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	Encyclopedia of Sustainable Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One of the core principles of sustainable development is the "Polluter Pays" Principle.
		This recognises that the polluter should pay for any environmental damage created, and that the burden of proof in demonstrating that a particular technology, practice or product is safe should lie with the developer, not the general public.
		Money put up by the "polluter" to insure against a worst case environmental impact, the bond would be recovered only if after sufficient time it had been demonstrated that the technology, process or product in question had been deemed to be safe as was reasonably acceptable.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /esd/Principles/Polluter_Pays.html (193 words)

	Polluter Pays - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Polluter pays principle.
		Polluter Pays is a principle in government whereby industries causing pollution or contamination are obliged to pay for their damage to the environment either through directly funding clean-up work or through taxation.
		In the United Kingdom it was a common principle applied by Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s who generally saw advantages in transferring costs and responsibilities from the public to the private sector.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polluter_Pays (136 words)

	SCADPlus: Environmental liability - White Paper
		In addition, the principle of liability cannot be applied for dealing with pollution of a widespread, diffuse character (climate change).
		Polluters must be required to pay damages or compensation for depollution or rehabilitation.
		If the polluter is unable to repair the damage as a whole for economic or technical reasons, the value of the unrestored damage should be spent on comparable projects.
	europa.eu.int /scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28107.htm (1275 words)

	(FACT) Fair Agricultural Chemical Taxes \| Part I
		The "polluter pays principle" means that the industry or individual adversely impacting the environment pays the costs of reversing that damage.
		These exemptions are unfair to the other industries that are paying for the costs associated with their environmental and health impacts, to the people who are experiencing the health consequences of agri-chemicals, and to the taxpayer ultimately footing the bill for environmental clean-up.
		Building on the ‘polluter pays' principle taxing agri-chemical use is clearly one of the simplest mechanisms to fund the transition to more environmentally-friendly methods of farming.
	www.foe.org /camps/comm/safefood/pesticides/fact/part_1.html (690 words)

	Polluter pays principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that Polluter Pays be merged into this article or section.
		The Polluter Pays Principle is a principle in international environmental law where the polluting party pays for the damage done to the natural environment.
		It is regarded as a regional custom because of the strong support it has received in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Community (EC) countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polluter_pays_principle (176 words)

	The Polluter-Pays Principle: So Who Pays?
		The intent of this article is not to downplay the importance of pollution control measures, nor are we advocating that the poor be exempt from attempts to curve pollution.
		When the polluters are the low income families who use the environment as a supplement to their tiny income and when pollution control tends to benefit the rich more than the poor, it then seems appropriate and socially just to ask the rich to pay for environmental protection.
		For instance, Bangkok residents should pay a higher price for water and electricity so that this additional revenue can be used for forest conservation which includes enhancing job opportunities for landless farmers, hence broadening their career choices so as to reduce the pressures on forest encroachment.
	www.info.tdri.or.th /library/quarterly/text/s96_2.htm (2511 words)

	Interpreting the Precautionary Principle - by Tim O'Riordan and James Cameron
		Paying for past ecological debt: precaution is essentially forward looking but there are those who recognize that in the application of care, burden sharing, ecologically buffered cost effectiveness and shifting the burden of proof, there ought to be a penalty for not being cautious or caring in the past.
		This element of the principle is still embryonic in law and practice, but the notion of "common but differentiated responsibility" enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the concept of conducting precaution "according to capabilities" as laid down in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration reflect to some extent these ideas.
		Likewise, the principle that the polluter should pay is often not useful in the real world because it is not obvious how much the polluter should pay, or when.
	dieoff.org /page31.htm (3029 words)

	General Principles of Environmental Law in the European Union
		Another general principle of community law which is indirectly applicable to the environment is the principle that member states must not legislate contrary to a European directive.(17) The member states cannot seek to frustrate the purpose of the community law through artful legislation.
		The principle that the polluter shall pay is thoroughly economic in its operation.
		The principle is economic in the sense of operating consistently with the laws of the market and also economic in the sense that its application reduces costs to society as a whole.
	lexnet.bravepages.com /Enviro.htm (3456 words)

	Agri-Environmental Programmes in New Zealand - IV.POLLUTER-PAYS AND USER-PAYS
		The principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and investment is the so-called "Polluter-Pays Principle".
		The PPP is thus essentially a non-subsidization principle, ie polluters should not be compensated for the costs of complying with environmental requirements.
		The main exception to the PPP is the East Coast Forestry Project, where erosion problems are considered too severe and widespread, and the solution to require too much infusion of capital, to be solved through regulation.
	www.maf.govt.nz /mafnet/rural-nz/sustainable-resource-use/resource-management/agrienvironmental-programmes/agenv016.htm (1183 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Principle 16 provides:- “National Authorities should endeavour to promote the internalisation of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment”.
		This is a straightforward example of the application of “the polluter pays principle” on an economically based policy manner.
		The precautionary principle and risk The court also paid specific heed to the precautionary principle in interpreting the phrase “environmental pollution” for the purposes of Sections 57 and 58 of the Waste Management Act, 1996.
	www.ucc.ie /law/events/environ05papers/spence.doc (5603 words)

