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Topic: Polymerase chain reaction

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Primer

DNA polymerase

Touchdown PCR

Reverse transcription

Sanger method

Genetic fingerprinting

Thermus aquaticus

Thermophilic bacteria

DNA electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis

Molecular scale biology

DNA ligase

Thermal cycler

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	Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
		Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique for enzymatically replicating DNA without using a living organism, such as E.
		PCR is commonly used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of tasks, such as the detection of hereditary diseases, the identification of genetic fingerprints, the diagnosis of infectious diseases, the cloning of genes, paternity testing, and DNA computing.
		PCR techniques have been successfully used on animals, such as a forty-thousand-year-old mammoth, and also on human DNA, in applications ranging from the analysis of Egyptian mummies to the identification of a Russian Tsar.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/biochemistry/pcr.html (4059 words)

	Polymerase Chain Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The polymerase chain reaction was introduced to the scientific community at a conference in October 1985.
		PCR reaction, a small quantity of the target DNA is added to a test tube with a buffered solution containing DNA polymerase, oligonucleotide primers, the four deoxynucleotide building blocks of DNA, and the cofactor MgCl2.
		Multiplex PCR for the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
	www.accessexcellence.org /RC/CT/polymerase_chain_reaction.html (4440 words)

	What is a Polymerase Chain Reaction?
		Like the nuclear chain reaction, the polymerase chain reaction is an exponential process that proceeds as long as the raw materials for sustaining the reaction are available.
		A modern polymerase chain reaction requires six basic components to work: the DNA segment to be copied, primers to delimit the segment, Taq polymerase to do the copying, DNA nucleotides to serve as feedstock, a chemical buffer environment, and a machine called a thermal cycler.
		Polymerase chain reactions have a variety of uses, including paternity testing, determining the presence or absence of a genetic defect or viral DNA, cloning a gene, introducing specific mutations, analyzing the DNA of extinct species or dead persons, “genetic fingerprinting” at the crime scene, and more.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-a-polymerase-chain-reaction.htm (554 words)

	Polymerase Chain Reaction
		The polymerase then catalyzes the template-directed syntheses of new double-stranded DNA molecules that are identical in sequence to the starting material.
		PCR was first conceived in 1983 by Kary Mullis, a molecular biologist who received a Nobel Prize for the discovery 10 years later.
		PCR has enabled rapid developments in biotechnology as before its invention molecular biologists had to purify DNA from bacteria, which doesn't result in nearly as much of the specific gene that one is interested in.
	www.nanoword.net /library/def/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction.htm (270 words)

	What is PCR?
		A polymerase is a naturally occurring enzyme, a biological macromolecule that catalyzes the formation and repair of DNA (and RNA).
		When other Cetus scientists eventually succeeded in making the polymerase chain reaction perform as desired in a reliable fashion, they had an immensely powerful technique for providing essentially unlimited quantities of the precise genetic material molecular biologists and others required for their work.
		PCR is a tool that has the power to create new situations for its use and those required to use it.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /biotech/pcr/whatisPCR.html (1013 words)

	genome.gov \| PCR Fact Sheet
		Sometimes called "molecular photocopying," the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a fast and inexpensive technique used to "amplify" - copy - small segments of DNA.
		Often heralded as one of the most important scientific advances in molecular biology, PCR revolutionized the study of DNA to such an extent that its creator, Kary B. Mullis, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1993.
		PCR is also valuable in a number of newly emerging laboratory and clinical techniques, including DNA fingerprinting, detection of bacteria or viruses (particularly AIDS), and diagnosis of genetic disorders.
	www.genome.gov /10000207 (313 words)

	Techniques : Polymerase Chain Reaction
		Because of these, the polymerase had to be replenished after every step, making the process expensive and significantly slower.
		The solution was to use Taq polymerase, derived from Thermus aquaticus, a bacterium that is native to the hot springs of Yellowstone.
		Occasionally, molecules are improperly paired together, for example an A with a G or C. When this occurs, polymerase with the proofreading ability, attempts to remove incorrectly bonded molecules and fix such mistakes.
	library.thinkquest.org /24355/data/details/techniques/polymerase.html (379 words)

