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Polonium Polonium is readily dissolved in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkali. Polonium slats of organic acids char rapidly; halide amines are reduced to the metal. Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. members.tripod.com /Duebills/84.html

Staticmaster Antistatic Products - SPI Supplies The polonium 210 element emits alpha particles (positively charged helium atoms) that collide with molecules of air, creating a supply of oxygen and nitrogen ions sufficient to neutralize both positive and negative static charges. Polonium -210 is present in the "element" at a level of 500 microcuries. Polonium -210 is present in the "element" at a level of 250 microcuries. www.2spi.com /catalog/photo/statmaster.html

tobacco Polonium 210 is the only component of cigarette smoke which has produced tumors by itself in inhalation experiments with animals. Polonium 210 emits highly localized alpha radiation which has been shown to cause cancer. Polonium 210 and lead 210 in tobacco smoke show a tendency to accumulate at lesions in specific spots, called bifurcations, in the bronchi. mojo.calyx.net /~umacrc/library/tobacco

Marihemp: Research: Radiologic Technology Journal Article Polonium 210 emits high energy alpha particles (5.3 million eV) and gamma radiation (550,000 eV) when it decays, becoming stable lead 206.[7,8] Leaf tobacco contains minute amounts of lead 210 ([sup.2 I 0]Pb) and polonium 210 ([sup 2 C]Po) both or which are radioactive carcinocens and both of which can be found in smoke from burning tobacco Tobacco smoke also contains carcinogens that are nonradjoactive. In the l900s, investigators reported that lead 210 ([sup.2l0.Pb]) and polonium 210 ([sup.210]Po) are present in both gaseous and particulate phases of tobacco smoke. www.cannabinoid.com /boards/msg6x1116.shtml

Uranium : A Discussion Guide -- Questions & Answers (3) The 1988 BEIR-IV report states that polonium-210 is far more dangerous than plutonium at high exposure levels, is more or less equivalent to plutonium (which is five times more damaging than radium) at intermediate exposure levels, and approaches the toxicity of radium at very low exposure levels. From the lungs, polonium can also enter the bloodstream; the resulting radiation damage to blood vessels can eventually lead to blocked arteries, causing strokes and heart attacks. The bismuth and lead isotopes emit beta particles and intense gamma rays, while the polonium isotopes emit alpha particles which irreparably damage the bronchial tissue. www.ccnr.org /nfb_uranium_3.html

Northwest Indiana News: nwitimes.com IAEA inspectors combing Iran for evidence of a weapons program found signs of polonium, a radioactive element that can help trigger a nuclear chain reaction, the report said. The dossier, a copy of which was obtained by The Associated Press, dealt the Tehran regime a setback in its efforts to convince the world that its nuclear program is peaceful and that it is fully cooperating with the U.N. agency. It was distributed to the agency's 35-nation board of governors ahead of a key meeting on Iran early next month. www.thetimesonline.com /articles/2004/02/24/roundups/roundups/a39d5a5915ffa59c86256e440060ac4d.txt

CHAPTER FIVE THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH Polonium 218 halos in fluorite in defect-free regions are very significant, because this mineral does not have the perfect cleavage property of mica. POLONIUM 218 AN ORIGINAL ISOTOPE—Evolutionary scientists consider it impossible for polonium 218 to be the originator of a halo complex. POLONIUM 218 THE KEY—Only in polonium 218 can we know the beginning and ending and thus exact time cycle—of a very short radioactive isotope! www.evolution-facts.org /1evlch05a.htm

To : All Subj: Gentry There have been several recent mentions of Robert V. Gentry's Poloni As it happens, one of those rings which is actually two rings is the ring formed by both Radon 222 and Polonium 210. 84 Po 210 (84 protons, Polonium, mass 210) Decays with a half-life of 138 days directly to Lead 206 (stable), emitting an alpha particle of 5,305,000 electron-volts' energy. 84 Po 214 (84 protons, Polonium, mass 214, arriving via Lead-214 (27 minutes) and Bismuth 214 (20 minutes)) Decays through two additional (and time-consuming) steps taking about 21 years, to Polonium 210, with the emission of a 7.687 MeV alpha particle. www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/gentrypo.htm

Dictionary.com/polonium It has 27 isotopes ranging in mass number from 192 to 218, of which Po 210, with a half-life of 138.39 days, is the most readily available. A naturally radioactive metallic element, occurring in minute quantities in uranium ores; its most readily available isotope is Po 210, with a half-life of 138.39 days. A naturally radioactive metallic element, occurring in minute quantities as a product of radium disintegration and produced by bombarding bismuth or lead with neutrons. www.dictionary.com /search?q=polonium

ATSDR - PHA - US DOE Mound Facility [a/k/a Mound Plant (USDOE)], Miamisburg, Montgomery County, Ohio Although the effluent data are presented as polonium radioactivities in waste water and in sludge separately, we assumed people would be exposed to polonium-210 from both waste water and sludge effluents. During the same quarter in which the highest polonium concentration in air was recorded, a second sample was collected at the same location one month later; the polonium-210 concentration in the second sample was 2 orders of magnitude lower than the first. We know from human studies where polonium-210 accumulates in the body once it is in the bloodstream, but our toxicity information comes from studies of mice and rats subjected to high doses of polonium-210, not from human evaluations. www.atsdr.cdc.gov /HAC/PHA/doemound/dmf_p3.html

