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	Polybius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polybius (ca 203 BC - 120 BC, Greek Πολυβιος) was a Greek historian of the Mediterranean world famous for his book called The Histories or The Rise of the Roman Empire, covering the period of 220 BC to 146 BC.
		Polybius was a member of the governing class, with first-hand opportunities to gain deep insight into military and political affairs.
		Polybius was responsible for a useful tool in cryptography which allowed letters to be easily signaled using a numerical system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polybius (926 words)

	Polybius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Polybius (ca 203 BC - 120 BC) was a Greek historian of the Mediterranean world, especially the rise of the Roman Republic, which he attributed to Roman fitness and to the excellence of Roman civic and military institutions.
		Polybius was a member of the governing class, with firsthand opportunities to gain deep insight into military and political affairs.
		In Rome, by virtue of his high culture, he was admitted to the most distinguished houses, in particular to that of Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror in the Macedonian War, who intrusted him with the education of his sons, Fabius and the younger Scipio.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Polybius (836 words)

	Encyclopedia: Two square cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mandarin square A mandarin square is a large embroidered badge sewn onto the surcoat of an official during the China.
		Square of opposition The Square of Opposition is a term from the study of Term Logic in which the logical relationship b...
		Squaring the square A square with sides equal to a unit length multiplied by an integer is called an integral square.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Two_square-cipher (224 words)

	Encyclopedia: Polybius square
		Polybius (ca 203 BC - 120 BC, Greek Î Î¿Î»Ï…Î²Î¹Î¿Ï‚) was a Greek historian of the Mediterranean world famous for his book called The Histories or The Rise of the Roman Empire, covering the period of 220 BC to 146 BC.
		Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the intended recipient knows of the existence of the message; this is in contrast to cryptography, where the existence of the message itself is not disguised, but the meaning is obscured.
		Polybius (ca 203 BC - 120 BC) was a Greek historian of the Mediterranean world famous for his book called The Histories or The Rise of the Roman Empire, covering the period of 220 BC to 146 BC.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Polybius-square (1857 words)

	Polybius' The Histories, 146 B.C.E. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The effect of these being placed on the helmet, combined with the rest of the armor, is to give the man the appearance of being twice his real height and to give him a noble aspect calculated to strike terror into the enemy.
		Having placed a standard on the spot on which they intend to put the praetorium, they measure off a square round this standard, in such a way that each of its sides is a hundred feet from the standard, and the area of the square is four plethra.
		On one side of the square of the praetorium is the market, on the other the office of the quaestor and the supplies which he has charge of.
	www.agh-attorneys.com /4_polybius_book_6.htm (15275 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius : Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6]
		Polybius had the good fortune, during seventeen years exile, to be allowed to live with the Scipios.
		Polybius is the most reliable, but not the most brilliant, of ancient historians.
		Beside these arms, the soldiers in general place also upon their breasts a square plate of brass, of the measure of a span on either side, which is called the guard of the heart.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/polybius6.html (10059 words)

	[No title]
		The army that the Greek historian Polybius describes is that of his own period (168 BC), before Marius's reforms.
		Most of the soldiers atso wear a bronze breastplate, one span square, which is placed in front of the heart and therefore called a heart protector.
		The whole plan of the camp forms a square, but in details, such as the division of the camp into streets and the arrangement of housing, it has the appearance of a town.31 The palisade stands 200 feet from the tents on all sides.
	jbe.la.psu.edu /cams/wheeler/polybius.htm (2814 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.03.07
		Polybius, who disliked genuine popular rule, praised the democracy of the Achaean League, because here the masses had limited influence and the government was dominated by a narrow elite.
		M. Williams, Polybius on Wealth, Bribery, and the Downfall of Constitutions, AHB 14, 2000, 131-148, discusses in more detail how the moral decline observed by Polybius at Rome after 168 relates to the corruption of the mixed constitution.
		Polybius advocated prudent cooperation with Rome as the only sensible policy for less powerful states (see A. Eckstein, Polybius, Syracuse and the Policy of Accommodation, GRBS 26, 1985, 265-282).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-03-07.html (2070 words)

	Polybius: Histories, selected excerpts
		Polybius was taken aback by the opening words of the young man's speech (for he was only just eighteen), and said, In heaven's name, Scipio, don't say such things or take into your head such an idea.
		While Polybius was still speaking, the young man seized his right hand with both of his, and pressing it warmly, said, Oh that I might see the day on which you would devote your first attention to me, and join your life with mine.
		Polybius was partly delighted at the sight of the young man's enthusiasm and affection, and partly embarrassed by the thought of the high position of his family and the wealth of its members.
	www.constitution.org /rom/polybi.htm (19952 words)