	India - Constitutional Right,. Environment Protection Fund, Polluter Pays Principle, Precautionary Principle
		Among other types of environmental pollution caused by these tanneries, it is estimated that nearly 35,000 hectares of agricultural land in this tanneries belt has become either partially or totally unfit for cultivation, and that the 170 types of chemicals used in the chrome tanning processes have severely polluted the local drinking water.
		Sustainable development, and in particular the polluter pays principles and the precautionary principle, have become a part of customary international law.
		This authority shall implement the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle, and identify the (1) loss to the ecology/environment; and (2) individuals/families who have suffered because of the pollution, and then determine the compensation to reverse this environmental damage and compensate those who have suffered from the pollution.
	www.unescap.org /drpad/vc/document/compendium/in5.htm (554 words)

	Three General Policies to Achieve Sustainability, by Robert Costanza
		The precautionary polluter pays principle (4P) assures that the full costs of outputs from the economy to the environment are charged to the polluter in a way that adequately deals with the huge uncertainty about the impacts of pollution, and encourages technological innovation (Costanza and Cornwell 1992).
		The precautionary principle sets the stage for this approach--the real challenge is to develop scientific methods to determine the potential costs of uncertainty, and to adjust incentives so that the appropriate parties pay this cost of uncertainty and have appropriate incentives to reduce its detrimental effects.
		Both the precautionary and the polluter pays principles are incorporated in Agenda 21, the final resolutions of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Agenda 21 1992).
	dieoff.org /page87.htm (6156 words)

	India -- Research Foundation for Science Technology and Natural Resources Policy v. Union of India and Another, WP ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The liability of the importers to pay the amounts to be spent for destroying the goods in question cannot be doubted on applicability of precautionary principle and polluter pays principle.
		The polluter pays principle basically means that the producer of goods of other items should be responsible for the cost of preventing or dealing with any pollution that the process causes.
		It was held that the polluter pays principle means that the absolute liability for harm to the environmental extends not only to compensate the victims of pollution but also the cost of restoring the environmental degradation.
	www.elaw.org /resources/text.asp?id=2732 (6530 words)

	REC: Strategic Environmental Issues, vol. 1: Annex 62
		The concepts of both sustainable development and the polluter pays principle are included in the draft law, which has been approved by the Government and is now awaiting debate in the Parliament.
		The polluter pays principle is well established in the country as Poland has one of the most advanced systems of pollution fees and fines in all of Europe.
		A variety of pollution fines exists but the amounts are very low and they are not yet effective as incentives to reduce pollution or as sources of revenue for environmental investments.
	www.rec.org /REC/Publications/StratIssues/FeeBased/annex62.html (1013 words)

	SCADPlus: Environmental liability - proposal for a Directive
		The principle according to which the polluter should pay when environmental damage occurs (the "polluter pays" principle) is set out in the Treaty establishing the European Community.
		This principle acts as a deterrent against the violation of environmental standards, and thereby contributes to realising the objectives and implementing EU policy in this area.
		The aim of the White Paper on environmental liability, published in February 2000, was to examine how to implement the "polluter pays" principle in order to carry out the EU's environmental policy.
	europa.eu.int /scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28120.htm (1052 words)

	Environmental Economics: Ch 18: Additional Discussion Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The polluter-pays principle says that those responsible for a particular case of pollution should be the ones who pay for reducing it.
		In the case of mobile source air pollution, the polluters are the people who own and drive the vehicles.
		In a broad sense, the polluter pays principle is at work, because the prices that people pay for cars will increase to cover the costs of pollution-control equipment.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~bcfield/instructor/ch18_questions.html (488 words)

	Polluters Should Have to Pay
		For more than 20 years, the "polluter pays" principle has been a cornerstone of environmental policy.
		Not only has the principle made possible the cleanup of hundreds of the worst toxic waste dumps across the country, it also caused private industry to better manage its pollution and waste.
		And there is no reason why the "polluter pays" principle that has worked so well should be abandoned and more of the financial burden shifted onto average taxpayers.
	www.progress.org /pollut07.htm (739 words)

	Environmental Law Centre - Publications
		It is noteworthy that the Court recognized the principle as a common element of Canadian environmental statutes11 and that both decisions were made within the context of regulatory frameworks embodying the principle.
		The Supreme Court decisions were not decided directly on the point of this principle, and it is likely that other challenges will occur in relation the scope of parties caught within the ambit of polluter pays.
		Supporters of the polluter pays principle should not assume that the recent Supreme Court decisions enshrine the principle so that it is immune from any future challenge or legislative change.
	www.elc.ab.ca /publications/NewsBriefDetails.cfm?id=865 (1618 words)

