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Topic: Polyadenylation

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	Polyadenylation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polyadenylation is the covalent linkage of a polyadenylyl moiety to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
		In eukaryotic organisms, polyadenylation is the mechanism by which most messenger RNA molecules are terminated at their 3' ends.
		Polyadenylation is initially dependent on CPSF and the AAUAAA sequence (for the first 10 As or so), after which polyadenylation is simply dependent on the existing poly A tail.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polyadenylation (386 words)

	Polyadenylation of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus mRNA Dictates Efficient Transcription Termination at the Intercistronic ...
		5' at the gene junctions in polyadenylation and
		The significance of polyadenylation prior to VSV mRNA transcription termination is unknown.
		Aberrant polyadenylation by a vesicular stomatitis mutant is due to an altered L protein.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/72/3/1805 (6993 words)

	Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element (CPE)- and CPE-binding Protein (CPEB)-independent Mechanisms Regulate Early Class ...
		Polyadenylation of the late class was initiated up to 1 h prior GVBD, and typically 1 h after initiation of the early class mRNAs.
		CPE in the 3'-UTR that overlaps the polyadenylation hexanucleotide.
		Polyadenylation hexanucleotides are shown in blue boxes; putative CPEs are shown in yellow boxes, and CPEs that have been experimentally determined by mutational analysis are shown in orange boxes: histone-like B4 (14, 43); D7 (this study); G10 ((13) this study); Mos (30, 44); cyclin B1 (18, 20, 22); and Wee1 (9).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/17/17650 (5845 words)

	poly A addition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Polyadenylation is the non-templated addition of a 50 to 200 nt chain of polyadenylic acid (polyA).
		The AAUAAA signal is sufficient for polyadenylation if it is located at the appropriate distance from the end of a molecule.
		The formation of proper 3' ends that are polyadenylated is important.
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW2/MG234.html (616 words)

	RNA Polyadenylation and Degradation in Cyanobacteria Are Similar to the Chloroplast but Different from Escherichia coli ...
		the inhibition of polyadenylation in the chloroplast inhibited
		as for the polyadenylation enzyme and with the absence of the
		As described above, RNA polyadenylation is performed by PNPase in the chloroplast, the cyanobacteria, and the E.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/18/15771 (5546 words)

	UPENN SOM :: MICROBIOLOGY
		The studies of RNA processing performed in the Alwine laboratory focus primarily on the molecular mechanisms of polyadenylation, the process by which a precursor RNA is cleaved at its 3'-end and 250-300 adenosine residues are added to that end.
		In particular, polyadenylation is tightly coupled to splicing and each process exerts controls on the other to assure that processing is efficient and exact.
		Thus understanding the structure and function of the elements of a polyadenylation signal provides the knowledge upon which such therapy may be developed.If you have question about molecular virology, graduate studies at Penn or rotation and thesis projects in Dr. Alwine's lab feel free to call, e-mail or drop by Dr. Alwine's office.
	www.med.upenn.edu /micro/faculty/alwine.html (769 words)

	MMG Faculty Research: S. Doublié
		The eukaryotic polyadenylation machinery is composed of several multimeric proteins.
		In mammals, five factors are involved in the cleavage step: Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor (CPSF), Cleavage stimulation Factor (CstF), Cleavage Factors I and II (CFIm and CFIIm), and Poly(A) Polymerase (PAP), while three factors play a part in the polyadenylation step: CPSF, PAP, and poly(A) binding protein 2 (PABP2).
		Poly(A) polymerase and PABP2 are only two of the numerous components of the polyadenylation machinery and their structures constitute the first step towards ultimately building a complete picture of the mammalian cleavage and polyadenylation machinery.
	www.uvm.edu /microbiology/research_doublie.htm (323 words)

	Patterns of Variant Polyadenylation Signal Usage in Human Genes -- Beaudoing et al. 10 (7): 1001 -- Genome Research
		The human polyadenylation signals identified in this study are summarized in Figure 4.
		The principal components of the polyadenylation machinery in mammals are the two cleavage factors CFI and CFII; the poly(A) polymerase (PAP), and two factors involved in RNA sequence recognition:
		Simonsen, C.C. and Levinson, A.D. Analysis of processing and polyadenylation signals of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen gene by using simian virus 40-hepatitis B virus chimeric plasmids.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/10/7/1001 (5523 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Biased alternative polyadenylation in human tissues
		Alternative polyadenylation is one of the mechanisms in human cells that give rise to a variety of transcripts from a single gene.
		Polyadenylation is essential for the 3'-end formation of most mRNAs in eukaryotes.
		The fact that some factors are involved in both polyadenylation and transcription and mRNA splicing supports the notion that these processes are tightly coupled [13,14].
	genomebiology.com /2005/6/12/R100 (6843 words)