	Roman to Julian Conversion: AUC 512 = 242 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Roman to Julian Conversion: AUC 512 = 242 BC Polybius 1.59.8 notes that a consul for this year, Q. Lutatius Catulus, took command of the Roman fleet at the beginning of summer, i.e.
		Polybius gives the impression that the interval was not too long, a matter of a few months.
		Since Polybius does not mention the passage of a winter, there are two ways to interpret this data.
	www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk /Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/242bc.htm (735 words)

	Laudator Temporis Acti: Secret Writing
		Thucydides (1.131.1, talking about the Spartan Pausanias, who was a contemporary of Themistocles) mentions the skytale in passing, so we know that it was in use as early as the 480s B.C. Polybius' square or checkerboard is actually a cryptographic modification of a semaphore signalling system.
		Since Polybius' description is somewhat convoluted, it's advantageous to look at the adaptation before the original.
		Prisoners have sometimes used the Polybius square to communicate by knocking on walls.
	laudatortemporisacti.blogspot.com /2004/09/secret-writing.html (1279 words)

	The Voyage of Hanno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Perhaps it was the intellectual Polybius, being kept a prisoner by the Romans, and trying to educate them, who asked Scipio to grant him the use of a fleet for the purpose.
		We can compare Polybius’ report through Pliny’s summary, which in its second part reads: “Then there comes a gulf of 616 miles, closed by the promontory of Mount Barce, running to the occident, which is called Surrentium.” The promontory running to the occident must be Cape Verde.
		Polybius placed Kerne “against Mount Atlas” (Pliny, VI 36, 199); this means that he placed Kerne at the latitude of the Mount Atlas mentioned by Herodotus as being also called the Pillar of the Sky.
	www.metrum.org /mapping/hanno.htm (8133 words)

	Coinop.org /// Polybius (1981)
		I can't say for sure if it is the real polybius, but who ever made this version sure went out on a limb to convince you it was.
		Polybius, who was sort of a Roman apologist, wrote a history of Rome's rise to power in the Meditteranean, which also included long discourses on the Roman constitution and Roman military organization.
		Comment: "Tih polybius to me is a test invention for the goverment or who ever would want to do damage to some ones brain.
	coinop.org /g.aspx/103223/Polybius.html (5557 words)

	Spring 2001 Online Response: A WORLD SAFE FOR DIVERSITY
		A civil public square: The vision of the "civil public square" is that citizens of all faiths and none are free to enter and engage public life within the framework of Constitutional first principles.
		The result, rather, is a civil public square in which citizens of all religious faiths, or none, engage one another in the continuing democratic discourse." This vision provides a constructive way forward because it goes back to the notion of covenantal, or federal, liberty that lies behind the Constitution itself.
		There are many obstacles in the way of reforging a civil public square — not least that many of the culture-warrior activists have a vested interest in continuing the culture wars.
	www.spu.edu /depts/uc/Response/spring2k1/os_text.html (4776 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Polybius Square Polybius was a Greek historian and cryptographer of the second century BC.
		Polybius used a torch system by which an observer could determine the row and column of the letter being transmitted.
		A 29-year-old French artillery captain and cryptanalyst Georges Painvin of the French Bureau du Chiffre was able to solve enough of the ADFGVX dispatches that the German spring offensive on June 9 was halted by the French.
	www.nku.edu /~christensen/031mat494ADFGVX.doc (1663 words)

	Euclid
		Of quadrilateral figures, a square is that which is both equilateral and right-angled; an oblong that which is right-angled but not equilateral; a rhombus that which is equilateral but not right-angled; and a rhomboid that which has its opposite sides and angles equal to one another but is neither equilateral nor right-angled.
		Therefore the square on the side BC is equal to the squares on the sides BA, AC.
		Straight lines are commensurable in square when the squares on them are measured by the same area, and incommensurable in square when the squares on them cannot possibly have any area as a common measure.
	www.humanistictexts.org /euclid.htm (2363 words)

	Livy 4: Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When he describes the war against Hannibal, Coelius Antipater and Polybius are the most important sources, but Valerius Antias is still used for the descriptions of the events in the city.
		It is interesting to compare his account of Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with the text of Polybius (go here for the two texts).
		There are six points where we can compare the accounts of Polybius and Livius with the natural situation (more), and it turns out that Livy's story fits five of these, whereas Polybius' story fits only two of them.
	www.livius.org /li-ln/livy/livy4.html (984 words)

	Encyclopedia of Japanese History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Unfortunately, the skills the Army honed in China would be of limited assistance in the Second World War, when Japan faced several enemies, all of whom were soon at the forefront of modern cryptology.
		The cipher system that Uesugi used is basically a simple substitution usually known in English as a Polybius square or “checkerboard.” The i-ro-ha alphabet contains forty-eight letters, so a seven-by-seven square is used, with one of the cells left blank.
		To encipher, find the plaintext letter in the square and replace it with the number of that row and column.
	www.openhistory.org /jhdp/encyclopedia/c.html (8389 words)

