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Topic: Polyamine

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	Polyamine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The polyamines are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups - such as putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, and spermine - that are growth factors in both eucaryotic and procaryotic cells.
		Though it is seen that polyamines are synthesized in cells via highly-regulated pathways, their actual function is not entirely clear.
		Polyamines are also important modulators of a variety of ion channels, including NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, and inwardly-rectifying, leak potassium channels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polyamine (225 words)

	Polyamine Function
		Fillingame, R. H., and Morris, D. Polyamine Accumulation During Lymphocyte Transformation and Its Relation to the Synthesis, Processing and Accumulation of Ribonucleic Acid.
		U.S.A. Morris, D. R., Jorstad, C. and Seyfried, C. Inhibition of the Synthesis of Polyamines and DNA in Activated Lymphocytes by a Combination of Alpha-Methylornithine and Methylglyoxal Bis (guanylhydrazone).
		In Inhibition of Polyamine Biosynthesis: Biological Significance and Basis for New Therapies.
	faculty.washington.edu /dmorris/Publications/pub_pa.html (642 words)

	Ildikó Loikkanen. Polyamine homeostasis. ISBN 951-42-7668-X
		The complexity of polyamine metabolism and the multitude of compensatory mechanisms that are invoked to maintain polyamine homeostasis argue that these molecules are critical for cell survival.
		Transgenic mice overexpressing the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes S-AdoMetDC and ODC were found to maintain their polyamine pools by acetylation of spermidine and spermine and an increased export of these acetylated compounds.
		Polyamines were shown to play an important role in kidney organogenesis as their depletion results in a reduction of ureteric branching and retardation of tubule formation.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn951427668X (285 words)

	Polyamine
		The polyamines are organic compounds, such as putrescine, spermidine[?], and spermine[?], that are growth factors in both eucaryotic and procaryotic cells.
		As cations, they do bind to DNA, and structurally, they represent compounds with cations that are found at regularly spaced intervals (unlike, say, Mg or Ca, which are point charges).
		Polyamines in cell cyle proliferation and cell death
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Polyamine.html (106 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Polyamine stress at high pH in Escherichia coliK-12
		Polyamines are required for the normal cell growth of Escherichia coli, although their functions are poorly understood [1-3].
		Polyamine metabolism is stimulated by a variety of environmental stresses such as heat shock [7].
		The polyamines consistently repressed RapA, a general transcriptional activator that stimulates recycling of RNA polymerase [33]; its expression is growth phase dependent, peaking in early log phase [34].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2180/5/59 (3777 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and spermidine/spermine ...
		SSAT and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are key enzymes involved in the catabolism and biosynthesis, respectively, of the polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), compounds that play an important role in both normal and neoplastic cell proliferation [6].
		In fact, it is known that the requirement of polyamines in cell growth is typically met by a biosynthetic pathway regulated by ODC and balanced by a polyamine catabolic pathway regulated by SSAT [29].
		The tumour polyamine pool seems to be maintained at higher levels by a robust increase in ODC activity not properly balanced by a severe increase in SSAT activity.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2407/6/191 (4004 words)

	Involvement of potD in Streptococcus pneumoniae polyamine transport and pathogenesis.
		Polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and cadaverine are small, polycationic molecules that are required for optimal growth in all cells.
		Polyamine transport protein D (PotD) is an extracellular protein which binds polyamines and possibly other structurally related molecules.
		Polyamines such as putrescine are small, ubiquitous polycationic molecules that are required for optimal growth of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
	lib.bioinfo.pl /pmid:16368990 (2138 words)

	THE POLYAMINE CELL COMPOSITION ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Analysis of the cell polyamines - cadaverine, putrescine, spermine and spermidine of 11 newly isolated strains of lactic acid bacteria from different regions of West Bulgaria was performed.
		The obtained data were compared with the physiological and biochemical characteristics of these strains, so that the polyamine analysis could be used as a taxonomic criterion.
		On the basis of the obtained results a conclusion was made that the polyamine analysis can serve as a chemotaxonomic criterion only on the strictly standardised cultivation conditions and in the presence of data-base for qualitative and quantitative composition of the corresponding type cultures.
	www.nbimcc.org /JCC/1995/JCC15S.htm (172 words)

	Untitled Document
		The polyamines (putresine, spermine and spermidine) are essential for the growth and proliferation of all cells.
		Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthetic pathway.
		This causes the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis, thus lowering the levels of polyamines in the cell.
	www.bios.niu.edu /mitchellab/staphmhabstract.html (477 words)

	Chemistry at the University of Central Florida
		In particular, we are synthesizing a series of multi-functional drugs, which append a polyamine vector to a DNA intercalator.
		The strategy involves using the polyamine portion of the drug to carry the lethal intercalator into the cell (e.g., a Trojan Horse approach).
		In general the polyamine scaffold has been shown to alter the action of several drug classes.
	chemistry.cos.ucf.edu /research_biochemistry_PolyamineConjugates.php (271 words)

