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Topic: Pollinator

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	NAPPC Home Page (English)
		Recognizing the importance of pollinators to ecosystem health and agriculture in the United States and the value of partnership efforts to increase awareness about pollinators and support.
		To encourage the health of resident and migratory pollinating animals in North America.
		Pollinator Friendly Practices To help organizations that work with schools, private industry, public spaces, agriculture, forests and homes, to educate about and promote pollinator friendly land use practices.
	www.nappc.org (382 words)

	Some Pollinator Populations Declining
		However, there is little or no population data for many pollinators, which prompted the committee that wrote the report to call for stepped-up efforts to monitor these creatures and improve understanding of their basic ecology.
		Research indicates that shortages of pollinators for agriculture already exist and that decreases in wild pollinator populations could disrupt ecosystems in the future.
		Although the consequences of wild pollinator declines for nonagricultural settings are more difficult to define, one result could be a greater vulnerability of some plant species to extinction, the report adds.
	www8.nationalacademies.org /onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11761 (918 words)

	Wildlife Habitat Council - Pollinator Practices
		For instance, a garden can be improved for pollinators by adding a large plot of native host plants for various butterflies or moths, or adding flowers that certain bees prefer such as beardtongue for bumblebees.
		Nature’s Partners: Pollinators, Plants and You was designed for use in a non-formal education setting but could be easily adapted for classroom use.
		Pollination is a vital stage in the life cycle of all flowering plants.
	www.wildlifehc.org /pollinatorpractices/index.cfm (972 words)

	Pollinator decline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pollinator decline is based on observations made at the end of the twentieth century of the reduction in abundance of pollinators in many ecosystems worldwide.
		Since plants are the primary food source for animals, the reduction of one of the primary pollination agents, or even their possible disappearance, has raised concern, and the conservation of pollinators has become part of biodiversity conservation efforts.
		Alternative pollinators, such as for example, leafcutter and alkalai bees in alfalfa pollination and bumblebees in greenhouses for tomatoes are used to augment and in some cases replace honeybees.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pollinator_decline (1594 words)

	Pollinator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain.
		Though the terms are sometimes confused, a pollinator is different from a pollenizer, which is a plant that is a source of pollen for the pollination process.
		Sonicating bees are extremely efficient pollinators of tomatoes, and colonies of bumblebees are quickly replacing humans with vibrators as the primary pollinators for greenhouse tomatoes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pollinator (473 words)

	GTOS :: TEMS database (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a stamen to a stigma.
		Since the interactions between plants and their pollinators are essential to the healthy functioning of wild and agricultural communities, the decline of pollinator species presents a serious threat to biodiversity, the functioning of the world's ecosystems and food production.
		In 1996, pollinators became a priority for case studies within the ambit of sustainable use of agrobiodiversity and in 2000, the Conference of the Parties decided to establish an International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Pollinators (IPI).
	www.fao.org /gtos/tems/variable_show.jsp?VARIABLE_ID=133 (1371 words)

	Conservation of Pollinators as a Yield Management Strategy in Sunflower \| Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program \| ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pollinator conservation will result in reduced pesticide use and as a consequence pollinator, environmental, and human health risks will be lessened.
		It will develop a system to monitor pollinator activity and incorporate pollinator population levels into an economic injury level weighing pollinator and pest activity so that a rational treatment decision can be made.
		Effect of pollination by insects on the seed set and yield of ten oilseed sunflower cultivar.
	www.epa.gov /oppbppd1/PESP/regional_grants/2002/r8a-2002.htm (2542 words)

	Signs of Spring: Report Your Observations!
		Pollination happens when a bee or other pollinator moves pollen from one flower to another of the same species.
		Pollinators are also vulnerable to pesticides, which are often used heavily on the very crops we need pollinated in order to get fruit!
		Pollinators are critical to plant success, both in wild lands and also in agriculture.
	www.learner.org /jnorth/tm/spring/ForgottenPollinators.html (763 words)

	Full Articles Pollinator conservation
		Reduction in the abundance of pollinators or their possible disappearance has concerned many people, and the conservation of pollinators has consequently become an integral part of many biodiversity conservation efforts.
		However, in the light of this major drive to conserve pollinators, Africa has scant baseline information on the relative abundance of pollinators and the pollination processes, which is essential to the success of the project.
		Here is an example how: Pollinators, particularly bees, are sensitive to environmental degradation, and changes in their abundance and diversity will influence the abundance and diversity of the prevailing plant species.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /pollinator.htm (820 words)

