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Topic: Polyandry

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	Polyandry - LoveToKnow 1911
		Polyandry is to be carefully differentiated from communal marriage, where the woman is the property of any and every member of the tribe.
		Two distinct kinds of polyandry are practised: one, often called Nair, in which, as among the Nairs of India, the husbands are not related to each other; and the second, the Tibetan or fraternal polyandry, in which the woman is married to all the brothers of one family.
		Polyandry is practised by the tribes of Tibet, Kashmir and the Himalayan regions, by the Todas, Koorgs, Nairs and other peoples of India, in Ceylon, New Zealand, by some of the Australian aborigines, in parts of Africa, in the Aleutian archipelago, among the Koryaks and on the Orinoco.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Polyandry (0 words)

	Buzzsaw Haircut
		However, only a few of us realize that there is another marriage system-known as "polyandry" when a single woman is married to two or more husbands: not marrying one person after another; it is the simultaneous marriage of two or more men to a woman at the same time in the same house.
		However, when reviewed from outside of the society and culture where polyandry is practiced, we are compelled to believe that it is one of the logical choices that other cultures have made under the given circumstances.
		Studies conducted by anthropologists at the University of California and Kansas State University have shown that one of the places where polygamous marriage is most commonly practiced is at the remote northwest corner of Nepal, near the Tibetan border among the Tibetan communities living in the high, arid Himalayas.
	www.ithaca.edu /buzzsaw/archive_honey.htm (0 words)

	Polyandry
		Polyandry is often accompanied by a reversal of sexual roles in which males perform all or most parental duties and females compete for mates.
		A very rare variation on the preceding theme is "cooperative simultaneous polyandry," in which more than one male mates with a single female and the single clutch of mixed parentage is reared cooperatively by the female and her several mates.
		In sequential polyandry (the most typical form of this mating system), a female mates with a male, lays eggs, and then terminates the relationship with that male, leaving him to incubate the eggs while she goes off to repeat this sequence with another male.
	www.stanford.edu /group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Polyandry.html (619 words)

	Polyandry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The form of polyandry in which two (or more) brothers marry the same woman is known as fraternal polyandry, and it is believed by many anthropologists to be the most frequently encountered form.
		Polyandry is the specific form of polygamy in which a woman is married to more than one husband simultaneously.
		With particular regard to the supposed failure rate of polyandry, it is important to note that there are high rates of infidelity and divorce in "monogamous" societies, so that it is possible to argue that polyandry is not somehow uniquely unworkable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polyandry (1707 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Polyandry (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Polyandry is defined as “the mating of one female with more than one male while each male mates with only one female.” Exclusive polyandry (as opposed to polyandry in concert with polygyny) is very rare, occurring in only about 1% of animal populations, most being shorebirds like the sandpiper.
		Another form of simultaneous polyandry, cooperative simultaneous polyandry, is when the female only has one nesting area where she mates with multiple males producing a clutch of eggs of mixed parentage with all males contributing to the eggs.
		Sequential polyandry, the most common form, is where the female mates and produces a clutch of eggs with one male, then leaves the male to incubate and rear the eggs while moving on to another male in a different nesting territory.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Polyandry (1200 words)

	Polyandry in Tibet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polyandry in Tibet was a traditional marriage practice that existed within a milieu whereby a woman could have several husbands.
		Polyandry resolved the problem by allowing a few men to marry one woman.
		He, therefore, counterproposed that polyandry could be better understood in relation to the social stratification of Tibet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet (510 words)

	Polyandry
		The term polyandry is used in related ways in social anthropology and sociobiology.
		In rural regions of India, Nepal, China (in particular, Yunnan province), and surrounding nations, fraternal polyandry, in which two (or more) brothers marry the same woman, is culturally accepted.
		Polyandry is also the accepted norm in a few African societies.
	www.fact-index.com /p/po/polyandry.html (246 words)

	Polyandry (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Polyandry is a form of polygamy in which one woman is married to several men.
		Two forms have been recorded: fraternal polyandry in which a group of brothers share a wife, and non-fraternal polyandry in which a woman’s husbands are not related.
		Polyandry is generally found in areas where difficult physical environments or high populations impose extreme pressures on agricultural systems.
	www.umanitoba.ca /anthropology/tutor/marriage/polyandry.html (347 words)

	Most Polyandrous Insect
		There are three types of mating: in polyandry a female copulates with more than one male; in multiple mating a female mate repeatedly with the same male; and in prolonged mating a female copulates for a long time with a particular mate (Choe 1997).
		Polyandry in Apis dorsata was determined using single locus genetic markers.
		The evolution of polyandry in social hymenopteran queens may be caused by colony level selection, either because polyandry affects the distribution of non-functional diploid males in colonies (the load hypothesis) or because it increases the genetic diversity of the worker force (the diversity hypothesis) (Pamilo 1991).
	ufbir.ifas.ufl.edu /chap36.htm (0 words)