	Polyamine Biosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The biosynthesis of the polyamines; putrescine, spermidine and spermine, is tightly regulated and involved in the control of many biological processes such as carcinogenesis, cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription and translation.
		Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis have potential clinical uses as antitumor and antiparasitic agents.
		Four inhibitors of polyamine synthesis, methyl acetylenic putrescine (MAP),.alpha.-monofluoromethyldehydroornithine methyl ester (MFMOME), MDL 73811, and 1-Aminooxyethylamine (AEA) have exhibited potent anti-HIV activity (1).
	www.niaid.nih.gov /daids/dtpdb/polyamin.asp (90 words)

	Polyamine Researcher's E-Mail Directory
		Polyamine metabolism; Interplay of polyamine and ethylene biosynthesis in transgenic plants; PA metabolism in fungal elicited cultures; synergistic activity of Auxins and polyamines in transgenic plants & roots.
		Polyamines and brain ischemia, especially a research with SSAT overexpressing mouse line that is a model to study the role of polyamines in brain ischemia.
		Polyamine intestinal transport, co-regulation of peptide growth factors and polyamines in the gut, polyamines and polyamine analogues in colon cancer.
	wiz2.pharm.wayne.edu /palist.html (655 words)

	Polyamine biosynthesis and cell cycle phases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We intend to utilize that knowledge to clarify the regulation of polyamine biosynthesis throughout the phases of the cell cycle.
		The cellular polyamine levels are regulated by transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational mechanisms.
		We are continuing this work of unraveling the control of polyamine levels during the cell cycle by studying translational and post-translational mechanisms.
	www.biol.lu.se /zoofysiol/Cellprolif/Research/project_1.html (269 words)

	Regulation of intracellular polyamine biosynthesis and transport by NO and cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma -- ...
		Suppression of polyamine transporters is a second function in the regulation of intracellular polyamines ascribed to antizyme
		DFMO inhibition of ODC causes a compensatory induction of polyamine
		Feedback repression of polyamine transport is mediated by antizyme in mammalian tissue-culture cells.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/4/C892 (3808 words)

	Polyamide curing agents based on mixtures of polyethylene-amines, piperazines and deaminated bis-(p-aminocyclohexyl) ...
		The ratio of moles of piperazine ring containing polyamine to polyethyleneamine is also crucial to the practice of this invention.
		The ratio of total moles of polyamine (including the piperazine ring containing polyamines) to equivalents of acid is a crucial parameter in determining the properties of.
		a polyethyleneamine, a piperazine-containing polyamine and a fatty mono-acid;
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5948881.html (4595 words)

	Activation of polyamine catabolism in transgenic rats induces acute pancreatitis -- Alhonen et al. 97 (15): 8290 -- ...
		Activation of polyamine catabolism in transgenic rats induces acute pancreatitis
		Intracellular polyamine levels are tightly maintained by a number of mechanisms, suggesting their importance for cell function.
		Induction of Pancreatic SSAT by the Polyamine Analogue DENSPM.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/15/8290 (3392 words)

	Polyamine metabolism in a member of the phylum Microspora (Encephalitozoon cuniculi): effects of polyamine analogues -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Polyamine metabolism in a member of the phylum Microspora (Encephalitozoon cuniculi): effects of polyamine analogues -- Bacchi et al.
		Polyamine analogues as substrates or inhibitors of Enc.
		Bitonti, A. J., McCann, P. and Sjoerdsma, A. Restriction of bacterial growth by inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by using monofluoromethylornithine, difluoromethylarginine and dicyclohexylammonium sulphate.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/150/5/1215 (4129 words)

	Effect of Polyamine Depletion on Cone Photoreceptors of the Developing Rabbit Retina -- Withrow et al. 43 (9): 3081 -- ...
		to the ODC inhibitor DFMO in the absence of exogenous polyamines
		Effect of polyamine depletion on the distribution of cone somata in explants of P3 rabbit retina.
		Effect of polyamine depletion on neurite branching of horizontal cells from 3-day-old rabbit retina.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/43/9/3081 (6003 words)

	Regulation of Polyamine Analogue Cytotoxicity by c-Jun in Human MDA-MB-435 Cancer Cells -- Huang et al. 2 (2): 81 -- ...
		Polyamine metabolism and its importance in neoplastic growth and a target for chemotherapy.
		Polyamine analogue induction of the p53-p21WAF1/CIP1-Rb pathway and G1 arrest in human melanoma cells.
		Antizyme induction by polyamine analogues as a factor of cell growth inhibition.
	mcr.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/2/2/81 (4246 words)

	Clinical Trial: PoLyDOL (Polyamine-Free Diet to Prevent Post Surgery Hyperalgesia)
		Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine) are essential components of cells functioning and are also known as allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors.
		Polyamines deprivation and ketamine ability to reduce postoperative pain will be compared (isobolographic method).
		In case of additive or synergistic effect of a polyamine deprivation such a strategic could be helpful to achieve better postoperative rehabilitation in reducing chronic pain after surgery.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00304850 (486 words)