	Our Forgotten Pollinators: Protecting the Birds and Bees
		Pollination -- the transfer of pollen from one flower to another -- is critical to fruit and seed production, and is often provided by insects and other animals on the hunt for nectar, pollen or other floral rewards.
		Pollination ecologists familiar with particular species can work with pesticide applicators who know about timing and the drift distances of chemicals under various weather conditions.17 When pesticides are applied by aircraft, as much as 50% to 75% of the chemicals sprayed can miss their target,18 leading to inadvertent exposure of nontarget organisms such as pollinators.
		Though the primrose is protected, its hawkmoth pollinator has not reappeared after years of pesticide spraying in nearby vineyards, and reproduction of the plant has remained low.28 The primrose remains in jeopardy as it produces few fruits and low percentages of viable seeds, while its weedy neighbors produce many.
	www.pmac.net /birdbee.htm (2830 words)

	Pollinator Declines Could Increase Food Prices (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pollinator populations have been hit hard by increased pesticide use in recent years, and much of their natural habitat, such as dead trees and old fence posts, have been destroyed to make room for more farmland, Dr. Kevan added.
		Although concerns about pollinator shortages date back at least to Biblical times, their report is the first one to quantify the effects in economic terms.
		Pollinators such as bees, bats, butterflies and birds play a key role in agriculture, transferring pollen from one seed to another.
	www.earthvision.net /ColdFusion/News_Page1.cfm?NewsID=17125 (780 words)

	Ecology: Fitness Impacts Of Herbivory Through Indirect Effects On Plant-Pollinator Interactions In Oenothera Macrocarpa
		The plant traits that mediate a plant's interactions with its herbivores are those that confer defense (i.e., leaf trichomes, secondary chemicals, and extra-floral nectaries) and tolerance (the ability to grow, survive, and reproduce in the presence of herbivore damage).
		These indirect effects of both floral and foliar herbivory come through changes in pollinator behavior, and can be manifested in two ways: (1) changes in pollinator preference (i.e., whether a flower receives a visit) and (2) changes in pollinator efficiency (i.e., during a visit, how much pollen is transferred).
		For leaf and floral herbivores to influence female reproduction indirectly via pollinators, three conditions should be met: (1) some aspect of reproduction must be pollen-limited, (2) damage must affect floral traits, and (3) pollinators must discriminate against flowers on damaged plants (pollinator preference), or be less effective pollinators during visitation (pollinator efficiency) to those flowers.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_1_81/ai_59555929 (1320 words)

	Celebrating Wildflowers - Pollinators - Pollinator Syndromes
		The plants benefit from attracting a particular type of pollinator to its flower, ensuring that its pollen will be carried to another flower of the same species and hopefully resulting in successful reproduction.
		The pollinator benefits from its adaptation to a particular flower type by ensuring that it will be able to find and access important food resources - nectar and pollen.
		Such characteristics are considered pollination syndromes and can be used to predict the type of pollinator that will aid the flower in successful reproduction.
	www.fs.fed.us /wildflowers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml (198 words)

	The Economic Impacts of Pollinator Declines: An Approach to Assessing the Consequences Conservation Ecology v.5, i.1 ...
		Pollination was probably associated with festivals of spring and fertility in the region at the time of the Prophet Mohammed, who reportedly discouraged such festivals and only reluctantly recognized the need to hand-pollinate dates (Margoliouth 1905: 230, Fraser 1935: II: 25, V: 281).
		The value of pollination to alfalfa seed growers in the Canadian prairies is estimated to be 35% of annual crop production (Blawat and Fingler 1994), although the usual practice there is for seed growers and custom pollination providers or "megachileculturalists" to share the risks, costs, and benefits in various ways.
		Pollination of greenhouse tomatoes by bumblebees in Ontario.
	www.mindfully.org /Farm/Pollinator-Declines.htm (6540 words)

	Pollinator Monopoly
		Suppose a pollinator forages on a single type of plant, and satisfies the conditions for inclusion and optimal foraging duration (Equations 4 and 5).
		Once the new plant type is included in the pollinator repertoire, optimal foraging durations are again determined by Equation 5.
		The decrease in average rate of pollinator energy gain means that the optimal foraging time increases for the original phenotype.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~mmorgan/publications/pollinatormonopoly/node4.html (1275 words)