	Mitochondrial mRNA stability and polyadenylation during anoxia-induced quiescence in the brine shrimp Artemia ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Polyadenylation of messenger RNA is known to be an important
		The fluorescence intensities for polyadenylated bands in each lane were quantified using ImageQuant software and normalized to the intensity of the upstream, non-adenylated band (uppermost band) and used in Figs 6 and 7.
		Levels of total polyadenylation in all size classes combined are lower under all experimental treatments relative to control conditions (normoxia, pH 7.8).
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/206/20/3681 (6117 words)

	polya.html
		Hunt AG, MacDonald M. Deletion analysis of the polyadenylation signal of a pea ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit gene.
		Characterization of the polyadenylation signal of the T-DNA-encoded octopine synthase gene.
		Polyadenylation of RNAs associated with a nuclear phosphorolytic nuclease complex from plants.
	www.uky.edu /~aghunt00/polya.html (387 words)

	Computational analysis of 3'-ends of ESTs shows four classes of alternative polyadenylation in human, mouse, and rat -- ...
		Four classes of patterns of alternative polyadenylation are shown together with the reference sequence.
		Polyadenylation at the other two promoter-proximal poly(A) sites leads to the transcripts encoding protein isoform 2.
		Qiu, J. and Pintel, D.J. Alternative polyadenylation of adeno-associated virus type 5 RNA within an internal intron is governed by the distance between the promoter and the intron and is inhibited by U1 small nuclear RNP binding to the intervening donor.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/15/3/369 (3350 words)

	Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation in Development and Beyond -- Richter 63 (2): 446 -- Microbiology and Molecular Biology ...
		Polyadenylation of maternal mRNA during oocyte maturation: poly(A) addition in vitro requires a regulated RNA binding activity and a poly(A) polymerase.
		Polyadenylation and deadenylation of maternal mRNAs during oocyte growth and maturation in the mouse.
		The 36-kilodalton embryonic-type cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein in Xenopus laevis is ElrA, a member of the ELAV family of RNA-binding proteins.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/63/2/446 (7655 words)

	Secondary Structure as a Functional Feature in the Downstream Region of Mammalian Polyadenylation Signals -- Wu and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The shortening of the loop in the context of the mLPA
		Utilization of splicing elements and polyadenylation signal elements in the coupling of splicing and last-intron removal.
		Definition of the upstream efficiency element of the simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal by using in vitro analyses.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/24/7/2789 (4474 words)

	Developmental Distribution of the Polyadenylation Protein CstF-64 and the Variant {tau}CstF-64 in Mouse and Rat Testis ...
		The gene for a variant form of the polyadenylation protein CstF-64 is on chromosome 19 and is expressed in pachytene spermatocytes in mice.
		Overexpression of the CstF-64 and CPSF-160 polyadenylation protein messenger RNAs in mouse male germ cells.
		The polyadenylation factor CstF-64 regulates alternative processing of IgM heavy chain pre-mRNA during B cell differentiation.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/70/4/1080 (4330 words)

	mRNA activation by polyadenylation
		This indicates that the cortex gene is required for proper polyadenylation of cytoplasmic bicoid mRNA.
		To demonstrate that mutants in cortex and grauzone genes did not have a translational defect unrelated to polyadenylation, they tested whether nanos mRNA (located in the posterior pole of the embryo and not polyadenylated) could be translated.
		When defective polyadenylation of maternal mRNAs results in shortened poly(A) mRNAs, translation cannot occur, resulting in deficiencies in oocytes of microtubule reorganization and meiosis, and deficiencies in embryonic development such as body symmetry.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~browder/bicoid_polya.html (889 words)

	Association of polyadenylation cleavage factor I with U1 snRNP -- AWASTHI and ALWINE 9 (11): 1400 -- RNA
		with the poly(A) polymerase, causing the inhibition of polyadenylation
		Cooke, C., Hans, H., and Alwine, J.C. Utilization of splicing elements and polyadenylation signal elements in the coupling of splicing and last-intron removal.
		In vitro polyadenylation is stimulated by the presence of an upstream intron.
	www.rnajournal.org /cgi/content/full/9/11/1400 (6166 words)

	Regulation of Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Polyadenylation during the Differentiation-Dependent Life Cycle -- Terhune ...
		Polyadenylated RNA was isolated by using the PolyATtract
		The genes are separated by an IRES from EMCV and contain a downstream polyadenylation signal from bovine growth hormone (bGH pA).
		Purification of the cleavage and polyadenylation factor involved in the 3'-processing of messenger RNA precursors.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/9/7185 (6512 words)

	Polyadenylation of rRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Kuai et al. 101 (23): 8581 -- Proceedings of the National ...
		Polyadenylation of rRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Kuai et al.
		polyadenylation element and are not synthesized by RNA polymerase
		with polyadenylation machinery to shorten the poly(A) tail.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/23/8581 (3512 words)

	Five subunits are required for reconstitution of the cleavage and polyadenylation activities of Saccharomyces ...
		A fraction containing both CF II and PF I activity can reconstitute polyadenylation activity in the presence of PAP and Pab1 proteins when mixed with either CF I obtained by fractionation of yeast whole-cell extract or all five peptide components of CF I (lanes 4 and 21).
		The CF I and CF II/PF I fractions are not sufficient for specific polyadenylation in the presence of PAP and Pab1 (lanes 2 and 3).
		Pab1, although it is present in partially purified CF I (17), is not explicitly required for cleavage.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/11/6080 (4867 words)

