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Topic: Polythelia

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	Diagnostic Puzzler: A middle-aged woman with a genital tumor - Contemporary OB/GYN
		Polythelia has also been related to a tenfold greater risk of congenital and hereditary nephrourinary malformations of various types, including polycystic kidney disease, unilateral renal agenesis, cystic renal dysplasia, familial renal cysts, and congenital stenosis of the pyeloureteral joint.
		In a separate study of a different population, Hersh and colleagues found that seven of 65 individuals with polythelia had identifiable renal lesions, four of which were not associated with clinical signs or symptoms at the time of detection and therefore would not otherwise have been picked up.
		Regardless of its origin, polythelia is a benign lesion that should prompt an astute clinician to look a little deeper, always keeping in mind its association with cardiac and renal defects.
	www.contemporaryobgyn.net /obgyn/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=114055 (1020 words)

	Supernumerary nipples (polythelia) in Formosan macaques
		Polythelia can be difficult to detect within the fur (especially on males) and we included only individuals for whom we were confident supernumerary nipples/areolae would have been detected if present.
		Since polythelia is less visible on males, the sex difference may be partially artifactual, though we were aware of this possible bias and attempted to avoid it (see Methods).
		Polythelia among monkeys and apes is occasionally commented upon (e.g., "Several [of > 1,000 rhesus] have one or two non-functional supernumerary nipples" ([Koford et al., 1966]) but there has been little quantitative work on patterns and incidence (see Buss & Hamner III, 1971; Schultz, 1956).
	weber.ucsd.edu /~jmoore/publications/polythelia.html (1959 words)

	Polythelia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Abstract: Background of study Polythelia is a cutaneousmarker of congenital diseases of the kidneys.
		Except for amastia, polymastia and polythelia, which have received much atte,the data for many other breast malformations are sparse.
		Polythelia (supeary nipple) is a minor congenital developmental anomaly usuallylocated along the embryonic mammary lines which run from axillae to......
	polythelia.diseasemap.com (423 words)

	Breast Augmentation @ South Florida Plastic Surgery Associates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For example, polythelia is present in 5% of Japanese females but only 1.6% of Japanese males.
		Approximately 19% of patients with renal adenocarcinoma have polythelia, and 16.5% of patients with end-stage renal disease have polythelia.
		Considering the significant incidence of congenital and acquired renal disorders in patients with polythelia, patients should be aware of the need for regular physical examination and urinalysis.
	www.southfloridaplasticsurgery.com /procedures/breast_surgery/breastembryology.htm (3573 words)

	Research Summaries - Longnecker et al.
		In utero, the development of male reproductive system is hormone dependant and the interference of exogenous hormones during critical development periods may potentially alter the male reproductive development.
		In the current study the authors hypothesized that in utero exposures to the androgen antagonist DDE may be related to the frequency of cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and polythelia among boys.
		Interesting, the odds of polythelia in the highest exposure group (=85.6 ug/litre) was suggestive of a potential relationship (OR=1.9, 95% CI=0.9-4.0).
	www.emcom.ca /summaries/longnecker2.shtml (611 words)

	Endotext.com - Endocrinology of Pregnancy, Normal Mammary Development and Disorders of Breast Development and Function (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Historically, polythelia was though to indicate increased fertility 81.
		Interestingly, extra nipples and mammary tissue almost always form along the embryonic milk or nipple lines and thus are located along a curved line extending from the axilla to the inguinal ligaments bilaterally 82.
		There have been reports of familial polythelia and, in some families, the presence of extra nipples has been associated with renal anomalies 83-85.
	www.endotext.org /pregnancy/pregnancy5/pregnancy5_2.htm (3595 words)

	Our Stolen Future: Associations between DDE and male reproductive birth defects
		The authors were then left with sample sizes of: 219 cryptorchids, 199 with hypospadias, 167 with polythelia and 552 controls.
		The median level of DDE measured in the control group, 34.3 µg/liter (adjusted for proportion recovered) was approximately 5-fold the current level in the United States.
		The strongest association was for polythelia: the median level of DDE in cord blood for boys with polythelia was elevated compared to controls and the adjusted odds ratio for the highest exposure group compared to controls was 1.7.
	www.ourstolenfuture.com /NewScience/oncompounds/ddt/2002-0209longneckeretal.htm (1261 words)

	Karger Publishers
		Objective: To demonstrate that polythelia pilosa is at least a marker of subjacent accessory mammary tissue and, consequently, that the term should be incorporated into the current classification.
		Methods: Among 72 cases of aberrant or accessory mammary tissue, we have studied 14 cases (7 men and 7 women) that were clinically diagnosed as 'visible isolated patches of hairs, apparently without pigmentation nor structures of areola or nipple'.
		Conclusion: Since the biopsy of isolated patches of hairs demonstrated structures of either areolar or apocrine glandular tissue, we think that the term 'polythelia pilosa' should be reinstated into the classification as it is at least a marker of true aberrant mammary structures in men and hirsute women.
	content.karger.com /ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Doi=17924 (282 words)