The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Science Tribune Polonium melts at 500°C. At 900°C, polonium and lead volatilises in cigarettes. Smokers’ urine contains six times more polonium than non-smokers’ do. The polonium levels in American tobacco also tripled from 1938 to 1960. www.tribuneindia.com /2002/20021226/science.htm

Periodic Table: Polonium - Model Science authors of Model ChemLab - A Virtual ChemLab Periodic Table: Polonium - Model Science authors of Model ChemLab - A Virtual ChemLab modelscience.com /Periodic/Polonium.html

WRI 00-4273--Occurrence of Selected Radionuclides in Ground Water Used for Drinking Water in the United States: A Targeted Reconnaissance Survey, 1998 The maximum concentration of Pb-210 was 4.14 pCi/L, and about 10 percent of the samples exceeded 1 pCi/L. Areas with known, or suspected, elevated concentrations of polonium and lead were not targeted in this survey. The text and graphics are presented here in pdf format (print quality): water.usgs.gov /pubs/wri/wri004273

quotes a standardised smoking technique found approximately three times as much polonium 210 in sidestream smoke." "Besides carbon dioxide, tar, and nicotine, cigarette smoke also contains radioactive lead and polonium, enough to result in a radiation exposure of 1300 mrem/year to a 1.5 pack a day smoker. Each cigarette smoked can also be equated to one chest x-ray, and a non-smoker living with a smoker www.you-are-the-target.com /quotes.html

Collected Publications of J. Newell Stannard Broad review of instrumentation, radium, polonium, and radon research. The polonium experiments at Rochester during World War II. -Folder 66 R.G. Thomas and J.N. Stannard, "Some Characteristics of Polonium Solutions of Importance in Biological Experiments," Rad. www.lib.utk.edu /spcoll/manuscripts/2020.html

Evolution's Tiny Violences: The Po-Halo Mystery I was first alerted to the "polonium halo problem" via a local electronic bulletin board ('BBS') which carried an "echo" (nationwide message-repeater system) called BioGenesis, in which the creation/evolution "controversy" was being heatedly discussed. It is known that all eight rings are present in a Uranium 238 halo, yet the double ring Rn-222/Po-210 looks (in all cases I have seen) like only one ring. The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics' radionuclide tables showed that this process would, in fact, result inevitably in a Polonium atom from Lead-206, with the addition of only four neutrons per atom over geologic time. tetrahedraverse.com /polohalo/radon222.htm   (3378 words)

Brown, R. H. --- The Nature of Evidence for the Activity of Supernatural Intelligence, as Illustrated by Polonium Radiohalos As indicated in Figures 5 and 6, polonium isotopes 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, and 218 are continually produced by the radioactive decay of thorium and uranium. The chance for a polonium atom finding a binding site in the Colorado fossil wood may have been so low that only Po-210 atoms existed long enough to bind in sufficient numbers to produce a visible radiohalo. The only polonium halos in the U-238 sequence that can be produced from deposition at such sites are the Po-214 (two rings) and Po-210 (one ring) varieties. www.grisda.org /origins/24065.htm   (4350 words)

Author: John Brawley (John.Brawley@p1.f9.n8012.z86.toadnet.org) Title: Evolution's Tiny Vi My first explanatory hypothesis was that if there were enough Uranium-235 or other fissionable material in the pegmatite, and if there were tiny Lead particles (any stable isotope) also present, then a low- level background flux of neutrons captured by the lead might produce a Polonium-210 halo. 84 Po 214 (84 protons, Polonium, mass 214, arriving via Lead-214 (27 minutes) and Bismuth 214 (20 minutes)) Decays through two additional (and time-consuming) steps taking about 21 years, to Polonium 210, with the emission of a 7.687 MeV alpha particle. Thus, it would be possible to observe what appeared to be a single, Polonium-210 halo which was actually a two-alpha-produced Radon halo, with the two outer halos (Po- 218 and Po-214) present but still below the level of visibility. www.skepticfiles.org /origins/po-halos.htm   (4350 words)

Polonium (Po) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects The circulating polonium -210 causes genetic damage and early death from diseases reminiscent of early radiological pioneers: liver and bladder cancer, stomach ulcer, leukemia, cirrhosis of liver, and cardiovascular diseases. Polonium -210 is the only component of cigarette smoke that has produced cancers by itself in laboratory animals by inhalation - tumors appear at a level five times lower than the dose to a heavy smoker. Polonium is studied in a few nuclear research laboratories where its high radioactivity as an alpha-emitter requires special handling techniques and precautions. www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Po-en.htm   (561 words)

Polonium Therefore, any program involving the recovery, purification, and fabrication of polonium metal from a variety of sources required an understanding of the chemical and physical properties and the metallurgy of polonium-210. Initiators made of polonium-210 and beryllium were located at the center of the fissile cores of early atomic weapons. This isotope of polonium has a half life of almost 140 days, and a neutron initiator using this material needs to have the polonium, which is generated in a nuclear reactor, to be replaced frequently. www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/intro/polonium.htm   (717 words)