	Assembly of the Cleavage and Polyadenylation Apparatus Requires About 10 Seconds In Vivo and Is Faster for Strong than ...
		The rationale for cis-antisense rescue is based on cis-antisense-mediated inhibition of cleavage and polyadenylation (28).
		cis-antisense inhibition of polyadenylation occurs and is rescued by separation.
		This is because rescue from a downstream antisense element for these constructs cannot begin until the tether between the transcript and its antisense sequence is broken by cleavage and polyadenylation.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/19/8/5588 (8910 words)

	cAMP-Dependent PKA Negatively Regulates Polyadenylation of c-mos mRNA in Rat Oocytes -- Lazar et al. 16 (2): 331 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The translation of mos in oocytes is mediated by its polyadenylation (30).
		Simon R, Richter JD 1994 Further analysis of polyadenylation in Xenopus embryos and identification of embryonic cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding proteins.
		Gebauer F, Xu W, Cooper GM, Richter JD 1994 Translational control by cytoplasmic polyadenylation of c-mos mRNA is necessary for oocyte maturation in the mouse.
	mend.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/16/2/331 (6434 words)

	Expression of Cyclin B1 Messenger RNA Isoforms and Initiation of Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation in the Bovine Oocyte -- ...
		Expression of Cyclin B1 Messenger RNA Isoforms and Initiation of Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation in the Bovine Oocyte -- Tremblay et al.
		Hexanucleotide polyadenylation signal (HPS), Sequence AATAAA in bold; CPE fused to the second HPS, sequence TTTTAATAAA underlined; putative class II ARE, sequence ATTTATTTA in bold and italicized.
		Cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements mediate masking and unmasking of cyclin B1 mRNA.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/72/4/1037 (6369 words)

	cDNA cloning confirms the polyadenylation of RNA decay intermediates in Streptomyces coelicolor -- Bralley and Jones ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The position of polyadenylation of each tail (not drawn to scale) is reckoned from the translation start codon of mRNA ORFs or from the mature 5' end of rRNA genes and is used to designate the number of each clone.
		Bralley, P. and Jones, G. Poly(A) polymerase activity and RNA polyadenylation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).
		Cao, G.-J. and Sarkar, N. Poly(A) RNA in Escherichia coli: nucleotide sequence at the junction of the lpp transcript and the polyadenylate moiety.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/148/5/1421 (2262 words)

	Eukaryotic Transcription II
		This enables poliovirus to take over the protein synthesizing machinery in the infected cell to make new viruses.
		Polyadenylation is the addition of several hundred A nucleotides to the 3' ends of mRNAs.
		All eukaryotic mRNAs destined to get a poly A tail (note: most, but not all, eukaryotic mRNAs get such a tail) contain the sequence AAUAAA about 11-30 nucleotides upstream to where the tail is added.
	oregonstate.edu /instruction/bb492/lectures/EuTransII.html (308 words)

	Fully modified 2' MOE oligonucleotides redirect polyadenylation -- Vickers et al. 29 (6): 1293 -- Nucleic Acids Research
		a polyadenylation signal and cleave the RNA (6,7).
		1 Gautheret,D., Poirot,O., Lopez,F., Audic,S. and Claverie,J.M. (1998) Alternate polyadenylation in human mRNAs: a large-scale analysis by EST clustering.
		3 Wahle,E. and Keller,W. (1996) The biochemistry of polyadenylation.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/29/6/1293 (2961 words)

	Polyadenylation Occurs at Multiple Sites in Maize Mitochondrial cox2 mRNA and Is Independent of Editing Status -- ...
		Polyadenylation Occurs at Multiple Sites in Maize Mitochondrial cox2 mRNA and Is Independent of Editing Status -- Lupold et al.
		be efficiently polyadenylated in vitro by using maize mitochondrial
		Polyadenylation Regulates the Stability of Trypanosoma brucei Mitochondrial RNAs
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/abstract/11/8/1565 (872 words)

	Polyadenylation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Cleavage and polyadenylation of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells
		Cleavage-and-polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) binds to an upstream AU-rich polyadenylation (polyA) signal.
		Cleavage stimulatory factor (CStF) interacts with a downstream GU- or U-rich sequence, stabilizing the complex that also includes cleavage factors CFI and CFII.
	oregonstate.edu /instruction/bb492/fignumbers/figL12-16.html (134 words)

	Activity-dependent polyadenylation in neurons -- DU and RICHTER 11 (9): 1340 -- RNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Activity-dependent polyadenylation in neurons -- DU and RICHTER 11 (9): 1340 -- RNA
		The polyadenylated RNAs were isolated by binding to and thermal
		cloned and retested for polyadenylation by injection into oocytes.
	www.rnajournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/11/9/1340 (356 words)

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