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Topic: Polytonic Greek orthography

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	Encyclopedia: Greek language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Greek is written in the Greek alphabet, the first true alphabet (as opposed to an abjad or abugida) and the ancestor of both the Latin and the Cyrillic alphabets.
		Greek words have been widely borrowed into the European languages: astronomy, democracy, philosophy, thespian, etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as a basis for coinages: anthropology, photography, isomer, biomechanics etc. and form, with Latin words, the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary.
		Greek is the official language of the Greece where it is spoken by about 98.5% of the population.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Greek-language (6612 words)

	Polytonic orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was the standard orthography for all varieties of Greek from Hellenistic times until 1982, although the distinctions it represented had disappeared from the spoken language early in the Christian era.
		In 1982, the Greek Parliament adopted monotonic orthography.
		The rough and smooth breathings were introduced in classical times in order to represent the presence or absence of [h] in Attic Greek, which had adopted a form of the alphabet in which the H sign was no longer available for this purpose as it had been used (as Eta) for the long e.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polytonic_orthography (556 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Greek language
		Ancient Greek in its various forms was the language both of classical Greek civilisation and of the origins of Christianity, and was a first or second language over a large part of the Roman Empire.
		Two main forms of the language have been in use since the end of the medieval Greek period: Dhimotikí (Δημοτική), the Demotic (vernacular) language, and Katharévusa (Καθαρεύουσα), an imitation of classical Greek, which was used for literary, juridic, and scientific purposes during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
		Greek is the official language of the Hellenic Republic (Greece) where it is spoken by about 98.5% of the population.
	www.fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Greek_language (1797 words)

	Greek Language [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Greek is traditionally written in the Greek alphabet The Greek language is written in the Greek alphabet, developed in classical times (ca 9th century BC) and passed down to the present.
		Greek words have been widely borrowed into the European languages: astronomy, democracy, philosophy, thespian, etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements In Linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a given language.
		Greek is the official language An official language is a language that is given a unique status in the constitutions of countries, states, and other territories.
	www.wikimirror.com /Greek_language (12661 words)

	Encyclopedia: Polytonic Greek orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Polytonic Greek orthography is the standard way of writing ancient Greek and Kathareuousa, and a deprecated way of writing Dhimotiki, the standard form of the modern Greek language.
		In modern Greek, the pronunciation of okseía, bareía and perispoméni is identical, whereas psilí and daseía are voiceless.
		The earliest written Greek consists of the Linear B tablets, mainly from Knossos on Crete and Mycenae in the Peloponnese, but also from a few other scattered sites in southern Greece.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Polytonic-Greek-orthography (436 words)

	Greek language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Modern Greek is a living language and one of the richest surviving languages today, with more than 600,000 words.
		The short e (ε in Greek orthography) is shown in the table as mid close vowel [{{1}}] but it may have been nearer to [{{1}}].
		The word {{1}} (estí, IPA /{{1}}/), which means "is" in Greek gains ν, and the accusative articles τόν and τήν in Modern Greek lose it, depending on the start of the next word; this is called "movable nu".
	hallencyclopedia.com /Greek_language (1667 words)

	GREEK LANGUAGE :: FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Doric, corresponding to the three main tribes of the Greeks, the Aeolians (chiefly living in the islands of the Aegean), the Ionians (mostly settled in modern day Turkey), and the Dorians (primarily the Greeks of the Pelopennesus, such as the Spartans).
		Doric was standard for Greek lyric poetry, such as Pindar and the choral odes of the Greek tragedians.
		Attic Greek, a subdialect of Ionic, was for centuries the language of Athens.
	www.splammer.com /?req=greek_language (2552 words)

	Scholia Reviews ns 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Probert is clearer: 'a Greek word whose accent falls as far from the end of the word as permitted by the law of limitation is knowns as "recessive"' (p.
		The topic of Greek accents and their application and pronunciation was a subject of raging controversy in eighteenth-century Cambridge (especially between John Foster and Henry Gally).
		Before 1982 Greek schoolchildren were expected to learn a list of all nouns that were written with the rough breathing, the vowel-length (in Classical Greek) of the crucial syllables in each word, and all the words and endings that included an iota subscript.
	www.classics.und.ac.za /reviews/04-28pro.htm (1475 words)

	Greek alphabet - Definition up Erdmond.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Originally there were several variants of the Greek alphabet, most importantly western (Chalcidian) and eastern (Ionic) Greek; the former gave rise to the Etruscan_alphabet and thence to the Roman_alphabet.
		By then Greek was always written left to right, but originally it had been written right to left (with asymmetrical characters flipped), and in-between written either way - or, most likely, '' boustrophedon '', so that the lines alternate direction.
		During the Middle ages, the Greek scripts underwent changes paralleling those of the Roman alphabet: while the old forms were retained as a monumental script, uncial and eventually minuscule hands came to dominate.
	www.erdmond.com /Greek_alphabet.html (1211 words)

