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Topic: Polychaete

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	Polychaete - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The polychaetes' paddle-like and highly vascularized parapodia are used for movement and act as the animal's primary respiratory surface (parapodia can be thought of as a kind of external gills that are also used for locomotion).
		Polychaetes are extremely variable in both form and lifestyle and include freeliving (with many swimming among plankton), burrowing, and tube-dwelling species as well as commensals.
		One notable polychaete, the Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana) is endemic to the hydrothermal vents of the Pacific Ocean.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polychaete (283 words)

	Polychaete Annelid Identification, or “You Can Always Tell A Bristle Worm by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - ...
		Polychaete annelid worms are some of the most characteristic types of marine animals, and are ubiquitous in all marine habitats.
		In the "basic" polychaete, each of the 100 or more segments is very similar to the one in front of it, and the one behind it.
		There are several marine polychaete groups that have species wherein the individuals have the appearance of earthworms, and which lack a defined head altogether.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-03/rs/index.php (2769 words)

	Polychaete (aka "bristleworm") FAQ For Reefkeepers
		Polychaetes are often referred to collectively as "bristleworms" although one must be careful about this term, because many people include/exclude different groups of worms when using it.
		Polychaete worms are extremely abundant in all marine habitats, and there is not a reef tank in existence that could AVOID having polychaetes in it (unless the tank was stocked completely with Aragocrete or some such artificial substrate, but even then animal additions would almost certainly bring some polychaetes along at some point).
		The use of jointed appendages for walking and swimming (see Ron's diagram of polychaete "appendages" in http://www.aquarium.net/1197/1197_4.shtml for comparison to those of a crustacean) together with the lack of sinusoidal swimming (also described in http://www.aquarium.net/1197/1197_4.shtml)should clue you in to the fact that these are not polychaetes.
	www.reefs.org /library/article/r_toonen12.html (6233 words)

	Introduction to the Polychaeta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These segmented worms are among the most common marine organisms, and can be found living in the depths of the ocean, floating free near the surface, or burrowing in the mud and sand of the beach.
		Polychaetes are known by many names: lugworms, clam worms, bristleworms, fire worms, palolo worms, sea mice, featherduster worms, etc., but all possess an array of bristles on their many leg-like parapodia -- the name polychaete, in fact, means "many bristles".
		The delicate beauty of many polychaetes make them a favored subject for photography, and several are named after nymphs and goddesses of Greek myth, such as Nereis (the common "clam worm") and Aphrodite (the "sea mouse").
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /annelida/polyintro.html (237 words)

	Dr. Julie H. Bailey-Brock
		Polychaete infaunal communities from two sites near the point source were compared to two Control stations beyond the range of fish feed and wastes.
		Polychaetes collected from coastal habitats of Guam and Saipan, with published records, raise the known number of species from Guam to 104 and from Saipan to 51.
		The polychaete component of the infauna retained by a 0.5-mm sieve was the most diverse and abundant portion of the soft-bodied invertebrates sampled.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~wormlab/jbpage.html (4961 words)

	M. Nechama Ben-Eliahu
		BEN-ELIAHU, M.N. Polychaete cryptofauna from rims of similar intertidal vermetid reefs on the Mediterranean coast of Israel and in the Gulf of Elat: Sabellidae (Polychaeta Sedentaria), Israel J. Zool., 23: 54-70.
		BEN-ELIAHU, M.N. Polychaete cryptofauna from rims of similar intertidal vermetid reefs on the Mediterranean coast of Israel and in the Gulf of Elat: Serpulidae (Polychaeta Sedentaria).Israel J. Zool., 24: 103-119.
		BEN-ELIAHU, M.N. Polychaete cryptofauna from rims of similar intertidal vermetid reefs on the Mediterranean coast of Israel and in the Gulf of Elat: Syllinae and Eusyllinae (Syllidae).
	shum.cc.huji.ac.il /~nbenelia/nbe1.html (658 words)