	The Science Creative Quarterly » POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
		PCR is used to amplify the amount of a particular DNA molecule in a sample.
		PCR is also used in genetic testing, to determine whether patients carry a genetic mutation that could be passed on to their children (e.g.
		PCR is used to amplify the gene, which is then sequenced to look for mutations.
	www.scq.ubc.ca /?p=296 (490 words)

	pcr \| home
		Like all brilliant ideas, the polymerase chain reaction is incredibly simple yet extremely clever at the same time.
		The polymerase chain reaction has found a place at the heart of forensic scientists' armoury in the fight against crime.
		Read about the way PCR is used to track down criminals - and the bizarre role it played in bringing to justice the killer of one of the early DNA scientists.
	www.abpischools.org.uk /resources/poster-series/pcr/index.asp (415 words)

	Polymerase Chain Reaction
		A polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, allows a molecular biologist to create multiple copies of DNA without using a living organism for synthesis.
		Polymerase chain reaction is used for several tasks, including:
		The whole process is often carried out in a thermal cycler to provide the tightly specified environment for the reaction to take place and often uses Taq polymerase because of its thermostability.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction (188 words)

	PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) - HIV: health and medical information about HIV and AIDS
		PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a key technique in molecular genetics that permits the analysis of any short sequence of DNA (or RNA) without having to clone it.
		PCR is used to reproduce (amplify) selected sections of DNA.
		PCR is highly efficient so that untold numbers of copies can be made of the DNA.
	www.medicinenet.com /pcr_polymerase_chain_reaction/article.htm (470 words)

	Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polymerase chain reaction itself is the process used to amplify specific parts of a DNA molecule, via the temperature-mediated enzyme DNA polymerase.
		Reverse transcription PCR is not to be confused with real-time polymerase chain reaction which is also marketed as RT-PCR.
		Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is widely used in the diagnosis of genetic diseases and, quantitatively, in the determination of the abundance of specific different RNA molecules within a cell or tissue as a measure of gene expression.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/RT-PCR (479 words)

	Polymerase Chain Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		PCR is an extremely valuable technique in forensic criminology involving rape, murder and disputed parentage.
		TAQ polymerase used in the amplification of DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was originally isolated from a colony of T.
		PCR is called polymerase chain reaction because the reaction occurs repeatedly in cycles as duplicate copies of genes are produced exponentially.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /lmexer3b.htm (4865 words)

	Polymerase Chain Reaction
		The main difference with PCR is that, in addition to using a primer that sits on the 5' end of the gene and makes a new strand in that direction, a primer is made to the opposite strand to go in the other direction.
		The polymerase reaction is very sensitive to the levels of divalent cations (especially Mg) and nucleotides, and the conditions for each particular application must be worked out.
		In your reactions, two primers would have to be made for each of the inserts and the primers that you use would be based on which insert you have in your plasmid.
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /donald.slish/PCR.html (1224 words)

	Polymerase chain reaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As PCR is an in vitro technique, it can be performed without restrictions on the form of DNA and it can be extensively modified to perform a wide array of genetic manipulations.
		Since PCR is very sensitive, adequate measures to avoid contamination from other DNA present in the lab environment (bacteria, viruses, lab staff's skin etc.) should be taken.
		Hot-start PCR is a technique that reduces non-specific priming that occurs during the preparation of the reaction components.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction (4940 words)

	Pharmaceutical PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction & gene amplification glossary
		PCR reaction in which a necessary component for polymerization (polymerase, magnesium, nucleotides, etc.) is withheld from the reaction until all other components achieve a temperature exceeding the annealing temperature of the primers.
		The chain reaction is repeated in three steps in the presence of excess probe: (1) heat denaturation of double-.stranded DNA, (2) annealing of probes to target DNA, and (3) joining of the probes by thermostable DNA ligase.
		While PCR is the backbone of molecular biological research, it has not achieved the same throughput as more recent technologies such as microarrays and parallel whole genome sequencing.
	www.genomicglossaries.com /content/gene_amplification_pcr_gloss.asp (5716 words)

