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Topic: Pollinia

	Pollinium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pollinium, or plural pollinia, is a coherent mass of pollen grains.
		These are connected to one or two elongate stipes, which in turn are attached to the viscidium.
		The combination of pollinia, caudicles, stipes and viscidium form the pollinarium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pollinium (127 words)

	The Best Orchids for Indoors
		The structural differences in the various flowers ensure that the pollinia are attached to a part of the bee specific to each orchid species: The pollinia of one may be attached to the insect's eye, that of another to the top of the thorax, and that of still another to a foreleg.
		The pollinia typically share a single small sticky tab called a viscidium, which adheres to the pollinator when contact is made.
		To discourage self-pollination and promote cross-pollination, the pollinia typically are separated from the stigma (female part of the flower that receives the pollen) by a flap of tissue called the rostellum.
	www.bbg.org /gar2/topics/indoor/handbooks/bestorchids/2.html (1961 words)

	Orchidaceae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pollen are glued together into the pollinia, a mass of waxy pollen on filaments.
		The viscidium, and thus pollinia, stick to the head or the abdomen of the bumblebee.
		The filaments of the pollinia have, during transport, taken such position that the waxy pollen are able to stick in the second orchid to the stigma, just below the rostellum.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Orchid (3553 words)

	educationabroad.com Costa Rica Rainforest Adventure
		In addition, we recorded bee species with pollinia and collected pollinia to assess the degree of orchid specificity and to relate bee species abundance and distribution to the abundance and distribution of orchid species.
		Five individuals with pollinia were collected on the mainland and 5 individuals with pollinia were collected on the island representing 5.6 % of the total population (Tables 1 and 2).
		erythrochlora was not captured with pollinia on the island or on the mainland.
	www.educationabroad.com /body_alumni_projects_spring97_5.htm (1657 words)

	Darwin, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects. Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Two pollinia, which had apparently been thrown out by strong wind, were sticking to the sepals, and three pollinia were found loose in his collecting box, so that it is very doubtful whether many, if indeed any, of the pollinia had been removed by adhesion to insects.
		The pollinia, after removal from their cells, undergo the same movements; but the inward movement seemed to be greater than in the last species, in conformity with the position of the stigma.
		A poet might imagine, that whilst the pollinia are borne from flower to flower through the air, adhering to a moth's body, they voluntarily and eagerly place themselves, in each case, in that exact position in which alone they can hope to gain their wish and perpetuate their race.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin3/orchids/orchids_02.htm (5709 words)

	Flower Terminology (Part 1)
		Pollen masses (pollinia) from adjacent anther sacs are attached by thread-like translator arms which are joined together at the corpusculum.
		As the insect flies away, the pollinia are pulled out of the anther sacs like a pair of saddlebags, and are carried off to another milkweed blossom.
		Two pollen masses (called pollinia) are attached to a sticky (viscid) padlike structure called the viscidium (also called viscidulum in some references).
	waynesword.palomar.edu /termfl1.htm (2015 words)

	The evolution of anther morphology in orchids: incumbent anthers, superposed pollinia, and the vandoid complex -- ...
		The evolution of anther morphology in orchids: incumbent anthers, superposed pollinia, and the vandoid complex -- Freudenstein et al.
		the observation that the stomia and pollinia (or sporogenous
		derived from the anther that attaches the pollinia to the proximal
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/11/1747 (4945 words)

	NWO - Evolution of developmental genes controlling pollinia morphology in orchids
		Test for a causal relationship of spatial and temporal expression patterns and mutations in newly identified B function genes with evolvement of pollinia morphology.
		If stamen identity in orchids is determined in a similar way as in dicots, genes specifically expressed during pollinia development should share sequence motifs with B function genes of model species.
		If these genes are controlling pollinia number and stipes presence, changes in their expression and sequences should correlate with tracks followed by different pollinia morphologies during the evolution of Bulbophyllum.
	www.nwo.nl /projecten.nsf/pages/1600113021 (269 words)

	PAPUA NEW GUINEA ORCHID NEWS
		Pollinia 4 discreta binatim intra parem distincte inaequalia.
		Pollinia 4, separate, in two pairs, those of a pair distinctly unequal.
		Pollinia 4, the two larger ones 1 by 0.8 mm, the two smaller ones 0.8 bt 0.6 mm, white.
	www.orchidspng.com /Ophioglossella.html (1188 words)

	Pollination notes on Minnesota orchids: heartleaf twayblade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It dehisces in the bud and two club-shaped pollinia are released and held unattached on the broad rostellum, enfolded by its incurved margins.
		The glue dries in several seconds, and th e pollinia are firmly attached to the head of the insect.
		Because only fragments of the pollinia are left behind on the stigma, a single insect may pollinate several flowers with a single set of pollinia.
	www.stolaf.edu /depts/biology/mnps/papers/Argue1994132.html (1068 words)