	Polychaete Feeding Modes
		The two groups of polychaetes that have evolved jaws (Euncida and Phyllodocida) use them to either seize live animals (carnivores), tear off pieces of algae (herbivores) or to grasp dead and decaying matter (scavengers).
		Polychaetes with only a single pair of grooved palps, such as spionids, use a similar method of feeding, sweeping the palps over the sediment surface or waving them in the water column to gather food.
		The palps of siboglinids project from the tube and are richly supplied with blood vessels that serve for the respiratory purposes of the worm, but also to transport the sulphide and carbon dioxide that are needed by the symbiotic bacteria.
	bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au /Polychaetes/polychaete_feeding_modes.htm (1011 words)

	polychaete hypothesis -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Conodonts resemble the jaws (scolecodonts) of polychaete worms in form, and they are found in left and right pairs, as are scolecodonts.
		Polychaete teeth are known as early as the Ordovician...
		The oligochaetes are thought to have developed from polychaete stock; the leeches, which have the clitellum in common with the oligochaetes, probably evolved from the latter.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9060681?tocId=9060681 (795 words)

	Museum Victoria: Polychaete Worms
		Polychaetes are related to earthworms and leeches, all of which are segmented worms.
		Polychaetes mostly live in the sea where they are often among the most abundant and diverse marine organisms.
		Polydorids are the most significant of several groups of polychaetes that bore into abalone and other mollusc shells and commonly have a detrimental effect on the growth and marketability of commercially important shellfish fisheries.
	www.museum.vic.gov.au /collections/sciences/polychaetes.asp (468 words)

	Polychaete Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Polychaeta or Polychaetes are a class of annelid worms, generally marine, with a pair of fleshy protrusions on each body segment called parapodia ("almost feet") which bear many bristles called setae which are made of Chitin.
		Taxonomically the polychaetes are thought to be paraphyletic, that is an assemblage of not very closely related forms, but which all came from the same source.
		The free living forms or Errantia tend to have well developed sense organs and jaws, while the Sedentaria (or stationary forms) lack them but may have specialized gills or tentacles used for respiration and filter-feeding as in the fanworms.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/p/po/polychaete.html (216 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Polychaete Colloquium, Edinburgh April 1991 organised by Susan Chambers and Gordon L.J. Paterson --------------------------------------------- Importance of Taxonomy Andrew S.Y. Mackie Department of Zoology National Museum of Wales, Cardiff The accurate and consistant recognition of different zoological taxa is fundamental to all marine biological investigations whether taxonomic, ecological, physiological or behavioural.
		At the first International Polychaete Conference, Ewing claimed to be able to distinguish between Mediomastus ambiseta and M. californiensis in mixed samples from the Gulf of Mexico by staining the worms with methyl green stain.
		Polychaetes get a fuller treatment with a brisk introduction which uses a minimum of technical terms - 'gills' instead of 'branchiae' (but 'branchial' is used later as an adjective); 'chaetae' not 'setae' - and tips for beginners ('notopod' contains the letters 'top' as a reminder of its position).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?nl93010 (12947 words)

	The Sea Slug Forum - Polychaete Worms (Bristle worms)
		Polychaete worms are closely related to leeches and earthworms and together make up the Phylum ANNELIDA.
		Polychaetes are often called bristleworms because each of the body segments has an upper and lower bundle of bristles (called setae or chaetae) on ">
		Polychaetes are often called bristleworms because each of the body segments has an upper and lower bundle of bristles (called setae or chaetae) on each side.
	www.seaslugforum.net /factsheet.cfm?base=polychaete (390 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: Late Ordovician jawed polychaete faunas of the type Cincinnatian region, U.S.A. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Abstract-Late Ordovician jawed polychaete (Annelida) faunas from the type Cincinnatian region in the tri-stale area of Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky, North America, are discussed on the basis of an extensive and unique collection of more than 50,000 wellpreserved scolecodonts.
		Scolecodonts of polychaetes with prionognath, and particularly labidognath, type of jaw apparatus markedly dominate, whereas those of placognalh and ctenognath taxa are very rare.
		Scolecodonts are the isolated jaws of polychaete annelid worms.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200305/ai_n9255208 (1205 words)

