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Topic: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

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VSEPR

Aromatic hydrocarbon

Aromaticity

Benzene

Anthracene

Naphthalene

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	Aromatic hydrocarbon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds.
		The term 'aromatic' was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and was derived from the fact that many of the compounds have a sweet scent.
		The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible aromatic hydrocarbon, benzene.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon (464 words)

	Use of humic acids to enhance the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated aquifers.
		Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the gasoline and diesel fuels are of particular concern because many are carcinogenic and degrade poorly.
		In this project, the enhancement of the aqueous solubility of the aromatic hydrocarbons by humic acids was studied in laboratory columns (Xu et al., 1994) and in a large scale model aquifer (this article).
		Fluorescent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as probes for studying the impact of colloids on pollutant transport in groundwater.
	www.bioremediationgroup.org /BioReferences/Tier1Papers/HumicAcid.htm (3937 words)

	PAHs analyses. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (also called PAH, PAHs, PAH´s, polyaromates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons) are a group of over 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat.
		Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced by burning jet fuel and are also found in emissions from generators and motor vehicles.
		PAHs are found in coal tar, crude oil, creosote, and roofing tar, but a few are used in medicines or to make dyes, plastics, and pesticides.
	www.chemischeanalyse.cz /english/pahs_analyses.htm (400 words)

	Atlantic Green Lane - Environment Canada
		Elevated PAH concentrations are restricted mostly to areas which have received industrial or urban discharges containing PAHs over long periods, such as the harbours at Sydney and Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Saint John, New Brunswick; and at some wood preservation plants.
		PAHs also find their way directly into the aquatic environment through discharges from various human activities, including: industrial and domestic sewage effluents; spills and leaks of PAH- containing materials such as oils; runoff from paved roads, parking lots, and the grounds of wood preservation plants; offshore drilling; and leaching and disposal of refinery effluents.
		PAHs are slow to degrade in the environment, and sediments in particular are "sinks" where chemicals tend to concentrate.
	www.ns.ec.gc.ca /epb/envfacts/pah.html (1286 words)

	Napthalene is a polyaromatic hydrocarbon with two fused benzene rings with the chemical formula of C10H8
		Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of compounds found throughout the environment in the air, in the soil and in the water.
		Naphthalene is an important hydrocarbon raw material used in the manufacture of pthalic anhydride (used in dye making), of celluloid and hydronapthalenes (used in lubricants), and of motor fuels.
		It is a characteristic of PAHs to bind tightly to sediments.
	entweb.clemson.edu /pesticid/Document/leeorg1/leeorg4.htm (4504 words)

	PAH's in the Home - Environmental Hazard
		PAH's are one of the most prominent groups of chemicals contained in smoke, soot and exhaust resulting from the incomplete combustion of carbon compounds.
		PAHs can also find their way into the aquatic environment through discharges from human activities such as industrial or domestic sewage effluents; runoff from paved roads and parking lots, offshore drilling and leaching/disposal of refinery effluents.
		Benzene is the simplest of the aromatic hydrocarbons.
	www.propex.com /C_f_env_pah.htm (730 words)

	PAH's
		Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat.
		PAHs are usually found as a mixture containing two or more of these compounds, such as soot.
		Benzene is the simplest of the aromatic hydrocarbons, which are those hydrocarbons in which one or more ring has aromatic character due to the rearrangement of the pi bonding electrons in what would otherwise be alternating single and double bonds.
	www.headlice.org /lindane/health/toxicology/pah.htm (987 words)

	Chemical Fact Sheets -- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
		PAHs can enter groundwater from ash, tar, or creosote that is improperly disposed in landfills.
		PAHs may be in groundwater near disposal sites where construction wastes or ash are buried; people may be exposed by drinking this water.
		However, PAHs may be attached to dust or ash causing lung irritation.
	www.dhfs.state.wi.us /eh/ChemFS/fs/PAH.htm (805 words)

	Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory (MSCL) Laboratory Methods
		The silica gel Fraction II containing aromatic hydrocarbons is concentrated, reconstituted in methylene chloride, and subjected to gel permeation chromatography (GPC) cleanup prior to quantification by capillary, flame ionization gas chromatography and fluorescence HPLC.
		Aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon residues are fractionated by eluting aliphatics from the column with 100 ml petroleum ether (Fraction I) followed by elution of aromatics using first, 100 ml 40% methylene chloride/60%petroleum ether, then 50 ml methylene chloride (Combined eluates, Fraction II).
		Aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon residues are separated by eluting aliphatics from the column with 100 ml petroleum ether (Fraction I) folllowed by elution of aromatics using first, 100 ml 40% methylene chloride/60% petroleum ether then 50 ml methylene chloride (combined eluates, Fraction II).
	www.fws.gov /chemistry/methods_mscl_lab.htm (13426 words)