The collapse of 'geologic time' Clearly, the wood had been saturated in uranium-rich solutions, and certain spots attracted polonium atoms (also present in these solutions), allowing small cores of polonium-210 to form. It could not have taken very long, because in 10 half-lives (less than four years) virtually all of the polonium-210 would have gone. Only one of the three radioactive isotopes of polonium was deposited in the tiny radioactive specks in the logs. www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v23/i4/geologictime.asp   (2571 words)

CHAPTER 5 THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH part 2 But if the isolated polonium halos in granite (which are polonium 218, 214, and 210) were there because of some prior contamination by uranium 238,—atoms of that U-238 would have to be in the central grain of each of those isolated Po-218, Po-214, and Po-210 radiohalos. The sizable amount of uranium in that area had provided abundant opportunity for uranium-rich solutions to deposit polonium on the wood, but the Po-218 and Po-214 made their halos as soon as they separated from the uranium, so their halos were not marked as separate polonium 218 or 214 halos on the wood. These microscopic "scars" on the rock would have been made by all passing uranium solutions, and without such marks left by nearby transient solutions, the polonium halos could not have formed as secondary halos; they could not be daughter products of the uranium chain. www.evolution-facts.org /1evlch05b.htm   (2571 words)

Polonium Polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and was found as a fraction of the bismuth sulfide in pitchblende ore. Polonium-210 is the only naturally occuring isotope. Polonium was the first element discovered through its radioacivity, having been discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie during their study of the constituents of the mineral pitchblende. In some printing and photography equipment where electrostatic buildup is problem, polonium is used to ionize the air to hinder charge buildup. 230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/pertab/po.html   (117 words)

"Polonium Haloes" Refuted Gentry's polonium haloes are attributed to alpha particle decay of the polonium isotopes Po-210, Po-214, and Po-218, all part of the uranium-238 decay chain. Polonium isotopes are produced in the radioactive decay chain of naturally occurring uranium-238, thorium-232, and uranium-235. Concentric haloes in biotite mica considered by Gentry to be caused by polonium isotope decay (Gentry, 1992). www.talkorigins.org /faqs/po-halos/gentry.html   (6465 words)

Radioactive Polonium in Food and Water It may be stored in the bones for years before turning into polonium-210 and triggering a carcinogenic release of alpha radiation. Polonium from tobacco smoke is carried by the blood and accumulates in the liver, kidneys, bone marrow, and blood vessel walls(11). Small amounts of polonium can even be found in fluoridated drinking water(9) which, in addition to normally present radionuclides, may be influenced by farm irrigation and run off(10). www.webspawner.com /users/radioactivefood   (1818 words)

Radioactive Polonium in Tobacco Researchers have induced cancer in animal test subjects that inhaled polonium 210 but have not caused cancer through the inhalation of any of the non-radioactive chemical carcinogens found in tobacco(12). This radioactive polonium, plus some lead and radium found in cigarettes and the lungs is directly related to the fertilizer used in tobacco farm soil. Polonium releases ionizing alpha radiation which is at least 20 times more harmful than either beta or gamma radiation when exposed to internal organs(5). www.webspawner.com /users/radioactivethreat   (1376 words)

Brown, R. H., et al. --- Examining Radiohalos The specific isotopes of polonium are Po-210, Po-214 and Po-218. The polonium or polonium precursors, in the form of aqueous solutions, are transported into the minerals along crystal lattice planes, cracks and conduits. The fact that the polonium isotopes involved in halo formation in the rocks are only those which are daughter products of systematic uranium and thorium decay forces one to suspect immediately that they are derived from uranium rather than a special creation. www.grisda.org /origins/15032.htm   (2610 words)

Chapter 5 Appendix Polonium is a radioactive element, and it therefore decays (Po-218 decays into Po-214, then into Po-210, then into Pb-206 (lead)). Polonium halos would require that the polonium atoms become part of the inclusion within minutes of the formation of the polonium and that in this very short time the polonium must be so far removed from the parent uranium mass that its presence or location is no longer evident." Gentry's investigation of the commonly found polonium 218 halos by microprobe analysis has shown that the inclusion at the center consists mostly of the final product, lead 206. www.evolution-facts.org /a05.htm   (2610 words)

Polonium Pleochroic Halos Polonium has three very short-lived isotopes Polonium-218, has a half-life of 3.05 minutes, Po-214 a bare 164 microseconds, and Po-210 a longer 138.4 days. Gentry's work showed that the Earth's granite was never in a molten condition, because polonium pleochroic halos survive only in solid rock and the half-life of polonium is much too short to survive a multimillion-year cooling time. They understood that any free polonium within a magma mass would have decayed away long before it cooled sufficiently to allow halo registration, although Gentry had only hinted at the implications, because he was not given the freedom to elaborate. www.creationinthecrossfire.com /Articles/polonium_pleochroic_halos.htm   (2610 words)

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