	[No title]
		The PPP provides an economic and legal justification for internalizing these costs through a levy on chemical producing industries; and this paper suggests that this approach could provide a practical and workable solution to what is otherwise a very difficult problem.
		The Polluter Pays Principle Background to the Polluter Pays Principle The economic and legal basis that would underpin a SAICM decision to induce or require chemical-producing industries to pay for necessary government expenses associated with the safe management of chemicals is the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP).
		The term “polluter pays” is sometimes validly used to justify compensation claims to remedy damages that have already occurred.
	www.chem.unep.ch /SAICM/meeting/intsession/EHF_Thought_Starter.doc (4456 words)

	Democratic Policy Committee
		Unfortunately, the "polluter pays" principle is now under attack.
		The Bush Administration has refused to seek reauthorization of the polluter tax and, as a result, no revenues collected from polluters remain in the fund.
		The "polluter pays" principle has worked well over the last two decades and the financial burden should not be shifted from polluters onto taxpayers.
	democrats.senate.gov /~dpc/pubs/108-1-343.html (577 words)

	Printer Friendly Version
		State spending on pollution control technology should not be equated with the state's commitment to cleaning up the bay.
		Relying on state general funds to pay for the bay's cleanup violates the "polluter pays" principle.
		The polluter pays principle is a simple ethic based on the belief that those who degrade public air and water resources should pay to clean them up.
	www.roanoke.com /printer/printpage.aspx?arcID=7544 (682 words)

	Social Policy Bonds blog: Polluter Pays Principle
		The idea originated in the 1970s when members of OECD countries sought a means by which pollution control costs would be financed by the polluters rather than the public in general.
		Where polluters can be clearly identified, and where society believes that the PPP should apply, then the polluters could be taxed and their proceeds used to redeem the bonds.
		Where the lake is grossly polluted and the farmers are wealthy, the political process would probably demand that the farmers pay.
	socialgoals.com /blog/2004/12/polluter-pays-principle.html (383 words)

	The Implementation of the Polluter-Pays Principle
		In exceptional circumstances, such as the rapid implementation of a compelling and especially stringent pollution control regime, socioeconomic problems may develop of such significance as to justify consideration of the granting of governmental assistance if the environmental policy objectives of a Member country are to be realized within a prescribed and specified time;
		Where measures taken to promote a country's specific socio-economic objectives, such as the reduction of serious inter-regional imbalances, would have the incidental effect of constituting aid for pollution control purposes, the granting of such aid would not be inconsistent with the Polluter-Pays Principle.
		Member countries continue to collaborate and work closely together in striving for uniform observance of the Polluter-Pays Principle, and therefore that as a general rule they should not assist the polluters in bearing the costs of pollution control whether by means of subsidies, tax advantages or other measures;
	sedac.ciesin.org /entri/texts/oecd/OECD-4.09.html (655 words)

	OECD Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Polluter-Pays Principle constitutes for Member countries a fundamental principle for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures introduced by the public authorities in Member countries.
		Uniform application of this principle, through the adoption of a common basis for Member countries' environmental policies, would encourage the rational use and the better allocation of scarce environmental resources and prevent the appearance of distortions in international trade and investment.
		In exceptional circumstances, such as the rapid implementation of a compelling and especially stringent pollution control regime, socio-economic problems may develop of such significance as to justify consideration of the granting of governmental assistance, if the environmental policy objectives of a Member country are to be realised within a prescribed and specific time;
	www.olis.oecd.org /horizontal/oecdacts.nsf/linkto/C(74)223 (578 words)

	REC: Approximation of EU Environmental Law: Country Reports: Romania: part 2
		The Polluter Pays principle, as defined in Council Recommendation 75/436, has not yet been embodied in Romanian law, it is applied only by means of GD 1001/1990, which provides charges for specific substances dissolved in waste water flowing into nature (surface or ground water).
		It appears, that the "Polluter Pays" principle for air and for soil polluters is applied by imposing fines, and this does not correspond to the definition of the Council Recommendation.
		The 'Polluter Pays' principle is applied by obliging the natural or legal person to pay a tax according to the pollutant quantity discharged in the given river.
	www.rec.org /REC/Publications/EUlaw/FeeBased/Romania2.html (4707 words)

	India - Constitutional Rights, Polluter Pays Principle
		Toxic waste water was untreated and left to be absorbed into the earth causing aquafiers and the subterranean supply of water to be polluted.
		The court noted the finding in the Oleum Gas Leak Case II under which an enterprise that is engaged in a hazardous or inherently dangerous activity, which results in harm to anyone, is strictly and absolutely liable to compensate all those who are affected by the accident.
		The Court also endorsed the polluter pays principle, under which the financial costs of preventing or remedying damage lie with those who cause the pollution.
	www.unescap.org /drpad/vc/document/compendium/in3.htm (586 words)

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