	Polyandry
		Polyandry is a type of mating system where females mate with more than one male during a breeding season, resulting in the offspring of one female having more than one father.
		Polyandry has been traditionally thought of as a rare phenomenon, however recent research has shown this trend is widespread throughout the animal kingdom, with evidence of multiple mating by females in many groups.
		These are known as direct benefits, and although they may be important in some animals it is thought that there must be a better explanation for the prevalence of polyandry.
	www.shef.ac.uk /aps/mbiolsci/kate-hutchence/polyandry.html (0 words)

	Polyandry - Christian Polygamy INFO ™
		Polyandry refers to a woman marrying more than one husband.
		The easy way to quickly recall the correct spelling and pronunciation of this term, polyandry, is by realizing that the "andry" (of "-andry") comes from the root-word, "andros" (or, anthros), which is the same root-word for "ANTHROpology", meaning the "study of man".
		polyamory would have no concern with polyandry whatsoever, as their beliefs come from a completely different paradigm and set of presuppositions.
	www.christianpolygamy.info /polyandry (239 words)

	The Stranger \| Seattle \| Slog: The Stranger's Blog \| Happy Polyandry (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Polyandry is also found in India, Sri Lanka, some regions of China, in some Sub-Saharan African communities, and in indigenous communities of Australia, New Zealand and America (notably among the Surui of north-western Brazil).
		Polyandry stands in stark contrast to and is overwhelmingly less common than polygyny, a polygamous marriage in which a man has more than one wife.
		Causes of polyandry appear to be the perceived need to retain aristocratic titles and/or agricultural lands within kin groups; and/or frequent male absence — for long periods — from the household.
	www.thestranger.com /blog/2005/12/happy_polyandry.php (1045 words)

	GC1042: Polyandry
		Polyandry is the marriage of a women by several husbands.
		The feternal polyandry is when the women marry the brothers of a family, and infeternal polyandry is when the women marry unrelated husbands.
		The disadvantage of polyandry is that no one knows who the real father is. This might be a concern to the people who does not follow this practice, but the people who practice are more concern about other issues like keeping the family's wealth together but not who is the father.
	blog.lib.umn.edu /chri1010/anthro/020443.html (423 words)

	polyandry - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Polyandry, form of marriage in which a woman has more than one husband or mate at the same time.
		Polyandry has been practiced by many peoples in all...
		The practice of polygamy includes polyandry, or marriage with more than one...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /polyandry.html (118 words)

	WWW Virtual Library: 'Eka-ge-kema' : Fraternal polyandry
		Polyandry was unknown among the Vedic Aryans nor contemplated in the smrtis.
		It is also possible however that fraternal polyandry amongst Aryan folk arose from an extended form of niyoga which permitted relations between a wife and her husband's younger brothers.
		The earliest record we have of polyandry among the Sinhalese is perhaps the Magul Maha Vihara inscription of Vihara-maha-devi belonging to about the 14th century where we find the queen calling herself the chief consort of the two brother kings named Perakumba (Perakumba de-be-raja-daruvan de-denata aga mehesun vu vihara-maha-devi).
	www.lankalibrary.com /rit/ekage.htm (1288 words)

	How Humans Evolved (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Polyandry is a mating system in which one female mates with many males.
		Polyandry is favored when female care alone is not enough to raise offspring successfully and when females are dispersed widely in space and cannot be defended by a single male.
		Polyandry occurs in the callitrichids, where femaleís twin and males invest heavily in offspring.
	www.wwnorton.com /web/evolve/ch/07/questions.shtml (1518 words)

	Features News The Rising Nepal (Daily)
		In fraternal polyandry, the wife comes to live with the fraternal groups of husbands in their house.
		In non- polyandry she remains in her house and the husbands come to her by turn as causal visitors.
		Many studies have presented one fact that polyandry enables a set of brothers to cover and utilize all economic bases and resources and pool their earnings to strengthen the economy of the family.
	www.nepalnews.com.np /contents/englishdaily/trn/2002/sep/sep27/features.htm (2391 words)

	JIS: Tschinkel 2.12.2002
		However, it is generally believed that the proportion of eggs fertilized due to polyandry, is not in the in the interests of a male.
		Hymenopteran social insects (ants, bees and wasps) are a notable exception to the general prevalence of polyandry, with most females mating just once and using sperm from that copulation for the rest of their lives.
		The beneficial effects of polyandry in harvester ants described by Cole and Wiernasz (1999) appear sufficient to give the necessary fitness amplification, especially considering the high rates of mortality among the more genetically homogeneous colonies.
	www.insectscience.org /4.37 (2949 words)

