
	Where results make sense

Topic: Pollinium

In the News (Tue 29 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Darwin, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects. Chapter 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The pedicel of the pollinium is articulated as before by a hinge to the disc; the anterior end of the disc is upturned, so that, when attached to an insect's head, the pedicel cannot move backwards, only forwards,—a movement which apparently comes into play in the fertilisation of the female plant.
		But the pollinium assumes with such force its reversed curvature (aided, apparently, by a transverse curling outwards of the two margins of the pedicel), that it instantaneously rebounds from the protuberant face of the rostellum.
		We see the elastic pedicel of the pollinium bowed as in the last species; but at the period of growth here represented, the pedicel was still united to the rostellum, the future line of separation being shown by a layer of hyaline tissue, indistinct towards the upper end of the disc.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin3/orchids/orchids_06.htm (11554 words)

	Freudenstein, John V. and Elizabeth M. Harris.* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We examined the diversity of pollinium arrangement and anther orientation in Epidendroideae as well as in representatives of the other subfamilies using serial sections of successive ontogenetic stages of columns.
		The anther in the vandoid subset of Epidendroideae is shown to be truly incumbent, with the bending achieved by a redirection of growth in very early ontogenetic stages, as opposed to the inflexing of a nearly fully-formed anther, as in the remainder of Epidendroideae.
		This heterochronic change is largely correlated with cellular pollinium stalks, and may facilitate the development of the complex pollinarium.
	www.botany2001.org /section2/abstracts/31.shtml (289 words)

	Darwin, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects. Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In Ophrys muscifera, or the Fly Ophrys, the chief peculiarity is that the caudicle of the pollinium (B) is doubly and almost rectangularly bent.
		One pollinium, with its disc still in its pouch, is represented as just falling out of the anther-cell; and the other has fallen almost to its full extent, opposite to the hidden stigmatic surface.
		In both forms the movement is well seen by removing, with a pair of pincers, a pollinium by the thick end, and holding it motionless under the microscope, when the plane of the viscid disc will be seen to move through an angle of at least 45°.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin3/orchids/orchids_02.htm (5709 words)

	Opraševanje - UK
		If a pollinium is removed from the wave crest the day after insertion, pollen tubs can be found germinating from the pollinium key.
		The pollinium of milkweeds have no pollinium key and are inserted in the staminal lock, which is deep enough to receive the whole pollen mass.
		The pollinium has to be turned with the pollinium key against the staminal lock.
	www2.arnes.si /~sspimule/dpks/jest/Clanki/Opraseva/Polinate.htm (2039 words)

	Pollination of Stapeliads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		I have noted in artificial pollination that the surface of the pollinium which lies away from its attachment before removal is the one which must face the lock if insertion is to be accomplished.
		If one attempts to remove a pollinium on the day after insertion into the lock, it will be found to be very tightly held by the enlargement of the key and the developing pollen tubes.
		One may easily observe pollinium germination by placing a pollinium in the nectar at the base of a flower and observing it under magnification 10 or 12 hours later.
	www.cactus-mall.com /stapeliad/pollin.html (4379 words)

	Kaktusi in druge sočnice 26 (3) 1997 EN
		Above it there is anther form pollinarium, composed of two polliniums (pollen mass or pollen sack) which are joined together with translator arms and corpusculum.
		When visiting the next flower, the pollinium key may be caught in the guide of the staminal lock.
		Then it is positioned with an unhooked wire and pollinium key is placed in the staminal lock.
	www2.arnes.si /~sspimule/dpks/1997-3/E1997-3.htm (989 words)

	Pollination, the Evolutionists Dilemma
		The pollinium is a structure of the orchid that combines the anther and the filament into one.
		The pollinium accompanies the insect traveler on its next visit to a neighboring orchid where, of course, the strategic location of the landing platform will cause the pollen-laden pollinium to brush the surface of the stigma.
		If the pollinium of the second orchid has not yet been pulled away by an insect, the stigma is not yet exposed, so pollination will not take place.
	www.bibleprobe.com /pollination.htm (1447 words)

	Darwin, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects. Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The position of the pollinium after the movement is shown in B in Fig.
		The pollinium removed by insertion of a needle into the nectary, after it has clasped the needle by the first act of contraction.
		These stigmatic surfaces are sticky enough not to tear off the whole pollinium from the proboscis of the moth, but by rupturing the elastic threads to secure a few packets of pollen, leaving plenty for other flowers.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin3/orchids/orchids_01.htm (6714 words)

	New Orchid Display Greenhouse - Devonian Botanic Garden
		The orchids flower early in spring as well, and the male insects attempt to mate with the orchid flower and during a visit a pollinium (the entire contents of an anther that is dispersed as a unit.
		These are normally sticky.) may be deposited on the insects body and when it visits another flower, the pollinium may be caught on the appropriate grooves on the stigma and so this brings about pollination of that flower.
		The removal of the pollinium from one flower and its deposition on the stigma of another is a very simple process that can be accomplished easily with a toothpick, matchstick or needle.
	www.devonian.ualberta.ca /orchidhs.html (1112 words)