	ADFGVX_CIPHER.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This Polybius Square would represent the letter “a” with the coded number 11, the letter f with 21, and so on.
		The Polybius Square along with its corresponding alphabet is called a fractionated key.
		The Germans changed their fractionated keys daily during World War I. When the sender and receiver of a message have corresponding Polybius Squares, messages can obviously be transmitted back and forth rather easily.
	banach.millersville.edu /~bob/math478/History/ADFGVX_CIPHER.html (941 words)

	Polybius I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Polybius was an ancient Greek writer who first proposed a method of substituting different two-digit numbers for each letter.
		The alphabet is written inside a 5 x 5 square matrix which has numbered rows and columns.
		To encode a message using the Polybius Cipher, always put the column number first and then the row number.
	educ.queensu.ca /~fmc/may2004/poly1.html (134 words)

	Crete
		Crete is 156 miles long, seven to thirty-five miles wide, and 3,189 square miles in area.
		It is the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica), and is on the spine of an undersea mountain range thought to have formed at one time a land bridge between the Greek Peloponnesian peninsula and southern Turkey.
		For they did not take into consideration either the rescue of the man in danger or their loyalty to those who had charged them with the task, but only their personal security and advantage.
	www.gracenotes.info /topics/crete.html (2944 words)

	A2Z Languages Salamanca, Spain City Guide - Salamanca City Overview
		Polybius, writing in the 2nd century BC, speaks of the city, referring to it as Helmantik.
		The bridge is a witness to Roman domination, and was constructed in the time of Trajan as an essential part of the Silver Route as it forded the River Tormes.
		Throughout the day and night, people congregate in the square to socialize, get something to eat, or just sit down and have a glass of some of the excellent local Spanish wines.
	www.a2zlanguages.com /spain/Salamanca/salacity.htm (462 words)

	LetsFind Search Results for polybius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Polybius had fared better than most of the leaders and intellectuals that Rome had taken from Achaea...
		The famous and inspirational quotation by Polybius detailed above is well known as an example of the famed...
		The battle of Saguntum as told by Polybius and Livy gives two separate accounts of the same battle and the events leading up to it.
	www.letsfind.co.uk /transform.php?Keywords=polybius (345 words)

	Polybius Squares - Codes & Cyphers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A Greek writer, Polybius developed a common substitution cipher, the Polybius square (or checkerboard) to convert letters to numbers.
		Variations of the Polybius square are still in use today.
		Visit this Queen's University site to discover even more elegant ways in which to use the Polybius square.
	www.bellaonline.com /ArticlesP/art28213.asp (317 words)

	RPGnet: The Inside Scoop on Gaming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		One journals is encrypted with a Polybius square code, which is explained in detail in the text.
		Unfortunately, the inclusion of a handout of a Polybius square seems excessive.
		Another journal is supposed to be encoded with a Mirabeau Cipher, an expansion of a Polybius Square cipher with null entries.
	www.rpg.net /news+reviews/reviews/rev_6885.html (3811 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius: The Roman Maniple vs. The Macedonian Phalanx
		In my sixth book I made a promise, still unfulfilled, of taking a fitting opportunity of drawing a comparison between the arms of the Romans and Macedonians, and their respective system of tactics, and pointing out how they differ for better or worse from each other.
		Therefore, it may readily be understood that, as I said before, it is impossible to confront a charge of the phalanx, so long as it retains its proper formation and strength.
		I thought it necessary to discuss this subject at some length, because at the actual time of the occurrence many Greeks supposed when the Macedonians were beaten that it was incredible; and many will afterwards be at a loss to account for the inferiority of the phalanx to the Roman system of arming.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/polybius-maniple.html (1231 words)

	Secrets of Lost Empires
		The square fort at the tip of the island is Castel Maniace.
		Polybius writes: "He had the walls pierced with large numbers of loopholes at the height of a man, which were about a palm's breadth wide at the outer surface of the walls.
		Polybius wrote: "Meanwhile Marcellus was attacking the quarter of Arcradina from the sea with sixty quinqueremes, each vessel being filled with archers, slingers and javelin-throwers, whose task was to drive the defenders from the battlements."
	www.mcs.drexel.edu /~crorres/bbc_archive/secrets.html (2182 words)

	:: a brief history ::
		In this method, the last letter of the alphabet is replaced by the first, and vice versa.
		The Greek writer Polybius invented the 5 x 5 Polybius Square, widely used in various cryptographic systems.
		The Polybius square's features of splitting a character into two parts, reducing the number of characters needed and ability to convert letters into numbers is still used in modern algorithms.
	www.thawte.com /cryptochallenge/html/popups/briefHistory.html (5184 words)

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