	Late Ordovician polychaetaspid polychaete annelids from the type Cincinnatian region
		The extinct polychaete annelid family Polychaetaspidae, known only from its jaws (scolecodonts) and jaw apparatuses, was erected by Kielan–Jaworowska (1966).
		These eunicidan polychaetes had jaw apparatuses of labidognath architecture, i.e., jaws arranged in a semi–circle when the apparatus was retracted, in some members comprising more than 20 individual (mainly paired) scolecodonts.
		Polychaetaspids are one of the most abundant and diverse jawed polychaete families in Early Paleozoic shallow marine strata and representatives are known from all present–day continents except for Antarctica.
	www.unt.edu.ar /fcsnat/INSUGEO/geologia_17/49.htm (1352 words)

	Invertebrate Zoology - Scientific Staff - Dr Pat Hutchings
		Gametogenesis in a Northumberland population of the polychaete Melinna cristata.
		A key to the estuarine polychaetes of N.S.W. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N.S.W. Hutchings, P.A., and Weate, P.B., 1979.
		Variability in polychaete recruitment at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, a long term study and an analysis of its potential impact on coral reef ecosystems.
	www.austmus.gov.au /invertebrates/staff/hutchings.htm (4057 words)

	Augsburg College Biology - Photo of Month - April 2002
		Quite a few species of polychaetes engage in this sort of spawning behavior, and at certain times of the year swarms of spawning polychaete worms can be quite conspicuous at night in coastal areas.
		As might be imagined, swimming about for the purpose of spawning subjects polychaete worms to increased danger from predators, but some species minimize this risk by producing a tail region that breaks loose and swims, carrying the gametes to the surface.
		Polychaete worms of many shapes, sizes, and lifestyles are extremely abundant and diverse in marine (saltwater) habitats.
	www.augsburg.edu /biology/photoofmonth/polychetesswimming.html (849 words)

	ADW: Polychaeta: Information
		Polychaetes include such forms as sand worms, tube worms, and clam worms.
		Polychaetes usually have a well-developed head, often complete with well-developed eyes, antennae, and sensory palps.
		Polychaetes are a large and extremely diverse group.
	animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu /annelida/polychaeta.html (317 words)

	Polychaete (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Polychaete worms are segmented worms commonly seen swimming near the surface.
		Polychaete worms are mostly marine, with a majority of species being bottom-dwellers or inhabiting tubes.
		Though small, most species of polychaete worms do possess strong jaws and can be daunting predators to their minuscule prey.
	www.ocean-institute.org /edu_programs/materials/P/Org/F_G/Polychaete.htm (109 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: Reversal in some fossil polychaete jaws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		ABSTRACT-Scolecodonts, the jaws of polychaetes, are the fossil evidence of the rich and diverse fauna that prospered in shelf seas.
		SCOLECODONTS ARE the minute jaws of polychaete annelids, normally ranging in size from 0.2 to 5 mm, but "giants" of 9 mm in length have been recorded from the Vattenfallsprofilen 1 section on Gotland.
		Recent polychaetes with jaw apparatuses are grouped into two orders, the Phyllodocida with an axial proboscis, and the Eunicida where the proboscis is in a ventral position.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_199807/ai_n8787125 (1434 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This thesis investigated the pattern of abundance and distribution of the deposit feeding polychaete Laeonereis acuta, and some physical and biological processes that could be responsible for that pattern.
		The first is an examination of the spatial and temporal patterns of the abundance of the polychaete Laeonereis acuta in soft sediments.
		The second section is an investigation of the potential effects of different predators on the abundance of polychaetes in disturbed and undisturbed areas.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200204-16.html (452 words)