	The Greek New Testament
		The entire 1881 Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament is included herein, in basically the identical form published by Brooke Foss Westcott and Fenton John Anthony Hort in their volume, “The New Testament in the Original Greek”; (London: Macmillan, 1881).
		Where the orthography differs from that of Westcott-Hort, either the orthography of the Stephens 1550 text is retained (e.g., movable -n) or (as in most cases, based upon consistent manuscript testimony) the orthography common to most modern critical editions is substituted.
		Indeed, the orthography of the Nestle-Aland 26th edition is itself inconsistent, with illogical fluctuations between, e.g.
	khazarzar.skeptik.net /biblia/gnt (1784 words)

	Greek language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA /ɛˌliniˈka/ – "Hellenic") is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years.
		Modern Greek is similar to the ancient Greek language, more so than Italian is to Latin, for example.
		Greek words have been widely borrowed into the European languages: astronomy, democracy, philosophy, thespian, etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as a basis for coinages: anthropology, photography, isomer, etc. and form, with Latin words, the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary.
	www.infoslurp.com /information/Greek_language (2612 words)

	Articles - Grave accent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The grave accent ( `) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek until 1982 ( polytonic orthography), French, Catalan, Welsh, Italian, Vietnamese, Scottish Gaelic, Norwegian, Portuguese, and other languages.
		In Greek the grave accent occurs only on the last syllable of a word, in cases where the normal high tone (indicated by an acute accent) was lowered in Ancient Greek because of a following word in the same sentence.
		It is used in the traditional polytonic orthography, but the monotonic orthography used for Modern Greek has replaced it with an acute accent.
	www.kamero.net /articles/Grave_accent (927 words)

	DigeratiCafe: Greek alphabet :Online Reference Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Besides writing modern Greek, today its letters are used as mathematical symbols, as names of stars and fraternities and sororities, and for other purposes.
		The Greek alphabet was a modification of the Phoenician alphabet (represented in the table below by the Hebrew alphabet, a modern adaptation).
		To write polytonic Greek (Old Greek or Katharevousa), one may use combining diacritical marks.
	www.digeraticafe.com /reference/Greek_alphabet (387 words)

	Greek language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Two main forms of the language have been in use since the end of the medieval Greek period: DhimotikiDhimotikí (Δημοτική), the Demotic (vernacular) language, and KatharevousaKatharévusa (Καθαρεύουσα), an imitation of classical Greek, which was used for literary, juridic, and scientific purposes during the 19th century19th and early 20th century20th/ centuries.
		Greek is the official language of the GreeceHellenic Republic (Greece) where it is spoken by about 98.5% of the population.
		The short e (ε in Greek orthography) is shown in the table as mid close vowel.
	www.infothis.com /find/Greek_language (1786 words)

	Language Kinship vs. Language Union: an article by Cyril Babaev
		Some linguists believe that Greek was the primary language which influenced greatly all its neighbours and introduced the complex of new characteristics which are now called Balkanisms.
		Greek lost this distinction in the Byzantine era, when vowels suffered serious changes, either under the influence of other Balkan languages or under its own internal process of development.
		The article is placed after the noun in Bulgarian, Macedonian, New Greek, Albanian: this seems really strange and unique both for Slavic and for Hellenic languages - the former never having articles before, the latter having it in Ancient Greek before the noun, as in most of the Indo-European tongues.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article20.html (2483 words)

	cars - Spiritus asper
		The spiritus asper ("rough breathing") or dasy pneuma (Greek: dasu, δασύ) is a diacritical mark used in Greek.
		It is part of the traditional polytonic orthography for Greek, but has been dropped in the modern monotonic orthography as the [h] sound has disappeared from Modern Greek.
		The origin of the sign is thought to be the left-hand half ( ├) of the letter H, which was used in some Greek dialects as an [h] while in others it was used for the vowel eta.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Spiritus_asper (299 words)

	Greek and Coptic language fonts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Nikos Goulandris's modern Greek font Ismini was adapted by Paul Pietquin at the Département de Langues et Littératures Classiques des FUNDP (University of Namur, Belgium), which led to the Greek fonts Isminipc and SuperIsmini.
		The KD Greek metafont family was developed by Sylvio Levi and Yiannis Haralambous and adapted later by K. Dryllerakis (Imperial College London).
		Mathematics and Greek font family being developed by Antonis Tsolomitis from the Department of Mathematics at the University of the Aegean.
	cgm.cs.mcgill.ca /~luc/greek.html (7847 words)

