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Polonium 218

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	Bible Life Ministries - Evolution is Dead.
		Nuclear chemists classify Polonium 218 as radioactive because the nuclei of the atom continually emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
		The Polonium 218 was the parent radioactive isotope because other distinct halos which are created by other isotopes are not present.
		The Polonium halos are not accompanied by Uranium 238 halos.
	www.biblelife.org /creation.htm (1792 words)

	Polonium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polonium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Po and atomic number 84.
		A rare radioactive metalloid, polonium is chemically similar to tellurium and bismuth and occurs in uranium ores.
		The great radioactivity of polonium and its immediate neighbors to the right on the periodic table, and its stark contrast with lead and bismuth, is due to the great instability of nuclei containing 84 or more protons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polonium (996 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		Polonium is one of the elements in the uranium-radium series of radioactive decay, the first member of which is uranium-238.
		Because most polonium isotopes disintegrate by emitting alpha particles, the element is a good source of pure alpha radiation.
		In printing and photography equipment, polonium is used in devices that ionize the air to eliminate accumulation of electrostatic charges.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..po107300.a (208 words)

	Polonium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Twenty five isotopes of polonium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 194 to 218.
		Metallic polonium has been prepared from polonium hydroxide and some other polonium compounds in the presence of concentrated aqueous or anhydrous liquid ammonia.
		Polonium slats of organic acids char rapidly; halide amines are reduced to the metal.
	www.scescape.net /~woods/elements/polonium.html (499 words)

	POLONIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie while she was working in France.
		Polonium was the first element discovered by Curie and it was named after her birthplace, Poland.
		There are no naturally occurring isotopes of polonuium-209, but polonium-190 through polonium- 218 are possible to produce synthetically in laboratories (polonium-209 is naturally occurring).
	www.chemistry.pomona.edu /Chemistry/periodic_table/Elements/Polonium/polonium1.htm (186 words)

	Principal Metals-Polonium
		Milligram amounts of polonium may now be prepared this way, by using the high neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors.
		Polonium is readily dissolved in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkali.
		The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user.
	www.principalmetals.com /utilities/84.htm (490 words)

	Revolt Gaming Forums - Evolution. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Polonium 218 would be classified in elementary school as being "hyperactive." It can't sit still very long.
		The Polonium 218 was the parent radioactive isotope because other distinct halos which are created by other isotopes are not present.
		The Polonium halos are not accompanied by Uranium 238 halos.
	forums.rgaming.net /showthread.php?t=572&page=3&pp=10 (2334 words)

	THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH - 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Three factors were needed: There would have to be uranium flowing nearby; the polonium would have to have something to stick to, and the substance would have to be open enough for uranium seepage to occur.
		Third, the number of rings and their structures reveal that the polonium at the center was primary and not secondary.
		Within the polonium grains and halos is to be found the proof that the message they tell us is true: The granite foundation of the continents had to be made in solid form in less than three minutes.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/04earth3.htm (1676 words)

	The Elements: Polonium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Twenty-seven isotopes of polonium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 192 to 218.
		Polonium is readily dissolved in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkalis.
		Polonium salts of organic acids char rapidly; halide ammines are reduced to the metal.
	www.cmbi.kun.nl /~ott/elements/polonium.html (525 words)

	GOD CREATED THE ROCKS OF THE EARTH IN LESS THAN THREE MINUTES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Polonium 218 is radioactive and has a half-life of about 3 minutes.
		While it is true that Polonium 218 is an element in the decay sequence of heavier elements, the rocks abound with halos representing points of Polonium 218 as the initial element.
		These Polonium 218 halos prove that the rocks of the earth were created in less than three minutes.
	www.pacinst.com /polonium.htm (300 words)

	CHAPTER 5 THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH part 2
		The sizable amount of uranium in that area had provided abundant opportunity for uranium-rich solutions to deposit polonium on the wood, but the Po-218 and Po-214 made their halos as soon as they separated from the uranium, so their halos were not marked as separate polonium 218 or 214 halos on the wood.
		But if the isolated polonium halos in granite (which are polonium 218, 214, and 210) were there because of some prior contamination by uranium 238,—atoms of that U-238 would have to be in the central grain of each of those isolated Po-218, Po-214, and Po-210 radiohalos.
		And within the polonium grains and halos is to be found the proof that the message of those radiohalos is indeed true.
	evolution-facts.org /Ev-V1/1evlch05b.htm (5729 words)