	Pollination and Plant Families
		Some plants are very specific with respect to what animal is able to serve as a pollinator, and have special modifications (special shape, etc.) to attract that pollinator or exclude other would-be pollinators.
		Others plants are more general and are more attractive to a wider variety of pollinators, but the risk here is that the pollen may not get to the “right” species if the pollinator visits a different type of flower next.
		The female moth lays her eggs in the flowers, simultaneously pollinating the plant, and the caterpillars develop within the seeds in the ovary of the plant.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio106/pollinat.htm (1285 words)

	Pollinator Power
		Bees are important pollinators of plants in Missouri, and nearly everywhere else.
		Without pollination, plants could not reproduce sexually, and there would be far fewer seeds or fruits.
		Bees are superior pollinators because of their reproductive requirements for pollen and nectar, their adaptations for collecting pollen and their habit of visiting flower after flower.
	mdc.mo.gov /conmag/2001/07/20.htm (1520 words)

	Dioecious Figs: Pollination And Evolution
		A pollinator wasp walking on this "bed" of styles (synstigma) can insert her ovipositor down the short style and easily penetrate the ovary where she lays an egg.
		Fewer pollinator adults would be released to pollinate receptive fig syconia, resulting in fewer seeds in these syconia when they are ripe.
		According to Kerdelhue and Rasplus (1996), non-pollinator, parasitic wasps never occur in the long-style flowers of female syconia of female trees, and non-pollinator gall-makers are uncommon in the male syconia of male trees.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /dawkins.htm (1385 words)

	Pollinator Conservation Handbook
		It is the first comprehensive book on the conservation of native bees, butterflies, and other native pollinator insects and is an indispensable resource for gardeners, farmers, and managers of parks, recreational areas, and wild lands.
		Pollinators are an essential component of all environments.
		Despite their importance pollinators are declining in many areas as their habitat is converted to other land uses.
	www.xerces.org /pubs_merch/PCH.htm (285 words)

	Solitary Bees: An Addition to Honey Bees
		Pollination of an acre of apples requires either 600 hornfaced bees (300 to 400 females), about 250 female blue orchard bees, or 20,000 or more honey bees.
		Solitary bees do not produce honey or wax, but they are relatively docile and not apt to sting, they are immune from tracheal and varroa mite attack, and they can be reared quite easily by homeowners and farmers.
		Solitary Bees for Orchard Pollination (Suzanne Batra, 1997)
	www.pollinatorparadise.com /Solitary_Bees/SOLITARY.HTM (978 words)

	What is a pollinator? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A pollinator is an animal that causes plants to make fruit or seeds.
		Because of this, animals like bees, hummingbirds and some kinds of butterflies are the best pollinators, because they get their food from the flower of the plant and so brush up against parts of the flower.
		Some kinds of plants, such as soybeans do not require pollinators at all, and some can be pollinated by wind in the ecodome blowing on the plants.
	www.qrg.northwestern.edu /projects/marssim/simhtml/info/whats-a-pollinator.html (199 words)

	Gap Analysis of Pollinator (bats, bees, hummingbirds) Species
		The vertebrate pollinator database will be especially useful to vertebrate biologists looking for species richness "hotspots" and for conservation biologists documenting the interactions of pollen and nectar host plants along "nectar corridors" for migratory pollinators in southern Arizona enroute to and from Mexico.
		The intent of this paper is to raise awareness about the decline of many pollinating animals and the vital roles they play in the production of food, fiber and medicines along with their often forgotten one of maintaining natural plant communities and wildlife.
		During 1999, the ASDM sponsored a symposium and workshop on migratory pollinators in Tucson, AZ (Figure 5-Poster from the Migratory Pollinators Conference).
	gis.esri.com /library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap530/p530.htm (4007 words)

	Planning a Pollinator Garden
		Pollinators, which include thousands of insect species (bees, tiny wasps, butterflies, beetles, and flies) and other animals (such as hummingbirds and bats), unwittingly move pollen from the male anther of one flower to the female stigma of another as they search for sweet, nourishing nectar and fat- and protein-rich pollen.
		Pollinators with shorter tongues, such as small native bees and wasps, feed on tightly packed clusters of small flowers, such as those found on milkweed, zinnia, phlox, and mint.
		Pollinators such as butterflies will gather and sip at shallow pools, mud puddles, and bird baths; bees and wasps can use mud as a home-building material.
	www.kidsgardening.com /growingideas/projects/jan03/pg1.html (1310 words)

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