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Topic: Polyculture

In the News (Sat 18 May 13)

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	Polyculture of Grass Carp and Nile Tilapia with Napier Grass as the Sole Nutrient Input in the Subtropical Climate of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Polyculture of Grass Carp and Nile Tilapia with Napier Grass as the Sole Nutrient Input in the Subtropical Climate of Nepal 10FFR3
		Polyculture of Grass Carp and Nile Tilapia with Napier Grass as the Sole Nutrient Input in the Subtropical Climate of Nepal
		Polyculture of grass carp and Nile tilapia may have an additional advantage due to the fact that large grass carp can prey to some extent on tilapia fry spawned in the pond (Spataru and Hepher, 1977).
	pdacrsp.oregonstate.edu /pubs/workplns/wp_10/10FFR3.html (1046 words)

	Polyculture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture.
		Polyculture, though it often requires more labor, has several advantages over monoculture:
		Polyculture is one of the principles of permaculture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polyculture (169 words)

	Polyculture Systems
		Polyculture is a strategy to utilize the different food niches in an aquatic system and harness maximum possible amounts of nutrients and energy in the form of fish.
		Asian aquaculture is dominated by carp polyculture, on account of the fish’s filter feeding habit, differing strata of feeding in the water body and compatibility with each other.
		Polyculture of carps has enabled the use of different food compartments in these systems, as well as through coprophagy of some of the species.
	www.iirr.org /aquatic_resources/p4c06.htm (939 words)

	The Durango Telegraph - Flash in the Pan
		The goal of the Polyculture Project is to maximize the biodiversity in the fields and cover as much of the earth as possible by planting a diversity of plants - as many as 23 - in between the castor plants.
		When it does rain, water that might have evaporated away from the system is captured by leaves and roots, and the water that does hit the ground is shaded, and the wind is blocked, so water stays absorbed in the soil.
		Part of this improvement is due to the fact that many of the polyculture plants are grown as mulch plants, whose sole purpose is to add organic matter to the soil and to cover the soil surface to prevent evaporation.
	www.durangotelegraph.com /05-02-17/flash.htm (838 words)

	Soladome Hydroponics & Aquaculture Polyculture System
		In hydroponics a polyculture system might have aquatic animals living in the reservoir that is used to fertilize the plant crop being grown.
		A well-designed polyculture system is likely to have similarities to a permaculture system – the elements within the system are in balance.
		The only power used is a small submersible water pump of 18 watts to pump the polyculture water up to the plastic troughs that contain the plants in pots and to the biofilter.
	www.soladome.com.au /polyculture.htm (1001 words)

	EcoEng Newsletter No. 7, May 2003 - Schoenborn, Polycultures
		Polyculture is the integration of several cultures into one system, which generates multiple benefits arising from the single steps as well as from the system as a whole.
		He showed how polycultures can be used to create beautiful and income generating systems in developing as well as in developed countries, while generating multiple benefits and economic return.
		This polyculture system recycled nutrients and treated surplus water from a biogas generating so called Kompogas® facility (for details see also Case Study Otelfingen on this website).
	www.iees.ch /EcoEng031/EcoEng031_Polycultures.html (1160 words)

	poly.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Polyculture is the practice of culturing more than one species of aquatic organism in the same pond.
		Polyculture ponds are usually heavily fertilized or manured.
		Polyculture is an effective way to maximize benefit from available natural food in a pond.
	www.dec.ctu.edu.vn /cdrom/cd2/projects/univ_auburn/polycul.html (1168 words)

	Abstract C9027
		Pond yields were significantly higher in polyculture than monoculture, with net biomass increase highest in polyculture ponds with 200 perch/cage.
		The results of the polyculture trial were used in developing the combined biological/technical component of the model.
		The base model showed that for the biological indices used in the polyculture trial, gross margin for a typical year in a 20 year period is negative (-$71,784).
	www.acarp.com.au /Completed/abstracts/C9027abstract.htm (660 words)

	Summary of report: Polyculture Production Principles, Benefits and Risks of Multiple Cropping Land Management Systems ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		After establishing working definitions of polyculture terms and their evolution through time, it was shown that they all contribute to the basic study of polyculture: the interaction of crop components in time and space.
		Accepting that sufficient rationale exists for studying polyculture approaches, the benefits of polycultural practices were elucidated by explanation of their underlying mechanisms and theory.
		With an understanding of the benefits of polyculture approaches, the detailed ecological basis for these benefits that arise out of interaction between crops and between crops and environment were addressed.
	www.rirdc.gov.au /reports/ORG/01-34sum.html (1409 words)

	untitled
		Polyculture is an agricultural technique, commonly practiced by Native Americans from both the East and West, utilizing a single hill of land to plant multiple species.
		The method of planting in polyculture is commonly practiced in Asia and South America today, and was practiced by Native Americans in the United States during the early 19th century.
		Planting in polyculture and using a large selection of seeds from both native and modern hybrid sources promotes genetic diversity, increases soil fertility, and decreases risk of damage from insects and disease.
	www2.kenyon.edu /Bfec/bethweb.htm (876 words)

