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Topic: Polyunsaturated

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	Unsaturated fat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although polyunsaturated fats are protective against cardiac arrhythmias a study of post-menopauseal women with a relatively low fat intake showed that polyunsaturated fat was positively associated with progression of coronary atherosclerosis, whereas monounsaturated fat was not
		Cell membranes of mammals have a higher composition of polyunsaturated fat (DHA, omega-3 fatty acid) and a lower composition of monounsaturated fat than do reptiles.
		Higher polyunsaturated membrane content gives greater membrane fluidity (and functionality), commensurate with the higher metabolic rate of the warm-blooded species.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unsaturated_fat (624 words)

	Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) References
		The aim of this study was to assess the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in liver total lipids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids of NAFLD patients, in relation to those in adipose tissue and hepatic indexes related to oxidative stress, as factors contributing to hepatic steatosis.
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and exercise-induced stress are known to increase the oxidative susceptibility of lipids in muscle tissue.
		The increased resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis, the increased glutathione peroxidase activity, and the increased degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane are compatible with a reduction of oxidative stress during hemodialysis with vitamin E-modified membranes.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_references.htm (15159 words)

	Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Refs. 2000
		"Polyunsaturated (n-3) fatty acids susceptible to peroxidation are increased in plasma and tissue lipids of rats fed docosahexaenoic acid-containing oils." J Nutr 130(12): 3028-33.
		"Regulation of hepatic delta-6 desaturase expression and its role in the polyunsaturated fatty acid inhibition of fatty acid synthase gene expression in mice." J Nutr 130(6): 1561-5.
		"Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in human hindmilk are stable throughout 12-months of lactation and provide a sustained intake to the infant during exclusive breastfeeding: an Italian study." Br J Nutr 84(1): 103-9.
	www.neuroinformation.org /pufas_refs_2000.htm (10326 words)

	PUFAs Review References
		POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID AND DEPRESSION: In major depression, all studies revealed a significant decrease of the polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids and/or an increase of the omega 6/omega 3 ratio in plasma and/or in the membranes of the red cells.
		Therefore, polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids could be associated at different levels in the pathophysiology of major depression, on the one hand through their role in the membrane fluidity which influences diverse steps of neurotransmission and, on the other hand, through their function as precursor of pro-inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids disturbing neurotransmission.
		Data are presented to show that commercial vegetable oils, independent of their mono- or polyunsaturated fatty acid content, are all able to prevent the formation of E2 epoxide, as measured by the loss of the ability of E2 to inhibit nuclear RNA synthesis in vitro.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /pufa_review_references.htm (15408 words)

	Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Refs. 2004
		"Synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is inhibited in vivo in hypercholesterolemic rabbits and in vitro by oxysterols." Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 71(2): 79-86.
		"Serotoninergic neurotransmission is affected by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rat." J Neurochem 89(3): 695-702.
		"Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress acute hepatitis, alter gene expression and prolong survival of female Long-Evans Cinnamon rats, a model of Wilson disease." J Nutr Biochem 15(5): 273-80.
	www.neuroinformation.org /pufas_refs_2004.htm (8762 words)

	Fats & Oils - Page 5
		For example, studies have shown that when monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are substituted for the saturated fats found in the diet, total cholesterol and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels are reduced even though the total amount of fat in the diet unchanged.
		Polyunsaturated fats are abundant in many vegetable and nut oils; including sunflower, corn, flax seed and soybean oils; as well as in cold–water fish such as salmon or tuna.
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels when substituted for saturated fat in the diet.
	heart.healthcentersonline.com /dietnutrition/fatsandoilsoverview5.cfm (623 words)

	Enzymatic methods for polyunsaturated fatty acid enrichment - Patent 6537787
		The process of claim 1 wherein the concentrated mixture of polyunsaturated fatty acids is inter-esterified with a triglyceride, position 2 of which is occupied by a polyunsaturated fatty acid in the presence of a 1,3-specific lipase to obtain a triglyceride at least two hydroxyls of which are esterified by a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
		The process of claim 7 wherein the concentrated mixture of polyunsaturated fatty acids is reacted with glycerol in the presence of a non-specific lipase to obtain a diglyceride, two alcohol functions of which are esterified by a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
		The free polyunsaturated fatty acids are reesterified in the presence of an enzyme and in particular in the presence either of a non-specific lipase or a lipase specific for position 2.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6537787.html (4164 words)

	Numark \| Polyunsaturated Fats
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids are so-named because, due to the presence of two or more double bonds, there are places along the carbon chain where the fatty acid is not “saturated”; with hydrogen.
		Polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, and remain in liquid form even when refrigerated or frozen.
		Polyunsaturated fats are divided into two families: the omega-3 fats and the omega-6 fats.
	www.numarkpharmacists.com /hn/Food_Guide/Polyunsaturated_Fats.htm (1587 words)

