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	Polyploidy
		Polyploidy is very common in plants, especially in angiosperms.
		Polyploidy has occurred often in the evolution of plants.
		Polyploidy can also be induced in the plant breeding laboratory by treating dividing cells with colchicine.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Polyploidy.html (733 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Polyploidy
		Polyploidy occurs in some animals, such as goldfish, salmon, and salamanders, but is especially common among ferns and flowering plants, including both wild and cultivated species.
		The occurrence of polyploidy is a mechanism of speciation and is known to have resulted in new species of the plant Salsify (also known as "goatsbeard").
		Polyploidy can be induced in cell culture by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine, which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Polyploidy (1537 words)

	Polyploidy in plants
		Polyploidy is present to at least to some extent in most members of the plant kingdom being more common in some and rather rare in others(26).
		Though this was initially marred by the lack of a suitable method for the induction of polyploidy, the discovery of the “colchcine method” served to remove this hurdle to a large extent (1).
		Stebbins, G.L., Jr., 1985, Polyploidy, Hybridization and the invasion of new habitats, Ann.
	www.as.wvu.edu /~kgarbutt/QuantGen/Gen535_2_2004/Polyploidy.html (4736 words)

	What is polyploidy?
		Polyploidy is the process of genome doubling that gives rise to organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes.
		Polyploidy can arise from spontaneous somatic chromosome duplication, or as a result of non-disjunction of the homologous chromosomes during meiosis resulting in diploid gametes (for review see Ramsey and Schemske, 2002).
		Polyploidy can occur in all or most somatic cells of the organism or it can be restricted to a specific tissue.
	polyploid.agronomy.wisc.edu /overview/beginner-01.html (267 words)

	Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement
		Considering the profound importance of polyploidy in plant evolution, it is understandable that there was considerable interest in developing induced polyploids when mitotic inhibitors were first discovered in the 1930s.
		Polyploidy can result in a wide range of effects on plants, but the specific effects will vary dramatically based on the species in question, the degree of heterozygosity, the ploidy level, and the mechanisms that relate to gene silencing, gene interactions, gene dose effects, and regulation of specific traits and processes.
		Stebbins, G.L. Polyploidy and the distribution of the arctic-alpine flora: new evidence and a new approach.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/ranney/polyploidy.htm (2880 words)

	McPherson: Polyploidy in Angiosperm Speciation
		Polyploidy was first discovered by Winkler in 1916 during his observations of a spontaneous autopolyploid induced by mechanically damaged tissue (Grant, 1971).
		The broad range in estimates for angiosperm polyploidy is due to a lack of knowledge about whether these plants are ancient polyploids, or whether more recent events have caused the polyploidy we observe today.
		Polyploidy isn't unique to plants, as it is common in some insects, fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
	www.biology.ualberta.ca /courses.hp/biol606/OldLecs/Lecture2K.02.McPherson.html (1004 words)

	Evolution: The Evolution of Polyploidy
		Polyploidy is a characteristic feature in plants, and yet it is relatively rare in animals and fungi (Stebbins, 1950 p 366; Grant, 1971, p 224-6).
		Polyploidy is also found in most pteridophytes, some bryophytes and algae, and few gymnosperms (Stebbins, 1950; Grant, 1971).
		Polyploidy is a rapid speciation mechanism, and polyploids may also originate several times independently due to similar processes working in different populations.
	www.geocities.com /we_evolve/Plants/polyploidy.html (3218 words)

	Polyploidy - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Polyploidy has been observed in insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and once in mammals (a rat), though it was once thought polyploidy would be fatal to mammals.
		Polyploidy is a route by which plants could increase their chromosome numbers, and the size of their genome.
		Polyploidy will duplicate the genes on each chromosome, and during the subsequent changes many copies will be 'turned off', increading pseudogenes and the proportion of 'Junk DNA' in the genome.
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=Polyploidy (373 words)