	[No title]
		The prevalence of polythelia among adult females varied from 8% to 90% across troops
		Polythelia within Becker's Naevus CE Urbani a, R. Betti b a Service of Dermatology,
		Polythelia (which, I think we can all agree, is a much prettier name) is a bit of
	health.cancer-help.org /include/files/Polythelia.txt (425 words)

	Answers and Articles about Breast Problems from Woman's Diagnostic Cyber
		Polythelia (extra nipples) and polymastia (extra glandular breast tissue) are common developmental abnormalities of the breast and nipple which usually present as small lesions along the mammary line, an embryologic line that extends bilaterally from the axillary regions (armpit) to the inguinal ligaments (groin) and into the vulvar area in females.
		If it does become a cosmetic problem for her in later life, which in most cases it does not, she can choose to have it removed as a simple, outpatient procedure.
		The association between polythelia (supernumerary nipple) and kidney and urinary tract malformations (KUTM) is controversial.
	www.wdxcyber.com /mbreast.htm (3049 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus IV: Organ Systems: Mammary Gland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The supernumerary mammae vary in the extent to which they are developed, being represented sometimes by well-formed accessory glands (polymastia) that may become functioning organs, but more often, particularly in the male subject.
		In women, polythelia may be associated with greater or less development of glandular tissue.
		Renal variations accompanied polythelia in nine of 37 (27%) subjects studied.
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/OrganSystem/Text/MammaryGland.html (1118 words)

	memepool.com: Article archive
		Polythelia is the medical term for having more than two nipples.
		It can occur in men and women, and the extra nipples are usually vertically aligned with the normal two, despite how they are portrayed in the movies.
		Eventually I found two pages with somewhat dubious statistics about polythelia, but the best information about it for a layperson such as myself can be found at Nerve.
	www.memepool.com /Date/141 (708 words)

	Epidemiology and Biomarkers - Human Health - Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report II - Indian and Northern ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Subjects were selected from a United States birth cohort study begun in 1959—1966, when DDE levels were much higher than they are at present.
		Compared with boys whose mothers’ recovery-adjusted serum DDE level was less than 21.4 µg/L, boys with maternal levels greater than or equal to 85.6 µg/L had adjusted odds ratios of 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7, 2.4] for cryptorchidism, 1.2 [95% CI: 0.6, 2.4] for hypospadias, and 1.9 (95% CI: 0.9, 4.0) for polythelia.
		For cryptorchidism and polythelia, the results were consistent with a modestto- moderate association, but in no instance was the estimate very precise.
	www.ainc-inac.gc.ca /ncp/pub/helt/helt15_e.html (2952 words)

	Supernumerary nipple (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Actor and singer Mark Wahlberg is seen to have such a nipple below his left breast in his modelling photographs.
		After the protagonists leave her shop, she is seen removing the fake third nipple and making some kind of comment about it before popping it into her mouth.
		Healthwise "Accessory nipples (polythelia) and breast tissue (polymastia)" visted 26 Dec 2004
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/S/Supernumerary-nipple.htm (285 words)

	nnsgshow
		Since 1989 the study group has promoted a multicenter collaboration in the investigation of neonatal polythelia and malformative uropathy.
		Even if there is a close correlation between the presence of polythelia and malformative uropathy, this has never been demonstrated by italian neonatologists.
		This study has demonstrated that there is a significant frequency of a malformative pathology which involve various organs and appartus, above all in subjects where there is an excess of not only mammary areola but also of secondary gland tissue.
	www.nnsg.com /uk/nnsgshow.html (897 words)

	polythelia - OneLook Dictionary Search
		We found 5 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word polythelia:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "polythelia" is defined.
		Polythelia : MEDLINE plus Illustrated Medical Encyclopedia [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=polythelia&ls=a (95 words)

	PANNA: DDT and Malaria Resource Center
		DDT levels in serum, breast-milk and infants in various populations in malaria and non-malaria controlled areas of KwaZulu.
		The authors used stored serum samples to examine the relation between maternal DDE levels during pregnancy and adjusted odds of cryptorchidism (n = 219), hypospadias (n = 199), and polythelia (extra nipples) (n = 167) among male offspring, using a nested case-control design with one control group (n = 552).
		For cryptorchidism and polythelia, the results were consistent with a modest-to-moderate association, but in no instance was the estimate very precise.
	www.panna.org /campaigns/docsPops/docsPops_030317.dv.html (13340 words)