	Polyunsaturated oils increase cancer risk
		(Linoleic acid is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in vegetable oils.) But the transplant doctors were then astonished to see how quickly their patients developed cancers: some cancers were up to twenty times as frequent as was expected.
		Polyunsaturated oils are oxidised readily by ultra-violet radiation from the sun and form harmful 'free radicals'.
		Polyunsaturated fats and oils are used to suppress the immune system, such immunosuppression is known to cause cancers to start and promote cancer.
	www.second-opinions.co.uk /fats_and_cancer.html (2778 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		Polyunsaturated fats with two double bonds usually have one between carbons 9 and 10 in the alkyl chain and another three carbons away (carbons 12-13).
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet such as omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil may have a positive influence on health, reducing cardiovascular disease and cancer.
		The enzymes of beta-oxidation are unable to act on substrates containing a double bond between the beta and gamma carbons.
	www.biocarta.com /pathfiles/polyunsatfattyacidPathway.asp (263 words)

	[No title]
		Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated are terms that are almost impossible to avoid these days as nutritionists and dietitians give advice on how to improve our health by changing what we eat.
		The change from single to double or triple bonds has a dramatic effect on the structure, chemistry and function in the body of the fatty acid.
		Keep total fat intake between 20 to 35 percent of calories, with most fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.
	www.medicinalfoodnews.com /vol01/issue7/sat_fat.htm (926 words)

	Cholesterol: The Good, The Bad, And The Triglycerides - DrDonnica.com - The First Name in Women's Health
		Polyunsaturated oils are liquid at room temperature and in the refrigerator.
		There are two common types of unsaturated fatty acids: monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
		Polyunsaturated oils, which contain mostly polyunsaturated fatty acids, are liquid at room temperature and in the refrigerator.
	www.drdonnica.com /display.asp?article=165&pg=8 (453 words)

	Polyunsaturated fats implicated in rise in asthma in pre-school children
		Parents of almost 1000 children completed a questionnaire, which included questions on asthma diagnosis, symptoms, and medicine in the preceding 12 months for their children, number of children in the family, whether the child was breastfed, and consumption of dietary polyunsaturated fats.
		But a diet high in polyunsaturated fat, equating to margarine usually spread on bread and foods regularly fried in polyunsaturated vegetable oils more than doubled the risk, accounting for up to 17 per cent of the cases studied.
		The authors suggest that breastfeeding and polyunsaturated fat in the diet are modifiable factors, which, if changed, might make a substantial difference to the rising number of asthma cases.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-07/bsj-pfi071701.php (384 words)

	Polyunsaturated Fat
		Polyunsaturated fats are healthier than saturated fats, but like all fats they are high in calories and should be eaten sparingly.
		Polyunsaturated fat is found in vegetable oils like soybean, corn, sunflower and safflower.
		Polyunsaturated fat provides essential fatty acids for healthy skin and the development of body cells.
	www.webvitamins.com /nutrient.aspx?ID=1021 (188 words)

	Fat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-21)
		Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat are two kinds of unsaturated fat.
		Polyunsaturated fat is highly unsaturated fat that is found in large amounts in foods from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oil.
		Omega-three fatty acid (fish oil) is a polyunsaturated fat found in seafood, particularly fish that is fatty.
	www.elibydesign.com /wellness/htmls/nutrition/fat.html (679 words)

	Hormel Foods - Glossary - Polyunsaturated Fat
		Primarily derived from plants, polyunsaturated fat is considered to be one of the healthier varieties of fats.
		Polyunsaturated fat helps to lower the overall cholesterol level, but it also reduces HDL or good cholesterol.
		Fish species such as herring, salmon, sardines, and trout contain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and are alos considered a good source of this fat.
	www.hormel.com /kitchen/glossary.asp?id=35877&catitemid= (177 words)

	The Oiling of America
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids are the kind of fats found in large amounts in highly liquid vegetable oils made from corn, soybeans, safflower seeds and sunflower seeds.
		The physiological explanation for this is that when excess polyunsaturates are built into the cell membranes, resulting in reduced structural integrity or "limpness," cholesterol is sequestered from the blood into the cell membranes to give them "stiffness." The problem was that there was no proof that lowering serum cholesterol levels could stave off CHD.
		Excess consumption of polyunsaturates is associated with increasing rates of cancer, heart disease and weight gain; excess use of commercial vegetable oils interferes with the production of prostaglandins leading to an array of complaints ranging from autoimmune disease to PMS.
	www.westonaprice.org /knowyourfats/oiling.html (12820 words)