	Pteropsidia Success and Evolution via Polyploidy
		In mammals, polyploidy is devastating, however it occurs often in the plant kingdom.
		The success that polyploids demonstrate is biased because we observe the examples that have taken advantage of the numerous benefits of polyploidy and have overcome polyploidy barriers to establish themselves as species.
		Polyploidy, phylogeography and Pleistocene refugia of the rockfern Asplenium ceterach: evidence from chloroplast DNA.
	www.as.wvu.edu /~kgarbutt/QuantGen/Gen535_2_2004/Ferns.htm (2304 words)

	Polyploidy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The genetics of polyploidy is a major topic in the laboratory.
		Polyploidy poses two major questions related to gene redundancy, hybridization, and the effect of dosage.
		We study the effect of polyploidy and allopolyploidy in Arabidopsis, maize and Brassica.
	faculty.washington.edu /comai/polyploidy.htm (748 words)

	Mutation Frequency and Polyploidy - Genetics and Evolution
		In the case of triploids, although the creation of particular triploids in species is possible, they cannot reproduce themselves because of the inability to pair homologous chromosomes at meiosis, therefore preventing the formation of gametes.
		Polyploidy is responsible for the creation of thousands of species in today's planet, and will continue to do so.
		It is also responsible for increasing genetic diversity and producing species showing an increase in size, vigour and an increased resistance to disease.
	www.biology-online.org /2/9_mutations.htm (387 words)

	Evolution by polyploidy and gene regulation in anura
		It has been proposed that the evolutionary role of polyploidy is to provide extra-copies of genes, whose subsequent alteration leads to new functions, increased biological complexity, and, ultimately, speciation.
		The observation that some fish species also show signs of ancestral polyploidy, that is post-polyploidy, detected by the presence of some residual multivalents (Ohno et al., 1968; Wolf et al., 1969), but with high DNA content values (Ohno and Atkin, 1966; Atkin and Ohno, 1967) suggested the evolutive polyploidy hypothesis formulated in 1970 by Ohno.
		Polyploidy and mechanisms of karyotypic diversification in Amphibia.
	www.funpecrp.com.br /gmr/year2004/vol2-3/gmr0081_full_text.htm (6380 words)

	What is Polyploidy? What are Polyploidy plants? How and why does it...
		Polyploidy is common among plants and has been, in fact, a major source of speciation in the angiosperms.
		Polyploidy is rare among gymnosperms, such as pines, firs, and cedars, although the redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, is a polyploid.
		Polyploidy is a mode of quantum speciation that yields the beginnings of a new species in just one or two generations.
	www.answerbag.com /q_view/19765 (861 words)

	Welcome to the Chen Laboratory: A Home of Polyploidy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We are interested in understanding (1) the genetic and epigenetic regulation of genome duplication and polyploidy, (2) the molecular basis of developmental plasticity and phenotypic variation, and (3) the genetic and developmental control of fiber cell initiation.
		Polyploidy (whole genome duplication) is an evolutionary force in many plants and some animals.
		We are interested in understanding (1) the evolutionary consequences of polyploidy, (2) the genetic and epigenetic regulation of polyploidy, and (3) the genetic control of fiber cell development in cotton polyploids.
	www.bio.utexas.edu /research/chen (162 words)

	Perinatal.nhs.uk (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Polyploidy is caused by one or more complete (haploid) sets of extra chromosomes.
		Many affected pregnancies are lost spontaneously as miscarriages and polyploidy occurs in 20% of all chromosomally abnormal spontaneous abortions.
		Suspicions of a viable pregnancy affected by polyploidy are usually first raised by fetal growth failure, which happens early in pregnancy and is severe.
	www.perinatal.nhs.uk /car/anomaly/chromosome/polyploidy.htm (366 words)

	Instant Evolution
		All of the plant species that have evolved more than once have done so via a mechanism called "polyploidy." A polyploid species is one that has more than two copies of each of its chromosomes.
		The Soltises have found an ideal model system for their study of polyploidy, and it's right here in the Palouse: a plant called goatsbeard, a relative of the dandelion that has small yellow to purple flowers.
		Small populations of the new species were first observed in the 1950s by Marion Ownbey, directorof the herbarium at WSU, who studied polyploidy and the goatsbeards before the Soltises.
	www.wsu.edu /NIS/Universe/instant.html (1118 words)