	Center for Environmental Biotechnology Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the activation of early growth response-1 and peroxisome proliferators activated receptors.
		In: Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds.
		Polyaromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation and fate in aquatic sediments.
	www.ceb.utk.edu /publications.html (5570 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
		HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually occurs by breathing air contaminated by wild fires or coal tar, or by eating foods that have been grilled.
		PAH contents of plants and animals may be much higher than PAH contents of soil or water in which they live.
		Some PAHs have caused cancer in laboratory animals when they breathed air containing them (lung cancer), ingested them in food (stomach cancer), or had them applied to their skin (skin cancer).
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts69.html (979 words)

	Introduction to Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Aromatic character can arise whenever two equivalent canonical structures involving alternate single and double bonds can be drawn for an organic molecule, even if it is not a ring.
		Two of the simplest are the two-ring and three-ring aromatic structures, which are called napthalene and anthracene.
		Substitution upon polynuclear hydrocarbons whether aromatic or aliphatic is described in the usual way, but the numbering of the carbons is not obvious in complex structures.
	www.3rd1000.com /chem301/chem301z.htm (523 words)

	Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - PSL1
		AEL (Aquatic Ecostudies Limited), "Effect of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Benthic Invertebrate Fauna of Kettle Creek at Port Stanley, Ontario", prepared for the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 21 p.
		Oris, J.T. and J.P. Giesy, "The Photo-induced Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Larvae of the Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas", Chemosphere, 16: 1395-1404 (1987).
		Windsor, J.G. and R.A. Hites, "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Maine Sediments and Nova Scotia Soils", Geochem.
	www.hc-sc.gc.ca /ewh-semt/pubs/contaminants/psl1-lsp1/hydrocarb_aromat_polycycl/hydrocarb_aromat_polycycl_5_e.html (5074 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We have no reason to expect that the three PAH compounds that were not detected would behave any differently or be present in source streams in any different amounts than the four compounds that were detected.
		Quantification of PAH Levels and Sources MRC is uncertain about the sources of PAH compounds to discharge 001 through the effluent treatment system, but they could include: Raw water from the Contra Costa Canal Airborne deposition.
		To reduce the potential for PAHs in discharge 001: Seven major oil water separator systems are optimized for primary removal of oil and solids from wastewater streams.
	www.swrcb.ca.gov /rwqcb2/Agenda/11-28-01/11-28-01-justnpdescomp.doc (436 words)

	Effects of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on hemocyte characteristics of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas ...
		Effects of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on hemocyte characteristics of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas
		ABSTRACT To investigate the effect of varying concentrations of PAHs and laboratory holding on hemocyte characteristics, Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, were exposed to varying concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for 40 days.
		Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one class of toxic environmental pollutants that are accumulated by coastal organisms.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0QPU/is_2_24/ai_n15634380 (442 words)

	A Brief History of the Manufactured Gas Industry in the United States
		Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a group of more than 100 different chemical compounds that result from the incomplete combustion of organic materials such as coal, oil, wood, etc. Generally, PAHs are found co-mingled in complex mixtures.
		Certain PAHs are used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, and pesticides.
		PAHs also have applications as feedstock / raw material in the chemical industry.
	www.heritageresearch.com /manufactured_gas_I.htm (830 words)

	Combustion-Derived Ultrafine Particles Transport Organic Toxicants to Target Respiratory Cells
		Fluorescent PAHs are transferred from the particle surface to the cell membrane, cross the membrane into the cytosol, and appear to accumulate in lipid vesicles.
		This is consistent with solubilization by DCM of PAHs formed during the combustion process and adsorbed to the surface of the BDS particles.
		Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion residues from 1,3-butadiene.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2005/7661/7661.html (6700 words)

	Glossary of Terms [L - R]
		A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of various non hydrocarbon components existing in the gas phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs.
		The particles are composed of elemental carbon, heavy hydrocarbons (SOF), and hydrated sulfuric acid (“sulfate particulates”).
		Aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more (up to five or six) benzene rings joined in various, more or less clustered forms.
	www.dieselnet.com /gl-l.html (1241 words)