	Article 127 at 00/09/06 22:54:55 From: mackay@cs.washington.edu Subject: [cgreek:00127] Re: unicode glyphs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		First off, Unicode officially disclaims any interest in historical orthography (they do not call them "dead" languages, but that is what they mean).
		Polytonic Greek which is officially and even legally avoided by modern Greece seems to have been slipped into Unicode by slightly reactionary exiles from Andreas Papandreou's new regime on the dubious grounds of some recent non-Greek orthographies like Karamanlitika which are not actually in current use.
		When these are quoted in scholarly studies (and the majority use of polytonic Greek is for the future going to be scholarly studies) the appropriate convention is to preserve their typographic usage.
	www.m17n.org /cgreek/archive/20000906/127.html (503 words)

	Monotonic orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Monotonic orthography is a new simplified way for spelling modern Greek since 1980.
		The simplification considers the replacement of all the Greek accents (` grave accent, ´ acute accent, and ˝ double acute accent) by only one, the acute accent, and the total absence of the spiritua asper ̔ and lenis ̓.
		The simplification was explained by the fact that the polytonic orthography was very much complex and difficult to learn by the students: those diacritics had no significance in modern speech, rather than giving some fossilised etymological information about the words and the archaic pronunciation.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Monotonic-orthography.htm (197 words)

	Unicode Polytonic Greek for the World Wide Web (version 0.9.7)
		For classicists, this means that basic Greek characters and combining diacriticals require two bytes (which means that e.g.
		UTF-16 is an encoding which represents all Basic Multilingual Plane characters (including basic Greek, extended Greek, and combining diacriticals) with two bytes and all other characters (including Aegean scripts, Etruscan, and any future scripts of relevance to classicists) with four bytes.
		For Latin, basic Greek, extended Greek, and combining diacriticals, UTF-16 is exactly equivalent to UCS-2.
	www.stoa.org /unicode/encodings.html (727 words)

	Typophile Forums: Greek help - Greeks, help! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is a random question, possibly for the greek speakers out there (hence this thread), I'm doing a logo for a motorboat racing team and the name of the team/boat is Moneikos.
		There is an increasing demand for polytonic Greek fonts within Greece, to the degree that major software developers are being told 'Don't bother shipping anything to Greece unless it supports polytonic';.
		Everybody (take this literally) can read polytonic perfectly well; spelling competence varies (but then again so do polytonic orthography, depending on period of source, rogour of transcription, and editorial style).
	www.typophile.com /forums/messages/30/7146.html (1048 words)

	circumflex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The circumflex ( &circ;) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages.
		In Greek the circumflex occurs (subject to certain rules) on the accented syllable of a word, on long vowels only, where there was a rise and then a fall in tone in Ancient Greek.
		It is used in the traditional polytonic orthography, sometimes taking a form similar to a tilde, but the monotonic orthography used for Modern Greek has replaced it with an acute accent.
	www.33beat.com /circumflex.html (725 words)

	ISO 8859 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Others provide non-Roman alphabets: Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic and Thai.
		ISO 8859-7 ( Greek) — Covers the modern Greek language (monotonic orthography).
		Can also be used for Ancient Greek written without accents or in monotonic orthography, but lacks the diacritics for polytonic orthography.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/iso_8859 (2154 words)

	MAGENTA Software. Software for the Greek language such as english, french, italian, german dictionarties, fonts, ...
		Software for the Greek language such as english, french, italian, german dictionarties, fonts, polytonic greek classical.
		Greek!" is a text to speech converter of Greek and English texts.
		The new impressive English-Greek bi-directional dictionary to translate words and texts from Engish to Greek and Greek to English...
	www.magenta.gr /index_en.html (422 words)

	Corpora Jan 2003 to Mar 2003: Re: [Corpora-List] Greek characte
		In reply to: Rodrigo Tadeu Gonçalves: "[Corpora-List] Greek characters transliteration"
		In some applications such as e-mail, the transliteration of Greek
		Since it is about ancient Greek texts to be read out, I would look for a
	nora.hd.uib.no /corpora/2003-1/0037.html (336 words)

	ISO 8859 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Others provide non-Romanalphabets: Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic and Thai.However, the standard makes no provision for the scripts of East Asian languages ( CJK), as their ideographic writing systems require manythousands of code points.
		Although it uses Latin based characters, Vietnamese does not fit into 96 positions either; Japanese syllabic Kana scripts, on the other hand,might, but like several other alphabets of the world isn't encoded.
		ISO 8859-7 ( Greek) — Covers the modern Greek language ( monotonic orthography).Can also be used for Ancient Greek written without accents or inmonotonic orthography, but lacks the diacritics for polytonic orthography.
	www.therfcc.org /iso-8859-64498.html (1729 words)

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