	Unasylva - No. 73-74 - FAO/IUFRO meeting on forest genetics - 1. Some principles of tree cytology and genetics
		In these genera induced polyploidy can be of value in forest trees as it has been in producing new types of ornamental trees and shrubs.
		Polyploidy was successfully induced in all species attempted, and the overall changes in the seedlings or trees were similar.
		Natural polyploidy often arises after hybridization between different species or populations with the taxonomic status of species, and the subsequent doubling of the chromosome number, owing to the formation of unreduced gametes (a condition known as amphiploidy or allopolyploidy).
	www.fao.org /docrep/03650e/03650e02.htm (8397 words)

	Weekly Article (Associates for Biblical Research)
		Plant polyploidy happens in nature when an abnormality occurs in the cell division that produces spores.
		This is because during the cell division that produces reproductive spores, the chromosomes of the two parent plants don't pair up properly (if at all), and are then distributed unequally to the daughter cells (ibid.).
		If polyploidy leaves two copies of each chromosome in a hybrid's cells, each chromosome gets a partner that is an exact duplicate of itself.
	abr.christiananswers.net /articles/article52.html (688 words)

	Keith Adams Laboratory
		Polyploidy has been especially common in flowering plants, with most plants being ancient polyploids and at least 50% of angiosperm species having experienced an episode of genome doubling in their recent evolutionary history.
		Polyploidy is a dynamic process that is associated with interactions between genomes, considerable and rapid genomic reorganization in some plants, and changes in gene expression including gene silencing.
		My lab is studying the consequences of polyploidy on the expression, silencing, and function of duplicate genes, including the immediate effects and the evolutionary consequences.
	www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org /research/adamslab.php (1314 words)

	Amazon.com: Polyploidy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Taxonomy, polyploidy and cytogeography in the genus Erianthus Michx: Thesis...
		Polyploidy and variation in the Campanula rotundifolia complex (Rozpravy Ceskoslovenské akademie ved.
		On fertilisation, polyploidy and haploidy in Orchis maculatus L. sens.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Polyploidy&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (322 words)

	Cascade Bulb and Seed (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A basic understanding of polyploidy, its limitations and the difficulties of breeding at the polyploid level would have made this evident.
		Polyploidy occurs whenever there is one or more extra genome compliments.
		Since triploids appear to be insignificant in daylily breeding, polyploidy will be discussed from the point of view of tetraploids.
	www.open.org /~halinar/poly.html (3696 words)

	Polyploidy - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Join in at the Polyploidy forums - ask a question or share an experience.
		Polyploidy can cause birth defects and conditions such as Down's syndrome where each cell has 3 copies of a particular chromosome instead of one.
		A large percentage of spontaneous abortions are a result of polyploidy.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /p/polyploidy/intro.htm (331 words)

	CiteULike: Polyploidy and genome evolution in plants.
		Genome doubling (polyploidy) has been and continues to be a pervasive force in plant evolution.
		Recent studies have refined our inferences of the number and timing of polyploidy events and the impact of these events on genome structure.
		Polyploidy has extensive effects on gene expression, with gene silencing accompanying polyploid formation and continuing over evolutionary time.
	www.citeulike.org /user/BioNica/article/599517 (393 words)

	Universe Magazine - A Different Kind of Evolution
		The mechanism for the multiple origination of species is “polyploidy.” Unlike “normal” species, which have two copies of each of their chromosomes, polyploid species have more than two copies of each chromosome.
		Polyploidy appears to involve an error in a plant’s production of its pollen, or egg, which results in its containing too many copies of each chromosome.
		The Soltises have identified an ideal model system for their study of polyploidy in the Palouse country of southeastern Washington: a plant called goatsbeard, or salsify, that produces small yellow to purple flowers.
	www.wsu.edu /NIS/Universe/Evo.html (792 words)

	The Impact of Polyploidy on Grass Genome Evolution -- Levy and Feldman 130 (4): 1587 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		Polyploidy is an evolutionary process whereby two or more genomes are brought together into the same nucleus, usually by hybridization
		Polyploidy is not only widespread in the grasses, but it is also an ongoing process (Fig.
		Leitch IJ, Bennett MD (1997) Polyploidy in angiosperms.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/130/4/1587 (4956 words)

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