	Detoxification of the Polyamine Analogue N1-Ethyl-N11-[(cycloheptyl)methy]-4,8-diazaundecane (CHENSpm) by Polyamine ...
		Detoxification of the Polyamine Analogue N1-Ethyl-N11-[(cycloheptyl)methy]-4,8-diazaundecane (CHENSpm) by Polyamine Oxidase -- Lawson et al.
		Hu R. H., Pegg A. Rapid induction of apoptosis by deregulated uptake of polyamine analogues.
		Cloning and characterization of a human polyamine oxidase that is inducible by polyamine analogue exposure.
	clincancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/8/5/1241 (3825 words)

	Ectopic Expression of Maize Polyamine Oxidase and Pea Copper Amine Oxidase in the Cell Wall of Tobacco Plants -- Rea et ...
		Polyamines are catabolized by the action of amine oxidases.
		Cona A, Cenci F, Cervelli M, Federico R, Mariottini P, Moreno S, Angelini R (2003) Polyamine oxidase, a hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme, is up-regulated by light and down-regulated by auxin in the outer tissues of the maize mesocotyl.
		Slocum RD, Furey MJ (1991) Electron-microscopic cytochemical localization of diamine and polyamine oxidases in pea and maize tissues.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/134/4/1414 (6490 words)

	Induction of Hypersensitive Cell Death by Hydrogen Peroxide Produced through Polyamine Degradation in Tobacco Plants -- ...
		indicated that polyamines are one of the causative or triggering
		Polyamine oxidase activity in planta and effects of its suppression.
		Flavin-containing polyamine oxidase is a hydrogen peroxide source in the oxidative response to the protein phosphatase inhibitor cantharidin in Zea mays L. Exp. Bot., July 1, 2006; 57(10): 2277 - 2289.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/132/4/1973 (4721 words)

	Dietary Arginine Slightly and Variably Affects Tissue Polyamine Levels in Male Swiss Albino Mice -- Teixeira et al. 132 ...
		Polyamines are synthesized from arginine through a series of
		Hu, R-H. & Pegg, A. (1997) Rapid induction of apoptosis by deregulated uptake of polyamine analogues.
		Polyamines in Biology and Medicine 1981 Marcel Dekker New York, NY.
	jn.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/132/12/3715 (4093 words)

	A Fluorescent Probe of Polyamine Transport Accumulates into Intracellular Acidic Vesicles via a Two-step Mechanism -- ...
		polyamine uptake in mammalian tissues is illustrated by the
		In model A (left), the polyamine (dark sphere) enters into the cytosol via a plasma membrane transporter, and most molecules are then sequestered into pre-existing intracellular vesicles (or polyamine sequestering vesicles) via a second, vesicular transporter (two-step capture), e.g.
		An efflux pathway is also present that allows the release of the sequestered polyamine back to the cytosol; this release is a relatively slow process as compared with polyamine sequestering and is observed upon alkalinization of the PSV.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/47/49355 (5400 words)

	Polyamine Expert meeting
		15.00 Meg Phillips: The polyamine biosynthetic pathway in Trypanosoma brucei
		10.00 Babu Tekwani: Polyamine transport functions of Leishmania donovani and the mouse erythrocytes infected with malaria parasites
		9.00 Michel Vaultier: Synthesis and structure of silicon analogues of polyamines.
	www.icp.ucl.ac.be /~opperd/polyamine_meeting.html (311 words)

	APC-dependent changes in expression of genes influencing polyamine metabolism, and consequences for gastrointestinal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		APC-dependent changes in expression of genes influencing polyamine metabolism, and consequences for gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, in the Min mouse -- Erdman et al.
		Polyamine content (means ± SEM) for 114 day old mice in (A) proximal and distal small intestine and (B) proximal and distal colon in control and Min mice (N = 6/group).
		Detoxification of the Polyamine Analogue N1-Ethyl-N11-[(cycloheptyl)methy]-4,8-diazaundecane (CHENSpm) by Polyamine Oxidase
	carcin.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/9/1709 (3115 words)

	Polyamine biosynthesis and cell cycle regulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		But the role of polyamine biosynthesis for the progression of the cell cycle and in cell cycle regulation has not received much attention.
		The cell cycle is driven by the cyclic expression of cyclins D, E, A, and B which are, as a generalization, expressed in G1, late in G1 and early in S, in S, and in G2, respectively.
		We intend to investigate, whether cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases, and other gene products are involved in the cell cycle dependent activation of polyamine biosynthesis and whether polyamines take an active part in regulating the progression of the cell cycle.
	www.biol.lu.se /zoofysiol/Cellprolif/Research/project_2.html (390 words)

	Activation of Polyamine Catabolism Profoundly Alters Tissue Polyamine Pools and Affects Hair Growth and Female ...
		Activation of Polyamine Catabolism Profoundly Alters Tissue Polyamine Pools and Affects Hair Growth and Female Fertility in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase -- Pietilä et al.
		in the absence of elevated intracellular polyamines (19).
		Despite compensatory responses, tissue levels of polyamine pools were significantly but differentially affected by SSAT overexpression.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/272/30/18746 (4489 words)

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