	North Jersey Orchid Society
		Pollinators usually encounter the pollinia when exploring the flower and these pollinia “glue” themselves to the part of the pollinator which comes into contact with them - either by being themselves sticky or via a sticky viscidium, which attaches to the pollinia via the stipe.
		The rostellum is a veil-like structure that bisects the column on a horizontal plane and is positioned between the pollinia in their anther housing and the sticky surface of the stigma.
		Masdevallias are often difficult to pollinate because of their small size and the fact that the pollinia tends to stay in, and is difficult to remove, from the anther cap.
	www.njorchids.org /articles/pollination/pollination.htm (1201 words)

	Wild Plants of Malta and Gozo - Plant: Barlia robertiana (Giant Orchid) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		No true stamens but a pair of small pollinia which are specialized structures in Orchids that are covered by a mass of waxy pollen or coherent pollen grains and have a sticky base.
		Pollinia deposition patterns were not significantly affected by supplementation and no geitonogamous deposition was recorded.
		In populations where inflorescences were supplemented for 20 days, pollinia removal was reduced by over half for supplemented inflorescences, whereas fruit set was unmodified by supplementation.
	www.marz-kreations.com /WildPlants/ORCH/Barlia_robertiana.html (2652 words)

	Orchid polination
		Flowers of the genus Ophrys, ranging from England to the Middle East, are pollinated by male bees or wasps attracted both by fragrances similar to pheromones secreted by the females and by visual cues such as form, color, and texture.
		Pollinia are transferred to pollinators in many different ways.
		Some pollinia have extensions of anther-derived tissue called caudicles that stick to the pollinators but break once the pollinia are on the stigmatic surface of a flower.
	www.geocities.com /phillipzwhite/Opolination.html (1260 words)

	OrchidSafari ARCHIVES* So You Want to Try Your Hand at Hybridization? Part 1
		Pollinia are always perfectly shaped and sized to enter the stigma of their species.
		Pollinia do come in all shapes and sizes, colors too, but even the tiniest structures such as those found in pleurothallid flowers can be successfully transferred provided one does not sneeze!
		Hard pollinia should be placed in a piece of waxed paper which is then folded securely and labelled with name and date.
	www.orchidtrek.com /makehybrid/hybrid1.html (5120 words)

	Polliniinae group: Pollinia pollini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Field Characters: Mycetococcus is yellow, has a thin white scale cover, and is embedded in a symbiotic fungal mat on the twigs and branches of the host.
		Pollinia is red, is covered with a tough white sac, and occurs in cracks of the bark.
		Pollinia is known to have 2 generations a year in California and Italy.
	www.sel.barc.usda.gov /ScaleKeys/lcd/html/ScaleFamilies/Families/PolliniaGroup/Polinis.html (231 words)

	Black Tie Orchids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Upon flowering, the pollinia of the flowering species is harvested and put in "cold storage" for later use.
		Pollinia are also traded or sold, however, it must be emphasized that some of the pollinia are surprisingly small.
		The pollinia of Masdevallia coccinea alba 'Snowbird' AM/AOS would fit comfortably on the head of a pin, but may yield future champions when crossed with your Masdevallia.
	hometown.aol.com /sechero/myhomepage (350 words)

	Wild Plants of Malta and Gozo - Plant: Ophrys melitensis (Maltese Spider Orchid) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The male reproductive organs are two yellow pollinia which are resting over a small platform (called rostellum), wrapped by the sheath-like structures (called theca) and covered by a hood-shaped, erect column or cap.
		Present at the base of the pollinia are the spherical sticky viscidia (also called bursicles).
		In this specimen, the pollinia are absent since they had been carried away by the pollinator.
	www.marz-kreations.com /WildPlants/ORCH/Ophrys_melitensis.html (3192 words)

	Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany
		Orchids in the largest subfamily Orchidoideae have a single terminal stamen and the anthers generally produce one or more waxy masses of pollen called pollinia.
		A pair of orange pollinia are partly exposed on the side facing the labellum (left photo).
		In the flower on the right, the 2-lobed anther and pollinia have been removed, leaving a pair of depressions in the top of the column.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/carr/orchidoid.htm (243 words)

	Pollination of Stapeliads
		Observations of pollinia germinated in glucose solutions have shown that the point of emergenee of the pollen tubes is always the key.
		Although it may be possible to develop the skill required to insert the pollinia of the larger flowered varieties with the help of a hand lens, I would consider that a very limiting approach.
		These pollinia have a tuft of pollen tubes projecting from the open key and are not usable for pollination.
	www.cactus-mall.com /stapeliad/pollin.html (4379 words)

	Ophrys bombyliflora (Bumblebee Orchid) - Wild Plants of Malta (by Stephen Mifsud) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The male bee, thinking the flower is actually his female partner, tries to mate with the flower and doing so pollen sacs (called pollinia) stick to the underside body of the insect.
		One of the pollinia (yellow structure) is partly detached outside its housing.
		The spherical hyaline structure at the base is the sticky viscidium by which the pollinia adheres firmly with the body of the pollinator (a bee) and get carried away.
	www.maltawildplants.com /ORCH/Ophrys_bombyliflora.html (3090 words)