	Polymerase Chain Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies a specific DNA segment many fold.
		A PCR consists of multiple cycles of annealing of the oligonucleotides, synthesis of a DNA chain, denaturation of the synthesized DNA.
		PCR has been made quantitative by the use of fluorescence that can be read at each cycle.
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW4/MG426.html (197 words)

	Polymerase Chain Reaction
		PCR is a process based on the ability of a DNA polymerase enzyme that can synthesize a complementary strand to a targeted segment of DNA in a test tube mixture of the four DNA bases.
		The mixture is first heated to denature (separate) the sides of the double- stranded DNA and then cooled to allow (1) the primers to find and bind to their complementary sequences on the separated strands and (2) the polymerase to extend the primers into new complementary strands.
		PCR is also valuable in a number of newly emerging laboratory and clinical techniques, including DNA fingerprinting, detection of bacteria or viruses (particularly AIDS), and diagnosis of genetic disorders and preparing samples for
	www.contexo.info /DNA_Basics/polymerase_chain_reaction.htm (582 words)

	PCR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a thermostable DNA polymerase amplifies DNA that is flanked by known sequences.
		PCR can be used in many complex ways to achieve different results.
		The pH of the PCR buffer at 37°C is typically between 8.3 - 8.8, and may be higher than the pH optimum for most restriction enzymes.
	omrf.ouhsc.edu /~frank/PCR.html (1932 words)

	polymerase chain reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The big thing about PCR is that it permits one to amplify a particular stretch of DNA (typically from 50 to a few thousand base pairs in length) out of an organism's genomic DNA (from millions to billions of base pairs in size depending on the organism) in a matter of an hour or so.
		Note the 3 steps of a PCR cycle: denaturation (separates complementary strands of DNA); annealing (hybridizes or attaches the short DNA primers to the target sequence); and extension (elongates the primers using a DNA polymerase enzyme and mononucleotides substrates).
		Note that PCR runs the temperature up to 95 C, a point way beyond the tolerance ot the DNA polymerases of most organisms.
	sorrel.humboldt.edu /~wva1/For-biotech_PCR.html (758 words)

	THE HISTORY OF PCR [RU 9577] - Smithsonian Videohistory Collection
		PCR also affected evolutionary studies because large quantities of DNA can be manufactured from fossils containing but trace amounts.
		Kwok was part of a group of researchers devoted to the use of PCR to detect HIV in human cells.
		She was responsible for managing the development, commercialization, and marketing of the PCR business as part of the Perkin-Elmer Cetus Joint Venture, and the subsequent strategic alliance with Hoffman-LaRoche.
	www.si.edu /archives/ihd/videocatalog/9577.htm (2916 words)

	Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
		Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the Perkin Elmer/Applied Biosystems (PE/ABD) (Foster City, CA, USA) Prism 7700 Sequence Detector System is a relatively new technology that provides a broad dynamic range (at least five orders of magnitude) for detecting specific gene sequences with excellent sensitivity and precision.
		Multiplexing quantitative PCR reactions by using more than one fluorescent dye per tube was not an option when the 7700 was first released.
		Quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based homogeneous assay with fluorogenic probes to measure c-erB-2 oncogene amplification.
	www.abrf.org /JBT/1999/March99/mar99grove.html (3579 words)

	Polymerase Chain Reaction - Xeroxing DNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The polymerase chain reaction, now widely used in research laboratories and doctor's offices, relies on the ability of DNA-copying enzymes to remain stable at high temperatures.
		A PCR vial contains all the necessary components for DNA duplication: a piece of DNA, large quantities of the four nucleotides, large quantities of the primer sequence, and DNA polymerase.
		Since the Taq polymerase works best at around 75 degrees C (the temperature of the hot springs where the bacterium was discovered), the temperature of the vial is raised.
	web.mit.edu /esgbio/www/rdna/pcr.html (776 words)

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