	CHAPTER FIVE THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The A halo was polonium 210 (Po210); the B halo was polonium 214 (Po-214); the C halo was polonium 218 (Po-218).
		A "primary polonium halo" would be a halo caused by a grain of polonium "of primary origin." Primary polonium 218 would have been in that rock when it originally became solid.
		Polonium 218 halos in fluorite in defect-free regions are very significant, because this mineral does not have the perfect cleavage property of mica.
	www.godrules.net /evolutioncruncher/1evlch05a.htm (11739 words)

	A BRIEF SUMMARY OF GENTRY'S FINDINGS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		1 - There are many polonium 218, 214, and 210 halos in granite,—in fact, careful specimen counts and extrapolations based on them, reveal that there are trillions upon trillions of them in granites all over the world.
		12 - Polonium halos are often examined in mica from granite.
		Unlike mica, fluorite is a totally solid mineral, and polonium halos imbedded with it are the same as though they were imbedded in solid, thick, unflawed glass.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/04earth4.htm (940 words)

	BISMUTH (Ger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Polonium -210 is a low-melting, fairly volatile metal, 50% of which is vaporized in air in 45 hours at 55 degrees C. It is an alpha-emitter with a half- life of 138.39 days.
		Polonium has more isotopes than any other element.
		Polonium -210 is very dangerous to handle even in milligram or microgram amounts and special equipment and strict control is necessary.
	www.accd.edu /spc/natsci/chemistry/tlytle/chem1411/toolkit_files/TPER_files/elements/Polonium.htm (518 words)

	Polonium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Polonium was the first element discovered by Mme.
		Thirty-six isotopes and isomers of polonium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 192 to 218.
		Polonium salts of organic acids char rapidly; halide amines are reduced to the metal.
	www.sunysccc.edu /academic/mst/ptable/Po.html (521 words)

	Chapter 5 Appendix
		If this were so, polonium halos could not possibly have formed because all the polonium would have decayed soon after it was synthesized and would have been extinct when the crustal rocks formed.
		A 'polonium halo' is a discolored region of tiny spheres formed around the polonium as it decays, generally in mica or fluorite in granite.
		Three forms (isotopes) of polonium (Po218, Po-214 and Po-21 0) decay very rapidly, so that their half-lives (a half-life is the time required for half of a radioactive material to decay) are extremely short (3.05 minutes, 18/100,000 seconds, and 138.4 days respectively).
	evolution-facts.org /Appendix/a05.htm (5413 words)

	The Newsletter of The North Texas Skeptics
		In the late 1960s and early 1970s Gentry published a series of papers describing his study of polonium pleochroic halos and his interpretation of their relation to the earth’s age.4 Pleochroic halos are formed in granites when alpha particles are emitted from radioactive elements such as uranium.
		Polonium, on the other hand, is a solid and easily falls out of solution once formed.
		Their polonium daughter halflives are measured in fractions of seconds, not allowing much time for travel to isolated secondary locations.
	www.ntskeptics.org /1999/1999april/april1999.htm (4707 words)

	Chapter 3 THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		There are many polonium 218, 214, and 210 halos in granite,—in fact, careful specimen counts and extrapolations based on them reveal that there are trillions upon trillions of them in granites all over the world.
		The primary polonium 218 (Po-218) halos are totally independent of radioactive parents.
		Research into true secondary polonium halos (coming from uranium) revealed that only polonium 210 (and not also 214 or 218) halos are to be found within coalified wood.
	www.godrules.net /evolutioncruncher/c03.htm (1600 words)

	Is Creation Science a Pseudo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These halos are darker at the edge because damage is greater at the end of their alpha particle's "travel." Because the different isotopes travel different identifiable distances, it is possible to identify which isotopes (there are eight of the 14 isotopes in the uranium-lead decay chain that emit alpha particles) have produced the halo.
		Gentry's research evidenced that polonium halos were indeed in granite rock separate from uranium.
		If the rock had been liquid, as necessary if evolution were true, the fleeting presence of the halos would have been erased by the very long geological periods that it would have taken the giant mass of rock to cool down.
	www.temcat.com /creascie.htm (2460 words)

