the Pollinating Insect-Biology, Management, Systematics Research is the development of non-Apis bees, for example the alfalfa leafcutting bee and the blue orchard bee, as crop pollinators.
		Cross-pollinated crops not effectively pollinated by honey bees have been targeted for improved pollination management, and the candidacy of selected pollinator species continues to be evaluated.
		Current research on established species, like the alfalfa leafcutting bee and the blue orchard bee, is directed toward developing control programs for pests and diseases, improving management that will result in better bee health and demonstrating pollination efficacy and increased producer profitability on "new" crops.
	www.ars.usda.gov /AboutUs/AboutUs.htm?modecode=54-28-05-00 (143 words)

	Pollination management (forwarded post)
		If they are occupied, they will do a good job of vegetable pollination, as the colonies will be approaching peak population when your beans, squash, cukes, melons and pumpkins start blooming.
		Carpenter bees, likewise are excellent for early pollination, but these wood nesting bees are hated by homeowners, though their damage is usually slight, and they nest in the same holes for many years.
		The best general, all-purpose pollinator is the honeybee; if you have a healthy hive, it is present year around in high populations, each worker is faithful to one plant species, and it works many of our most common food plants.
	www.ibiblio.org /london/permaculture/mailarchives/permaculture-UNC/msg00412.html (1099 words)

	Fruit Crop CAT (Crop Advisory Team) Alert
		Blueberry flowers have about 3 days to be pollinated after the flowers open, but you want the bees to stay in the field, so move bees into blueberry fields after 5% bloom but before 25% percent of full bloom.
		The proportion of pollination caused by feral bees relative to managed colonies is unclear, but it is safe to say that we need higher densities today than when feral bees were present.
		Monday Fruit Management meeting will be at Borge's Fruit Acres Farm, at the corner of Friday and Carmody roads, approximately 2 miles south of the Coloma exit I-94, on May 5 at 5:00 PM.
	www.ipm.msu.edu /CAT03_frt/F04-29-03.htm (8665 words)

	Research Links
		Since many species of fruit-bearing flowering plants are important to agriculture, some research has recently focused on the pollination of these flowers.
		This site describes how pollination is important in producing quality fruits and vegetables.
		Pollination is a critical step in producing fruits that are worthy of human consumption.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_freeman_biosci_1/0,6452,500467-,00.html (463 words)

	Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory (BBSL)-Conducts research emphasizing pollination management challenges and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Conducts research emphasizing pollination management challenges and the development of a diversified and stable pollinator base for U.S. agriculture
		The Laboratory's mission is to conduct research of international scope which emphasizes pollination management challenges and the development of a diversified and stable pollinator base for U.S. agriculture and the environment.
		- Improve the pollination of new or traditional crops by designing and implementing strategies to manage native bees as pollinators.
	www.scitechresources.gov /Results/show_result.php?rec=1169 (169 words)

	ARS Project: Pollination and the Development of Alternative Crop Pollinators (407812)
		Deliver improved pollination management systems for alfalfa seed production using the alfalfa leafcutting bee and the alkali bee, and a new pollination management system for orchards using the blue orchard bee.
		Evaluate pollination efficacies of confined and free-flying populations of select new bee pollinators for small fruit crops and regional forbs in demand for re-vegetation, and develop practical management protocols to encourage adoption of the more promising species as custom pollinators.
		Enhance knowledge of native pollinators by conducting biological surveys, establishing monitoring programs, and expanding knowledge of bee systematics in agricultural and natural systems.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=407812 (285 words)

	BeeSource.com \| POV \| Almond Pollination Handbook
		Approximately 800,000 colonies are needed to pollinate this crop each spring, half of which come from out of state.
		Honey bees are the primary agents to move pollen from the anthers of one cultivar's flower to the stigma of another cultivar's flower.
		In the grower section, orchard design for pollination, factors that growers should consider when renting bees, and ways that the grower can help the beekeeper to maximize pollination are covered thoroughly.
	www.beesource.com /pov/traynor/handbook.htm (1426 words)

	[No title]
		Management of Tropical Dry Forest (Field Excursion) No Required Reading Effects of deforestation, and restoration management Required Reading Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Daily, G.C., Pfaff, A.S.P., Busch, C. Integrity and isolation of Costa Rica’s national parks and biological reserves: examining the dynamics of land-cover change.
		In addition, for the 1 ha and 10 ha plots the edge effects reached right into their centers, and the study indicated that, at least for tropical forest, a buffer zone ecosystem needs to be set up around the reserve proper to take such edge effects into account.
		The goal of the present study is to achieve a better understand of the ecology and management of tropical forests and agricultural farmlands.
	www.fieldstudies.org /download/68_syllabus_nrm_fall_2003.doc (4164 words)

	Solitary Bees: An Addition to Honey Bees
		Pollination of an acre of apples requires either 600 hornfaced bees (300 to 400 females), about 250 female blue orchard bees, or 20,000 or more honey bees.
		Solitary bees do not produce honey or wax, but they are relatively docile and not apt to sting, they are immune from tracheal and varroa mite attack, and they can be reared quite easily by homeowners and farmers.
		Honey bees, other bees, pollination, bee pastures, etc., from the University of Georgia.
	www.pollinatorparadise.com /Solitary_Bees/SOLITARY.HTM (842 words)

	F Drummond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		My research interests are in insect epizootiology, pollination ecology, and integrated pest management of blueberry pests in Maine.
		I have opportunities for graduate study leading to either an M.S. or Ph.D. in insect pest management or pollination ecology.
		My research lab is studying the population dynamics of insect pests that attack lowbush blueberry and the foraging behavior of native and exotic insect pollinators of lowbush blueberry.
	www.umesci.maine.edu /biology/entomology/drummond.htm (207 words)

	The Pollination Home Page
		The first prerequisite to enhancing pollination is to know the preferences of the pollinator and the efficiency of the various pollinators for each plant species.
		Here is also a Pollinator Diversity Study you can do.
		Pollinator Decline: Theme of current issue of Conservation Ecology Good articles on native bees, ignores honeybees and migratory beekeepers who have helped fill in the gap.
	pollinator.com (998 words)

	EDWIN G. RAJOTTE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Biology of fruit pests; pollination and apiculture; integrated pest management.
		My research focuses on resistance management of agricultural pests, social and economic issues in integrated pest management, and bee management and pollination.
		I help design and implement integrated pest management programs for all fruit crops except grapes.
	www.ento.psu.edu /home/department/faculty/htmls/egRajotte.html (159 words)

	BeeHoo the beekeeping directory
		The Association exists to be a source of research-based information and recommendations on all matters of honey bee science and management and to foster cooperation, dialogue, and professional growth among extension, regulatory, teaching, and research honey bee specialists.
		Pollination is the process of moving the pollen grain from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a carpel.
		Control of the Varroa mite must be accomplished using several strategies in concert with each other, similar to integrated pest management techniques commonly used in much of agriculture.
	www.beehoo.com /f_region.php?region=USA (1748 words)

	[No title]
		Conflict on watershed management due to environmental degradation in a growing urbanized Costa Rica.
		Male orchid bees are important pollinators of lowland Neotropical forests.
		After 22 monthly samples in south-western Colombia, Tupac-Otero & Sandino (2003) found a total of 2008 males of which 57.6% were collected on a farm, 25.1% in a secondary forest, and 17.2% in old logged forest.
	www.fieldstudies.org /download/102_syllabus_cr_nrm_sp_2004.doc (2823 words)

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