	Orchid Bee: pictures, information, classification and more (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Male orchid bees are especially attracted to orchids, from which they collect fragrant oils that are stored in specialized receptacles on the hind legs.
		The orchids often produce no nectar or pollen, but they have special mechanisms that attach the pollinium, or pollen bundle, to a specific location on the bee as it gathers oils or searches for nectar.
		The pollinium releases its pollen on the next flower of the same species that the bee visits.
	www.everythingabout.net /articles/biology/animals/arthropods/insects/bees/orchid_bee (522 words)

	The evolution of anther morphology in orchids: incumbent anthers, superposed pollinia, and the vandoid complex -- ...
		pollinium state could in theory occur in either the latter or
		Freudenstein J. Chase 2001 Analysis of mitochondrial nad1b-c intron sequences in Orchidaceae: utility and coding of length-change characters.
		Freudenstein J. Rasmussen 1996 Pollinium development and number in the Orchidaceae.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/11/1747 (4945 words)

	OrchidSafari ARCHIVES* So You Want to Try Your Hand at Hybridization? Part 1
		The mass of pollen (pollinium) may have a stalk attaching it to the sticky disk (viscidium).
		In this case, the yellow pollinium to the left has come in contact with stigmatic fluid and a swollen pearly mass of pollen tubes can be seen.
		One pollinium can be used to pollinate several flowers.In other orchids such as Dendrobium, Cymbidium and Phalaenopsis, pollen is tightly compressed into firm to hard pollinia.
	www.orchidtrek.com /makehybrid/hybrid1.html (5120 words)

	Milkweed - DesertUSA
		Arising from the base of this column are horn or sac-shaped hoods, called the corona hoods, that house the male portion of the flower -- the anthers.
		From each anther, pollen grains are produced in small sacs, called pollinium, that are united in pairs and resemble a set of saddlebags.
		When pollinators visit the flowers, their legs slip off of the stout column and fall into slits where the pollen sacs are located.
	www.desertusa.com /mag99/nov/papr/milk.html (724 words)

	Nodding Ladies' Tresses or Traces - Flowers
		Within the boat is an extremely sticky cement that hardens almost instantly on exposure to the air.
		Each pollinium consists of two leaves of pollen united for about half their length in the middle with elastic threads.
		As the pollinia are attached parallel to the disk, they stick parallel on the bee's tongue, yet she may fold up her proboscis under her head, if she choose, without inconvenience from the pollen masses, or with-out danger of loosening them.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles20/flowers-114.shtml (583 words)

	A.C. Seward, "Darwin and Modern Science," 1909 - Chapter 20
		At the base of the pedicel is a small viscid disc by which the pollinium is attached to the head or proboscis of one of the insects which visit the flower.
		Darwin demonstrated that in Orchis and other flowers the pedicel of the pollinium, after its removal from the anther, undergoes a curving movement.
		If the pollinium was originally vertical, after a time it assumed a horizontal position.
	www.stephenjaygould.org /library/modern-science/chapter20.html (7463 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Effect of sugar concentration on in-vitro pollinium germination in 8 members of Asclepiadaceae viz., Calotropis procera ssp.
		Optimal sucrose concentration required for in-vitro pollinium germination was similar to the average sugar concentration observed in the floral nectar of the studied taxa except in P.
		nivalis where maximum pollinium germination occurred at 10% sugar concentration as compared to 24% sugar concentration in its floral nectar.
	www.pjbot.org /pjbot/abstracts/28(2)/161.htm (142 words)

	Organica News -- News and Features: Back from the Brink
		When the moths visit an orchid to drink its nectar, they insert their long, tongue-like proboscis through the orchid flower and into a spur that hangs from its back end.
		The proboscis dislodges a tiny packet of pollen called a pollinium, which sticks to it.
		When the hawkmoth flies to the next orchid, it leaves the pollinium on that orchid's stigmata, effecting fertilization.
	www.organicanews.com /news/article.cfm?story_id=212 (1399 words)

	Darwin, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects. Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If an insect failed to remove the pollinium by means of the viscid matter from the rostellum, the pollinium would first be jerked downwards on the protuberant surface of the labellum, placed immediately beneath the stigma.
		After the reversed movement just described, and the consequent shortening of the pedicel, the pollinium, when attached to any small object, can be inserted into the flower, and the balls of pollen are so placed as readily to adhere to the stigmatic surface.
		Consequently, when the pollinium is removed by its viscid disc sticking to any object, the pedicel instantly springs up and stands at nearly right angles to its former position, with the pollen-masses carried aloft.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin3/orchids/orchids_05.htm (8160 words)