	A BRIEF SUMMARY OF GENTRY'S FINDINGS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		No one can give an acceptable explanation of how independent polonium could have gotten in those granites in the first place.
		13 - Research into true secondary polonium halos revealed that only polonium 210 (and not also 214 or 218) halos are to be found within coalified wood.
		The sunburst pattern of delicate needle fission tracks always seen in uranium radiohalo chains, after etching, is totally missing from polonium radiohalos.
	pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/04earth4.htm (940 words)

	Polonium Radiohalos
		(9) The three rings of the polonium halos are created by the 3 particles released during the decay of the radioactive polonium.
		(12) This polonium was deep inside the rock when the rock was formed, and the halos would only have formed after the rock hardened.
		Polonium existing on its own is unexplainable under current scientific knowledge.
	www.unmaskingevolution.com /12-radiohalos.htm (925 words)

	Radio Halos - What significance does the existence of radio halos hold for recent creation? - ChristianAnswers.Net
		Since polonium isotopes have such a very short half-life, it would be incredibly unlikely for the polonium halo to occur by itself with no evidence of its parent material.
		It is contended by Gentry that polonium occlusions by themselves could not occur in a slowly cooling granite, nor could they migrate to a central location all the while decaying rapidly.
		The granite would have to be in a rather fluid state so that polonium could concentrate in one location in the first place, then must be solid when the polonium decayed, in order for the zone of damage to be preserved.
	www.christiananswers.net /q-aig/aig-c009.html (1202 words)

	Evidence for Creation
		Following are some illustrations of Polonium halos and photographs of actual cross-sections of halos of those isotopes.
		Idealized three-dimensional illustration of a 218 Po halo obtained by slicing the halo through the center.
		Robert Gentry, a government laboratory researcher discovered that many halos were caused by original (not secondary) particles of Polonium 210 (210Po), Polonium 214 and Polonium 218.
	www.bibleplus.com /creation/evidence.htm (3080 words)

	Radon Gas- Health Encyclopedia and Reference
		Both polonium daughters are highly reactive alpha emitters.
		Radon itself is not particularly harmful, but some of its alpha-emitting polonium radioactive decay products may heavily irradiate bronchial epithelial cells for many months or years.
		Therefore, radon is believed to be a risk factor for lung cancer.
	www.drdean.healthcentral.com /encyclopedia/408/723/Radon_Gas.html (808 words)

	Creation Science Book Review, Thousands...Not Billions, Chapter 5, Radiohalos in Granite
		Interestingly, these polonium halos are found only a short distance away from other halos, which show the decay from uranium-238 and from polonium isotopes.
		First, do these parentless polonium halos provide evidence for instant, supernatural creation or is there another explanation for their existence.
		He also notes that the polonium halos are located along cleavages, cracks, or crystal defects, which can serve as the conduit for moving the gas.
	www.answersincreation.org /bookreview/tnb/thousands_not_billions_chapter5.htm (1447 words)

	ELEMENT: POLONIUM
		Bq) of polonium exhibit a blue glow, caused by excitation of the surrounding gas.
		The maximum permissible body burden for ingested polonium is only 0.03 microcuries, which represents a particle weighing only 6.8 x 10
		The maximum allowable concentration for soluble polonium compounds in air is about 2 x 10
	www.radiochemistry.org /periodictable/elements/84.html (497 words)

	[No title]
		State-of-the-art technologies have become invaluable in the deconstruction of antiquated ideas that are still being taught in the classroom; theories that were taught to many of us in a time when a hand-held calculator was a preposterous notion, not even yet dreamt of in science fiction.One of these non-traditional scientists is Dr. Robert V. Gentry.
		This flash-like time period for the dying off of Polonium 214 (.0200) is what provided irrefutable evidence that the granite shell that holds our planet together was created stable, in place, and fully operational in less time than a person can snap their fingers together.
		To put it another way, the Polonium 214 was CREATED AND DIED OFF in a nano-second of time as the photographic evidence verified.
	www.nahenahe.net /jvincent/fingerprints_jv.doc (1328 words)

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