	Wikinfo \| Polyandry
		The term polyandry is used in related ways in social anthropology and sociobiology.
		Polyandry is also the accepted norm in a few African societies.
		In one, typified by the Northern Jacana and some other ground-living birds, the female takes on much the same role as the male in a polygynous species, holding a large territory within which several males build nests, laying eggs in all the nests, and playing little part in parental care.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Polyandry (311 words)

	Tibetan Polyandry:
		A study of the D’ing-ri valley (1970’s) showed mixed population of dü-jung and thongpa 72% of marriages were monogamous, 8% polygynous (thongpa), 20% polyandry.
		After a few years in the new environment there was not a single case of polyandry among the refugees.
		Polyandry is only a stable solution in a specific environment with imposed rules for land tenure and personal freedom in a feudal system
	www.wsu.edu /~rquinlan/polyandry.htm (348 words)

	Polyandry in Primates
		Cooperative polyandry seems to fly in the face of expectations in two ways- First of all, males are expected to raise their reproductive success by gaining access to females.
		This was based on a few things- there's only one breeding female per group in the wild and also polyandry was pretty unknown at that point.
		Only one of 33 sets of offspring in the wild was born to a single pair.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~phyl/anthro/polyandry.html (0 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Dynamics of Polyandry Kinship Domesticit at Epinions.com
		In her ethnography, The Dynamics of Polyandry, Nancy E. Levine examines the practice of fraternally polyandrous marriage among the Nyinba people of northwestern Nepal.
		She explores the history of several families in depth, probing the memories of the living to document several generations of marriage practice and social relationships.
		The ramifications of fraternal polyandry and other types of marriage among the Nyinba are explored in great depth and with sensitivity.
	www.epinions.com /content_74186919556 (1090 words)

	Biology
		The discovery that polyandry is a pervasive feature of natural populations seems likely to shed light not only on the forces driving microevolutionary change within populations but also on the processes contributing to reproductive isolation betweenincipient species.
		As an extension of my research on polyandry, we are investigating the potential importance of gametic interactions and postcopulatory processes in the evolution of cryptic species of neotropical arthropods.
		Phylogeography of the harlequin beetle-riding pseudoscorpion and the rise of the Isthmus of Panamá.
	www.unr.edu /biology/jzeh.htm (590 words)

	The Spinozist Mormon » Blog Archive » The Rationale for Nauvoo Polyandry
		Instead of polyandry there was at least a theoretical possibility for women to ‘trade up’ and latch on to a husband of higher priesthood status.
		I have to say that the polyandry issue (when combined with monogamy and polygyny, forms kind of a “serial marriage”; scenario) is something that has deeply troubled me for 2o years.
		Serial polyandry seems to be a more apt description of Utah practices and the difference between it and Nauvoo was that the Mormons had control of the courts and the legislature.
	www.spinozist.us /2006/08/14/the-rationale-for-nauvoo-polyandry/christian-y-cardall (4854 words)

	BBC NEWS \| South Asia \| Nepal's wife-sharing custom fades
		Pema Tsering, the younger husband, says polyandry gives natural population control to this community, who are Buddhists.
		He believes it developed because the highland Lamas lacked cultivable land, and with polyandry "the land is not divided among the brothers".
		It also worked well where there was a division of labour between brothers - one to look after livestock, one to work in the fields, and one to travel for business or traditional trades such as Nepalese rice for Tibetan salt.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/south_asia/4461196.stm (882 words)

	Females Seek Multiple "Valentines" in Some Species (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Polyandry is largely confined to fish and birds, especially waders and shorebirds.
		The second step toward polyandry, increased female fecundity, can occur when breeding habitats are especially rich in food, allowing female birds to lay clutches more rapidly.
		The final step in the development of polyandry is for females to compete with each other over mates.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2005/02/0211_050211_polyandry.html (1111 words)

	Bible_vs_Polyandry.html
		Now we are talking about polyandry as a marital relationship of men who are maritally committed to one woman and one woman who is maritally committed to all of her own men.
		This means that polyandry is adultery, the polyandrous woman and adulteress, and all her polyandrous men except for the first are adulterers.
		If she has a husband, formally or informally, and then has sexually intimate relations, with or without marital commitment, with another man---- then God calls her an adulteress and declares that both she and her subsequent lovers are deserving of death.
	www.etext.org /Religious.Texts/Polyamory/Polyandry_vs_Bible.html (5201 words)

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