	Duckweed Aquaculture
		Since current approaches to carp polyculture focus on the use of plant material that is scavenged and of marginal economic utility, the problem has been both plant selection and availability.
		Chinese carp polyculture recommends the use of at least four species of carp: a green plant feeder which feeds at the surface; two middle-feeders, one for zooplankton and a second for phytoplankton; and one bottom-feeding omnivore.
		Fertilization In conventional carp polyculture fertilization is the primary mechanism for feeding fish.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/09/08875.htm (18064 words)

	Fish Supply & Demand in Asia: Inception Report 2002 – 02a2
		Compared to carp polyculture, the yield of tilapia monoculture is lower, with productivity of about 5,860 kg/ha for pond system and 5,613 kg/ha for cage system.
		Feed is an important component of the total operating costs for both carp polyculture and tilapia monoculture systems, which comprise about 40% to 50% of total cost.
		Polyculture of shrimp with mussel, clam and marine crab is becoming a very popular practice recently.
	www.worldfishcenter.org /demandsupply/inception_reportapr02/ir_apr'02_02a2.htm (830 words)

	Powers and McSorley 2000
		There are advantages and disadvantages to both monoculture and polyculture farming systems.
		Polyculture is often locally based, and may be found more in a subsistence agricultural practice that uses human and animal energy to produce smaller amounts of many different crops.
		The problem with polyculture is that it leads to difficulty with the mechanization of planting, weed control, and harvesting.
	www.css.cornell.edu /courses/190/abstr/mckenney.htm (452 words)

	Polyculture ‘Modules’ for Small Farms, Suburbia: Fewer Pests, $90,000 an Acre?
		Together with Loren Harper and Rosa Raudales, both also of the program, Kovach has planned and planted four different polyculture systems, or “modular ecological designs,” each combining the same wide mix of high-value fruits and vegetables, annuals and perennials, tall crops and short ones, into 45-by-60-foot plots.
		Polycultures, as opposed to monocultures, grow two or more crops together, not just one.
		The first has solid rows, with each row having a single crop, and the crop height switching from row to row: for example, a row of high apple trees, a row of low strawberries, a row of high peach trees, a row of low tomatoes.
	www.ag.ohio-state.edu /~news/story.php?id=3379 (739 words)

	FRMP-Fisheries Resource Management Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He said that in instances when the income generated from harvested bangus is just sufficient to cover increases in operating expenses, under the polyculture scheme, the farmers could be assured of additional income from the secondary crops as these are of higher commercial value.
		NBATRC chief, Dr. Romeo E. Dieta clarified though that the choice of polyculture technology will depend on the present need, the prevailing cultured species in the locality and the sustainability of the pond for the technology option.
		Dr. Dieta hopes that these new polyculture options will improve brackishwater aquaculture development and eventually generate enthusiasm among local fish farmers therefore uplifting their livelihood and sustaining the country’s brackishwater aquaculture production.
	www.frmp.org /news12.htm (470 words)

	Polyculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Polyculture is another system being practiced widely in controlled stocking ponds.
		This type of culture involves culturing together with prawns or other invertebrates, provided the fish is not a predator of the other cultured organisms.
		Table 27.5 represents polyculture as practiced with the most commonly cultured fish in freshwaters of Thailand.
	www.k12.hi.us /~limu/aresearch/polyculture.html (268 words)

	10. POLYCULTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Other benefits also may be gained by polyculture, as, for example, quite often the ecological conditions in a pond are improved by polyculture.
		It is therefore a question whether polyculture should be adopted at this time in Latin America where aquaculture is in its early stages of development.
		Several options are available for simple polyculture experiments, viz.; Tilapia hybrids as plankton-feeders and common carp as a bottom feeder; common carp and Prochilodus species that appear to feed on different strata of the mud; T.
	www.fao.org /docrep/L5902E/l5902e0b.htm (415 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The polyculture experiments were conducted with different carp species (catla, rohu, mrigal, silver carp, grass carp and common carp) in 0.05 ha area for the period of six months (September 1997 to February 1998), to find out the suitable fish composition along with prawn.
		In polyculture system, highest prawn production of 624 kg in addition to 2042 kg fish per hectare was recorded in second group in six months culture period where prawn was stocked along with two fish species i.e.
		The cost-benefit ratio in semi-intensive, extensive and polyculture was found to be 1.40, 1.88 and 1.92 respectively.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200202-13.html (563 words)

	Bat Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		One of its replacements, the "traditional polyculture shade coffee," is more complex, in that interspersed alongside the coffee plants are imported species of trees projecting into the shade canopy.
		The benefits to wildlife living in traditional polyculture canopies are due in part to its complicated, multi-layered structure.
		In western Guatemala, it has been shown that traditional polyculture and monoculture shade coffee systems differ in biodiversity patterns for birds (Calvo, 1997; Calvo and Blake, 1998); these differences are observed for both Neotropical migrants and resident birds.
	www.wildlifetrust.org /batpro.htm (2370 words)