	PETER PI-CHENG FU
		Fu, P.P. Synthesis of oxidized metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PP.
		P-labeled 3',5'-bisphosphate nucleotides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anti-diol-epoxides and derivatives.
		Carcinogenicity of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the newborn mouse liver and lung.
	www.nlu.edu /chemistry/fu/vita.html (10502 words)

	Behaviour of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polynuclear Aromatic Sulphur Heterocycles and Polynuclear Aromatic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Behaviour of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polynuclear Aromatic Sulphur Heterocycles and Polynuclear Aromatic Ketones during Roof and Road Runoff
		We measured concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polynuclear aromatic sulphur heterocycles (PASH) and polynuclear aromatic ketones (PAK) in stormwater runoff from roofs and roads in Dresden, the capital of Saxony, Germany.
		The selected classes of trace organic pollutants are mainly released during incomplete combustion and are emitted by traffic, industry and residential heating.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?0204941 (123 words)

	History
		The first international symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons was organized by Dr. Peter Jones and Dr. Freudenthal of the Battelle Memorial Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio in 1976.
		In 1985, at the 10th symposium, the conference organizers proposed, and it was agreed by the attendees, that the conference should switch to a biennail format.
		During the 13th PAH Symposium in Bordeaux, France, in 1991, the ICPAC executive met and voted to chanbe the name of the committee to the International Society for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (ISPAC).
	www.louisville.edu /org/ispac/History.htm (1234 words)

	Pollutant Monitoring and Remediation: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A variety of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), from naphthalene to high-molecular-weight PAHs such as benzo(a)pyrene, are found in the marine environment.
		Some PAHs are carcinogenic to marine organisms, and may be transferred to humans through seafood consumption.
		Recent studies found high levels of PAHs in sediments of southern Florida, and the pattern was correlated with toxicity in marine organisms.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /general/project/ocdkdg_2.html (177 words)

	Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determination in Air Sample (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One of the most interested pollutants is a group of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).
		PAHs result from incomplete combustion of organic material in industrial, automobile exhaust fumes, tobacco smoke and cooking.
		In the area of air pollution studies, PAHs have received increased attention in recent years because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic.
	www.cri.or.th /~sittisak/report_e.htm (215 words)

	Research - Biology and Psychology - University of Newcastle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The dose-response rat hepatic cytosolic receptor-binding avidities, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) induction potencies in rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells in culture were determined for 29 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
		All of the compounds which were active in the receptor-binding and monooxygenase enzyme-induction assays possessed one common structural feature, namely the presence of a phenanthrene structure fused with at least 1 benzo ring.
		The results also demonstrated that there was not any apparent correlation between the receptor-binding avidities and in vitro monooxygenase enzyme-induction potencies for the most active polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /biol/research/publication/16018 (212 words)

	Remedial Section - KDHE BER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Analytical results indicated elevated levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil and ground water samples, plus low levels of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface soil.
		Results of the inspection indicated the presence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in ground water at levels exceeding Federal drinking water standards, but no viable responsible party was identified.
		During the CI, elevated levels of various polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, and lead were detected in soil samples at levels exceeding the Risk-based Standards for Kansas values for residential soil, and in some instances at concentrations exceeding EPA Emergency Removal Guidelines.
	www.kdheks.gov /remedial/swp_kansas_map.html (14773 words)

	References
		Broddin G, W Cautreels, K.A Van Cauwenberghe, (1980) On the aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbon levels in urban and background aerosols from Belgium and the Netherlands.
		Kelly G, K Bartle, A Clifford, R Robinson, (1992) Quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulates using supercritical fluid extraction and on-line coupled LC-GC.
		Comparison of Supercritical CHCIF2, N2O and CO for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.Anal.Chem, 64, 1614-1622.
	www.chem.leeds.ac.uk /papers/html/pahmosaic/bibliography3_6.html (415 words)

	opq
		Phenol - 1) A corrosive poisonous crystalline acidic compound present in coal tar and wood tar that in dilute solutions is used as a disinfectant and 2) any of various acidic compounds analogous to phenols and regarded as hydroxyl derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons.
		Photochemical Smog - Natural and artificially emitted hydrocarbons in the presence of oxides of nitrogen undergo photochemical reactions which produce a cloud of toxic chemicals including ozone and a variety of caustic agents.
		Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons - (PAHs) These compounds are large ring aromatic hydrocarbons that are molecules containing carbon and hydrogen.
	www.shsu.edu /~chemistry/Glossary/opq.html (3448 words)

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