	Testis Cancer
		Inconsistent findings regarding the degree and significance of the risk of testicular cancer associated with inguinal (groin) hernia have been reported (Coldman et al., 1982; Pottern et al., 1985; Swerdlow et al., 1987a).
		Significantly elevated risks have been suggested for other antecedent conditions including hydrocele, atrophic testis, and supernumerary nipples (polythelia) (Goedert et al., 1984; Swerdlow et al., 1987a; Haughey et al., 1989; Brown et al., 1987).
		Also, a higher rate of cryptorchidism, inguinal hernia, and hydrocele was reported in families prone to testicular cancer, suggesting a relationship between urogenital maldevelopment and predisposition to testicular cancer (Tollerud et al., 1985).
	www.healthgoods.com /Education/Health_Information/Cancer_Rates_and_Risks/testis_cancer.htm (1288 words)

	Esquire : Sex.(our expert) @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sir, if you'll just be patient, I will get to all your nipple questions in due time.
		Polythelia (which, I think we can all agree, is a much prettier name) is a bit of a mystery--not in a "whodunit" way, but in a "why-do-people-get-nipples-on-their -buttocks-necks-faces-arms-hips-shoulders-chests-and-flanks" way.
		No, the origins of polythelia are still a topic of debate, and if you've never been to a polythelia debate, let me tell you, it can get pretty intense.
	static.highbeam.com /e/esquire/january012004/sexourexpert (166 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Polythelia (supernumerary nipple) provides a clue to congenital and hereditary malformations of the kidney and the urinary collecting system.
		The nephrocutaneous defects and renal malignancy showed a peculiar ipsilaterality.
		The overlap between polythelia, polycystic kidney, and renal adenocarcinoma may provide a further clue to the embryonal origin of this cancer.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/01654608/articles/87/1/016546089500259.abstract.en (110 words)

	playboy.com - breasts 101 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Only about one in 800 women has breasts of exactly the same size, but they're usually close, and many women aren't sure which is larger and even guess wrong until they're measured.
		One or two percent of women and men have more than two breasts (known as polymastia) and/or nipples (polythelia).
		According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 254,000 women had their breasts enlarged in 2003, while 113,000 had them reduced.
	www.playboy.com /sex/features/breasts (1447 words)

	Association between maternal serum concentration of the DDT metabolite DDE and preterm and small-for-gestational-age ...
		A third group of 993 children was selected according to outcomes of their tests of neonatal tone, neonatal reflexes, Bayley scale of infant development at 8 months, intelligence quotient on the Weschler intelligence scale for children (WISC) at age 7 years, and audiogram results at age 7 years.
		Of the mothers and infants included in the analysis (table 1), the excess of male babies compared with the CPP overall was due to our selection design, which included boys with cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and polythelia.
		Similarly, the slightly higher proportion of fl mothers was due to the high frequency of polythelia in this ethnic group.
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/DDT-Early-Birth.htm (4228 words)

	Differential Diagnosis of Breast Problems
		While breast asymmetry is quite a common finding, asymmetry to the extent that it requires surgical therapy is unusual.
		Birth defects such as polythelia (accessory nipples) and inversion of the nipples are common.
		Most of the time, however, these are treated as minor disfigurements and do not require any therapy.
	www.wdxcyber.com /breast.htm (1218 words)

	Polythelia - Supernumerary Nipple - Medical Illustration
		To license this image for other purposes, click here.
		This exhibit shows an anterior view of a female torso identifying and labeling Polythelia or a Supernumerary (third or accessory) Nipple.
		Also illustrated in the diagram are color coded lines identifying the milk-lines, typical regions where accessory nipples can usually develop.
	www.doereport.com /generateexhibit.php?ID=10325 (359 words)

	eMedicine - Supernumerary Nipple : Article by Aryeh Metzker, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Bortz J, Parker S, Ray TL: Lack of associated renal anomalies in familial polythelia.
		Kahn SA, Wagner RF Jr: Polythelia and unilateral renal agenesis.
		Leung AK, Robson WL: Renal anomalies in familial polythelia.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic735.htm (2203 words)

	Accessory nipples (polythelia) and breast tissue (polymastia), Eastern Carolina
		Accessory nipples (polythelia) and breast tissue (polymastia), Eastern Carolina
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		Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.
	www.uhseast.com /134138.cfm (228 words)

	Marks of a Witch
		While both were indicative marks of a witch’s supposed allegiance with the devil, their physical characteristics are quite different.
		The witch’s mark is generally described as a natural physical abnormality, most commonly in the form of an extra breast (polymastia) or extra nipple (polythelia), the latter being more common in men rather than in women and a phenomenon that occurs regularly in a small percentage of the population.
		On the other hand, the Devil’s mark (stigmata diaboli) sometimes called a Devil’s seal (sigillum diaboli) was commonly a scar, birthmark or other blemish on the skin.
	www.controverscial.com /Marks%20of%20a%20Witch.htm (2847 words)

	Resources on the Taiwan Macaque from academic institutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Occasionally, I have gotten up at 4 AM to go
		Supernumerary nipples (polythelia) in Formosan macaques: Wu, HY and Lin, YS (1993).
		Seasonal variation of the activity and range use patterns
	mongabay.org /conservation/Taiwan_Macaque.htm (540 words)

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