	Fat, Polyunsaturated
		Like all fats, those of the polyunsaturated variety are chains of carbon atoms that have hydrogen atoms attached along their sides, like legs on a centipede.
		Because polyunsaturates reduce blood-cholesterol levels, they are much preferred over saturated fats.
		Numerous studies have shown that replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated cuts the risk of heart disease.
	www.dietpower.com /help/diet/fat__polyunsaturated_1.htm (429 words)

	Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the expression of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in primary rat ...
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the expression of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in primary rat hepatocytes by a nuclear posttranscriptional mechanism -- Stabile et al.
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the expression of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in primary rat hepatocytes by a nuclear posttranscriptional mechanism
		Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids on inhibition of G6PD pre-mRNA accumulation.
	www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/39/10/1951 (8053 words)

	National Association of Margarine Manufacturers (NAMM) - Nutritionally Speaking
		This increase in polyunsaturated fat consumption was also found to be associated with a greater reduction in CHD risk than increased fruit intake or reduced smoking.
		The effect of replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat on plasma lipids in free-living young adults.
		Compared to the saturated fat rich diet, the polyunsaturated fat diet significantly reduced total cholesterol by 19 percent and LDL cholesterol by 22 percent.
	www.margarine.org /research.html (2185 words)

	Structural Properties of a Highly Polyunsaturated Lipid Bilayer from Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- Saiz and Klein ...
		Polyunsaturated fatty acid chains are an essential component of biomembranes.
		Polyunsaturated phospholipid bilayers are characterized by low temperatures for the main (gel-to-liquid-crystalline) phase
		The results of the saturated (sn1) and polyunsaturated (sn2) chains are plotted separately.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/81/1/204 (7053 words)

	Fats types - monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-3, saturated, transfat
		One type of polyunsaturated fat, omega-3 fatty acids, may be especially beneficial to your heart.
		Polyunsaturated fat is usually liquid at room temperature and in the refrigerator.
		Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats have few adverse effects on blood cholesterol levels, but you still need to consume all fats in moderation.
	www.weightlossadviser.com /fats-different-types.htm (1262 words)

	Cholesterol and Fats
		Polyunsaturated Fats: Liquid at room temperature, polyunsaturated fats are missing two or more pairs of hydrogen atoms.
		Hydrogenated Fats: Polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats are sometimes processed to make them solid at room temperature and to protect against rancidity.
		Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are liquid (so we call them oils).
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/foodnut/09319.html (2282 words)

	Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Chronic Childhood Disorders: Possible Additions to Special Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-21)
		Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiencies on mortality, growth and gill structure in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus).
		Effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid status and visual function in treated children with hyperphenylalaninemia.
		Plasma long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at diagnosis and neurodevelopment through the first 12 months of life in phenylketonuric infants.
	www.ifm.net /industry/lpufa.htm (2381 words)

	Different kinds of Fats and Nutritional Information from the Producers of California Ripe Black Olives
		Fats are generally classified as saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated.
		Polyunsaturated fats can help lower (bad) LDL-cholesterol, but at the same time, they have also been found to lower the (good) HDL-cholesterol.
		Total Fat, Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated and Saturated Fat represent the grams of fat in a single serving.
	www.calolive.org /nutritionists/skinny.html (936 words)

	Polyunsaturated fats and asthma -- Woods and Thien 57 (1): 94 -- Thorax
		Polyunsaturated fats and asthma -- Woods and Thien 57 (1): 94 -- Thorax
		and inferred from this that modification of polyunsaturated
		polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and asthma was initially based
	thorax.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/57/1/94 (632 words)

	Sorting Out Saturated, Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated
		There are three kinds of fat -- saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated -- and foods contain a mixture of all three.
		Butter, for example, is 65 percent saturated, 4 percent polyunsaturated, and 30 percent monounsaturated fat.
		More hydrogenation will then turn more polyunsaturated fats to monounsaturated fat or change monounsaturated fats to saturated fats.
	www.healthgoods.com /Education/Health_Information/Healthy_Beat_Program/fats.htm (501 words)

	The balance of polyunsaturated omega-6 and omega-3 fats in the diet.
		The most common reason for the imbalance is the widespread use of polyunsaturated oils and spreads.
		Because they are polyunsaturated they are effective at lowering blood cholesterol, but most of us consume more than enough of them.
		Fatty Acids, 1999; 60: 421-9) argues that Palaeolithic people consumed a higher intake of omega 3 fats due to their high intakes of green plants, fruits, nuts, berries, fish and lean meat and a lower intake of omega 6 due to their low intake of cereals and refined oils.
	www.healthyeatingclub.com /info/articles/fats-chol/balance-of-fats.htm (650 words)

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