	Higher-level orchid research
		The vandoids, a group that have sometimes been formally recognized, were shown to be a monophyletic group.
		In previous work, I have studied the development of pollinium number, which in orchids is usually 2, 4 or 8, and found that a particular number can be achieved in different ways.
		At earliest stages, anther primordia have a single mass of sporogenous tissue in each anther theca, which is then subdivided into the appropriate number of pollinia.
	www.biosci.ohio-state.edu /~jfreuden/orchid.htm (907 words)

	BBC Evolution Weekend: Origin Of Species - An Illustrated Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A pollinium when highly developed consists of a mass of pollen-grains, affixed to an elastic footstalk or caudicle, and this to a little mass of extremely viscid matter.
		From this simple condition, which differs but little from that of a multitude of common flowers, there are endless gradations,- to species in which the pollen-mass terminates in a very short, free caudicle,- to others in which the caudicle becomes firmly attached to the viscid matter, with the sterile stigma itself much modified.
		In this latter case we have a pollinium in its most highly developed and perfect condition.
	www.bbc.co.uk /education/darwin/origin/oos7_6.htm (1379 words)

	Oriental Orchids
		The male and female organs are fused into a cylindrical column, atop which sits the cap-like pollinia, holding millions of grains of pollen.
		In comes a bee, and off pops the pollinium, hitching a free ride to pollinate the next flower of its species.
		Flower and pollinator are perfectly matched, so it is not surprising that the huge number of pollinators (including bees, wasps, flies, ants, beetles, hummingbirds, bats and frogs) is equalled by just as many forms of orchids.
	www.oriental-orchids.com /interview.html (1382 words)

	The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens
		Fertilisation occurs when the pollen contained in a club-shaped structure, termed the Pollinium, is transferred and placed on the stigma of another flower.
		The colour, shape and scent of the flower attracts the animal visitor, who removes the mass of pollen, named the Pollinium, that is attached to a small stalk known as a Caudicle.
		Note that the pollinium is contained within a structure known as the STAMEN.
	www.nccpg.com /Page.Aspx?Page=132 (929 words)

	Harrisella in Flora of North America @ efloras.org
		Flowers fewer than 12, not resupinate, minute, globose; sepals and petals similar, distinct and free; lip simple, with basal, saccate spur; column short; anthers terminal, incumbent, operculate; pollinaria 2, each with 1 hard, waxy pollinium attached to stipe; viscidia 2, elongate; ovary subsessile.
		Although L. Williams (1965) asserted that the genus has no characteristics by which it can be distinguished from Campylocentrum, among the Caribbean species Harrisella is readily distinguished by several key characteristics: capsules that dehisce from the distal end and separate into 6 parts; relatively long-pedicellate ovaries; and slender, sometimes branched, laxly flowered inflorescences.
		In addition, Harrisella may be distinguished from Campylocentrum by having two pollinaria instead of one, each possessing only one pollinium.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=114708 (185 words)

	Bee orchid - Orchis apifera in our garden
		The only reward received by a male bumble bee mistaking this flower for the love of his life, is a ball of pollen (pollinium) glued to its head.
		If you look closely at the photo, you can see that one of the two pollinia has already gone.
		If the bumble bee with the pollinium glued to its head visits a bee orchid that is ready to receive the pollen, then the orchid receiving the pollen will be able to make tens of thousands of seeds.
	www.fr37.net /Nature/OMJ~Oapifera_m-gb.html (275 words)

	Bletilla striata -- species description
		An animal visitor is needed to transport pollen from the anther of one flower to a stigma lobe of the next.
		Pollen grains in Orchidaceae are not separate but instead form a large mass, called a pollinium, that must be deposited on a receptive stigma.
		Bletilla striata has four pollinia per anther, and in this genus the pollinia are described as being soft and mealy, unlike the hard pollinia found in most genera.
	www.orchids.org /species/genera/B/Bletilla/striata (1209 words)

	Types of Pollen Dispersal Units in Orchids, and their Consequences for Germination and Fertilization -- Pacini and ...
		Caudicle: a slender, mealy or elastic extension of the pollinium
		and the shape of the stigma cavity receiving the pollinium.
		The microspores of tetrads external to the pollinium have thicker
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/89/6/653 (5605 words)

	Variation in pollinator effectiveness in swamp milkweed, Asclepias incarnata (Apocynaceae) -- Ivey et al. 90 (2): 214 ...
		N = number of trials per species, pollinium removals (insertions) = least squares mean (1 SE) number of pollinia removed (inserted) per flower visited, efficiency = least squares mean (1 SE) insertions/removals, time per flower = least squares mean (1 SE) time (in seconds) spent foraging on each flower visited, k
		between years in pollinium transfer (Tables 1 and 6).
		pollinium capture efficiency, and visitation were all lower
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/90/2/214 (6781 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)