	NCE Annual Report 2002-2003
		In partnership with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, the food safety component of the project is ensuring that the polycultured mussels and kelp do not pick up the therapeutants used in salmon farming.
		Launched in 2001, this "polyculture" project is located in the Bay of Fundy, near St. Andrews, New Brunswick, at commercial salmon farms operated by Heritage Salmon Inc., a partner in the Aquanet-funded research project.
		Similarly, the polyculture site's blue mussel growth was up to 100 percent greater than at reference sites, and the mussels reached commercial size faster.
	www.nce.gc.ca /annualreport2002_2003/Eng/3_0/3_1.asp (631 words)

	Boucher 1986 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Boucher discusses views of Nicol (from 1935), Kurtz (from 1952), Cunard (from 1976), and Kass (from 1978) that polycultures are adapted to poor soils and low inputs.
		His model showed that both increases and decreases can occur in the difference between the polyculture and monoculture yields when high amounts of resources are added.
		The advantages of polyculture tend to increase with higher inputs, but Boucher concludes that more data are needed to determine the details of the polyculture advantage.
	www.css.cornell.edu /courses/190/abstr/klech1.htm (261 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The purpose is to increase the probability that fec- es from the entire fish population will be digested several times, not only to convert the maximum amount of nutrients into fish flesh, but to moderate biochemical oxygen demand in the pond.
		Rohu (Labeo rohita) and silver carp (Hypothalmichthys molitri are two phytoplankton-feeding species used in the duckweed-fed polyculture at a total of 40 percent of the species mix, or approxi- mately half of the typical Chinese carp polyculture.
		Questions such as species mix for the polyculture, timing of harvests, length of cycle, and timing of fingerling inputs, and quan- tity of feed application require more precise answers.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1993/03/01/000009265_3970128103342/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt (11507 words)

	polyculture.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Polyculture is used here as awareness, back and forth, across different levels of understanding.
		In this sense, polyculture is using multiple crops which are beneficial to each other.
		I've seen a polyculture project in a semi-arid region of Brazil and was amazed at the difference between the soil and micro-climates of those that used polyculture versus those that did not.
	www.indiana.edu /~pietsch/polyculture.html (467 words)

	Keith Stagg
		I decided that the best polyculture for the land and climate would be one that had existed there naturally.
		The pasture polyculture is to consist of blue-bunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue, prefrenced by cattle.
		This polyculture also appears naturally in the Walla Walla area, showing further evidence that it would support a pasture that required minimal input.
	www.whitman.edu /environmental_studies/internships/reports/stagg.htm (936 words)

	COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MONO AND POLYCULTURE SYSTEMS ON THE PRODUCTION OF PRAWN AND MILKFISH IN BRACKISHWATER PONDS
		Stocking density combination involved 20,000 prawn jv/ha with 2,000 milkfish fingerlings/ha for polyculture; 20,000 prawn juv/ha in monoculture; and 2,000 milkfish fingerlings/ha in monoculture.
		Mean survival rates were 94.03 percent for prawn and 99.0 percent for milkfish in polyculture; and 82.13 percent for prawn and 92.33 percent for milk-fish for the polyculture system.
		Ponds 1, 2 and 6 were used for rearing milkfish and prawn in polyculture; Ponds 4, 5 and 7 for prawn in monoculture; and Ponds 3 and 8 for rearing milkfish in monoculture system.
	www.fao.org /docrep/field/003/AC202E/AC202E00.htm (2329 words)

	Search the Sea Grant: National Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghouse
		CI0290 Reclamation of wastewater for polyculture of freshwater fish: Fish culture in ponds.
		CI0367 Summary of the integrated research in polyculture, feeding, intensive fertilizing by manure and genetic improvement carried out in the years 1973-1974.
		CI0079 Summer and winter growth of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in a polyculture fed with napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) in the subtropical climate of Nepal.
	www.aquaticinvaders.org /nan_browse.cfm?level=4&key=210801000000 (1206 words)

	Selva Negra Coffee Estate - Shade Coffee
		The least intensified (and increasingly rare) practice; coffee shrubs are planted in the existing forest with little alteration of native vegetation; also the least expensive practice, typically used by small family-owned farms that produce a modest crop of coffee.
		similar to traditional polyculture, but some shade is removed to make room for more coffee shrubs; yields are higher, but some agrochemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) are usually needed; generally planted with a distinct backbone species, but more diverse than specialized shade (below).
		All trees within the plantation are indigenous to the region and many of these are centennial trees that have grown to such heights that provide a gradient of shade from very high to the lower and more manageable shade of the younger trees that is prunned during the off-season.
	www.selvanegra.com /en/Coffee-Shade.html (1021 words)

	HOW SHOULD CATFISH BE FARMED? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A polyculture is a system with a diversity of species that functions more as a natural ecosystem.
		A critical problem faced by most catfish farmers is the buildup of phytoplankton, the algae that cause algal blooms, which in turn result in decreased levels of oxygen in the water.
		One aspect of Dan Butterfield's polycultural catfish farming system that I appreciate is that he does not kill birds that come in for a meal of fish from time to time.
	www.uga.edu /srel/ecoviews12-19-99.htm (687 words)

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