	Orchid - Garden Flower information and images
		The reproductive organs in the centre (stamens and pistil) have been transformed into a cylindrical structure called the column or gynandrium.
		On top of it lies the stigma and the remains of stamens, the pollinia, a mass of waxy pollen on filaments.
		If the filaments hadn’t taken the new position, the pollinia could not have pollinated the original orchid.
	www.garden-flowers.net /Orchid.htm (2794 words)

	Asclepias syriaca plant
		Plants of the genus Asclepias have their pollen gathered in small sacs known as pollinia.
		The pollinia are buried within the other flora organs and cannot be seen without dissecting the flowers.
		The pollinia will then be carried by the insects to other flowers on different plants to assure varied pollination.
	www.missouriplants.com /Others/Asclepias_syriaca_page.html (372 words)

	botany/orchidaceae
		Orchid groups are ordinarily defined by the number of pollinia present.
		The males are tricked and attempt to mate with or steal away the "female insect" and thus flies away with pollinia and/or has deposited pollinia onto the stigma from another flower.
		When a bee visits the male flowers the pollinia are thrown onto the abdomen of the bee and are stripped by the hooks of the female flower when visited.
	www.botany.com /orchidaceae.html (3366 words)

	EXPLORE: Orchidaceae - Plant Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		pollinia, a mass of waxy pollen on filaments.
		stigma and the remains of stamens, the pollinia, a mass of waxy
		Ophrys has flowers that look and smell so much like female bumble bees that males flying nearby are irresistibly drawn in, such as with the Bumblebee Orchid (Ophrys bombyliflora).
	www.maltawildplants.com /ORCH/Docs/OPHBO/Orchidaceae.htm (2038 words)

	Re: dracula culture
		As regards pollinating Gongora-species you have to know, that before applying the pollinia to a given stigma, the pollinia of that particular flower have to be removed some 1-2 hours before.
		Unless the pollinia of a flower are removed, the stigma is closed and almost unrecognizable.
		Only after pollinia have been removed, the stigma opens up as a narrow slit in which the pollinia can be put.
	members.tripod.com /jamaicaorchidsociety/_OrchidRap/00000013.htm (148 words)

	Plant Taxonomy - Orchidaceae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Pollen grains are agglutinated into waxy masses (pollinia) with 2-8 pollinia per anther (or pollen in tetrads or single).
		The pollinia often connected to a sticky glandular structure (viscidulum).
		The pollinia are found behind the rostellum - sterile outgrowth of the stigma.
	employees.csbsju.edu /SSAUPE/biol308/Lecture/Families/orchidac.htm (440 words)

	Monarch Watch : Milkweed : Introduction
		Hundreds of pollen grains are packaged into two connected sacs or pollinia, which is collectively referred to as the pollinarium [see SEM photo at right].
		Upon landing on another flower, the properly oriented pollinarium is deposited into a receptive stigmatic groove where the pollinia breaks down and the pollen germinates, growing pollen tubes through the stigma to the ovules in the ovary.
		The milkweed fruit is a follicle, commonly referred to as a pod, which splits at one suture to release many seeds, sometimes hundreds, depending on the species.
	www.monarchwatch.org /milkweed (557 words)

	ABOUT ORCHIDS
		The pollinia are attached by stalks (stipites or caudicles) to sticky discs (viscidia) which themselves are attached to the rostellum.
		When an insect visits the flower, the viscidia with the attached pollinia sticks to its head or body.
		When the insects lands on the next flower, these pollinia are transferred to the stigma of this flower, thus fertilizing it.
	www.vumba-nature.com /about_orchids.htm (1567 words)

	Orchid biology - pseudocopulation (ANOS)
		Large fragments of pollinia are obvious on the face of the wasp and a small one is stuck to the upper edge of the near petal.
		Two were captured, one with pollinia on its forehead and identified as males of Campsomeris tasmaniensis (see foreword by Rupp to Fordham's'(1946) paper).
		Fordham observed both removal of pollinia from the anther and deposition of pollinia on a virgin stigma, thereby confirming C.
	www.anos.org.au /information/biology/calochilus.htm (1330 words)

	The Magical world of orchids part1
		There are thousands, even hundreds of thousands of pollen grains in one pollinium and two, four, six or eight pollinia in a given flower depending on the species.
		Orchid genera have traditionally been defined (and still are, in part) by the number of pollinia present.
		After pollinia are deposited on the stigmatic surface of the flower (at the top of the pistil), pollen tubes grow through the styles down to the ovules and toward the embryo sac and egg cell in each.
	members.fortunecity.com /krum1/whatisorchid.html (1577 words)

	Lifestrands - About Milkweed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Those that can escape end up with two pollinia, each with enough pollen to fertilize a whole milkweed pod, clipped to their legs.
		Some insects eat the pollinia, but many pollinia are carried to other milkweed flowers where they are slipped into the flower column and fertilize milkweed seeds!
		The wasp appears to be eating one of the pollinia.
	www.lifestrands.org /pages/monarch_studies/about_milkweed.html (568 words)

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