	[No title]
		The polychaetes of the family Chrysopetalidae Ehlers 1864 represented in the modern fauna of oceans of the world are from lesser number of genera poor in species (Hartman, 1959) and are insufficiently studied.
		Such that by the fracture of the polychaete parts of the middle body-segments could be missing, symmetrical considerations indicate that the polychaete had from 17 to 20 body-segments.
		On the belonging of polychaete larvae of growing type from the plankton of the Norwegian and Barents Seas to the species Euphrosyne borealis Oersted, 1843 and all of the given tyypes of larva in the families Euphrosinidae and Amphinomidae (Polychaeta Errantia, Amphinomorpha).
	www.tmbl.gu.se /staff/ThomasDahlgren/Trans/Mileijkovskij_1961.html (4957 words)

	Reefkeeper's Guide to Invertebrate Zoology Aquarium Net November 1997
		Unlike the sedentary polychaetes, of which few are any threat to a healthy reef tank, some errant polychaetes can be a substantial threat both to your tank and to you as well.
		Bristleworm has traditionally been applied generically to any polychaete ("many bristled") worm, but at some point in the hobby (way back when I was actively involved in retail), the term "bristleworm" became synonymous with "fire worm" and people were told to watch out for them in their aquarium.
		Among the errant polychaetes there are many more representatives of which reef-keepers need beware, but the sight of a small bristled worm crawling across a section of your live rock (or even your prized Montipora or whatever) is NOT just cause for all out panic or overreaction.
	www.reefs.org /library/aquarium_net/1197/1197_1.html (2101 words)

	AIMS Research - Polychaete Worms
		Polychaete worms belong to the phylum Annelida and have an anterior head and long, cylindrical segmented body, with few other features visible to the naked eye.
		Coral reef polychaetes spend most of their life cycle as bottom dwellers, living in dead coral rubble or sand.
		Their presence at the ocean surface is an example of a dramatic shift in behaviour that occurs during the reproductive phase of their lifecycle.
	www.aims.gov.au /pages/about/communications/polychaete.html (580 words)

	Australian Biological Resources Study - POLiKEY Version 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Polychaetes are a group of segmented worms belonging to the phylum Annelida.
		Polychaetes display a huge diversity of shapes and sizes, ranging in size from simple meiofaunal forms a few mm long to giant beach worms over 3 m in length.
		from a scientific point of view, polychaetes are a key group in phylogenetic studies of the evolution of complex invertebrates and a model group in studies of invertebrate reproduction and development.
	www.deh.gov.au /biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/polikey (1478 words)

	ATJ's Marine Aquarium Site - Reference - Hitchhiker Worms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Polychaete literally means "many hairs" which is a good description of polychaetes.
		Errant polychaete are the typical "bristle worms" that are seen moving around the tank or burrowing through the sand bed.
		This polychaete had burrowed right up to a burrow with two amphipods which then disappeared so I assume this polychaete is predatory.
	www.petsforum.com /personal/trevor-jones/hitchhikerworms.html (235 words)

	annelida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fig 58 A polychaete with its pharynx retracted.
		Fig 65 A polychaete with its pharynx everted.
		Fig 52 A young nectochaete of the polychaete, Platynereis, with 3 chaeta-bearing segments (Wim Egmond).
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/310annelid1Lec.html (2521 words)

	The Biology Of Annelids
		Polychaete feeding styles vary from eating organic material that settles on the surface of the muddy substrate (detritus feeding), to filtering plankton and detritus from the water using feathery feeding tentacles (suspension feeding), to eating their neighbors (predation).
		As early fossil tracks show, and modern lawns and gardens confirm, many annelids are superb burrowing organisms, taking in mud or earth, passing it through the intestine to extract its nutrients, and ejecting it in the form of worm castings.
		Polychaetes reproduction usually involves the dispersal of gametes directly into the sea.
	ebiomedia.com /prod/BOanelids.html (1307 words)

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