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Topic: Polyus spacecraft

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	Polyus-Energia
		A Polyus mock-up was delivered by the Krunichev Factory to Baikonur Cosmodrome in July, 1986, for tests of the Polyus/Energia interface.
		An article entitled "Unknown Polyus" by Yuri Kornilov, Chief Designer of the Salyut Design Bureau, has appeared in the journal "Earth and the Universe", and it provides details about the construction and testing of the first payload for the Energia rocket, the "Polyus" spacecraft.
		It was decided that the Polyus would be the payload for the first launch of the Energia heavy lifter, then scheduled for the fall of 1986.
	k26.com /buran/Info/Polyus/polyus-energia.html (1329 words)

	Radio Science and Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Two identical spacecrafts were designed to orbit Venus and map the northern 25 percent of the planet at a resolution of 1 to 2 km.
		The 4000 kg (without fuel) spacecrafts were based on the standard second-generation Mars/Venus bus, with a specialized section made up of the radar antennas and a pressurized instrument compartment.
		The synthetic aperture radar antenna was a 6 × 1.4 meter parabolic cylinder, and it was angled at 10° from the spacecraft axis.
	www.mentallandscape.com /V_RadarMapping.htm (4800 words)

	Polyus Spacecraft Launched by the Energia Rocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Polyus was a Soviet super secret weapons payload which was part of the Soviet Union Star Wars programme.
		Polyus was actually a fl cylinder 37m long and 4.1 m in diameter, with an off-the-shelf space tug at one end.
		Polyus possessed deployable tracking targets and large tanks of gases to be released into the ionosphere.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /polyus.html (260 words)

	Mir-2 KB Salyut
		It had been decided that the Polyus would be the payload for the first launch of the Energia heavy lifter, then scheduled for the fall of 1986.
		Kornilov then goes on to declare that because of this rush Polyus was created by combining components from several current projects, and that Polyus' central module was adapted from the Mir 2 Space Station.
		Spacecraft derived from these ballistic capsules have been recently described in an article by V.V. Pallo of the Salyut Design Bureau on a commercial derivative of the Polyus called the SKIF-DM.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/miralyut.htm (890 words)

	Polyus
		The Polyus testbed contained means of defence against both ASAT weapons and beam weapons, though according to Kornilov's article these were only meant to conduct approach and docking tests.
		Polyus Combat Sat - Large-size cutaway drawing of the Polyus 1 space weapons platform.
		A Polyus mock-up was delivered by the Krunichev Factory to Baikonur Cosmodrome, for tests of the Polyus/Energia interface.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/mwade/craft/polyus.htm (1561 words)

	Launch Vehicles
		To date, the only way to achieve the propulsive energy to successfully launch spacecraft from Earth has been by combustion of chemical propellants, although mass drivers may be useful in the future for launching material from the Moon or other small bodies.
		Many spacecraft launches involve the use of both types of rockets, for example the solid rocket boosters attached to liquid-propelled rockets.
		In the case of a spacecraft embarking on a Hohmann interplanetary transfer orbit, recall the Earth's orbital speed represents the speed at aphelion or perihelion of the transfer orbit, and the spacecraft's velocity merely needs to be increased or decreased in the tangential direction to achieve the desired transfer orbit.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec17.html (6618 words)

	Buran reusable shuttle
		He was one of the first in the country to push the idea of a manned winged orbiter.
		The recovery of the spacecraft by the Soviet Navy vessel was photographed from an Australian military plane.
		The rocket performed flawlessly, however, the Polyus orbital maneuvering system fired in the opposite direction due to a control system problem, causing the payload to fall in the ocean.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /buran.html (2452 words)

	Polyus: The Russian prototype orbital weapons platform - Republican Operative Forums
		In 1985, it became clear that the Energia launch vehicle would be ready for launch before the Buran space shuttle that was its intended payload.
		It would normally take five years to develop such a spacecraft, and they had only one year - therefore it would have to be greatly simplified.
		The bureau proposed to create a spacecraft from a test stand version of the TKS mated to a mock-up built to the Skif-D drawings.
	www.republicanoperative.com /forums/showthread.php?t=5052 (424 words)

	Russian segment of the ISS
		The Zarya/FGB is based on the TKS spacecraft originally developed for the canceled project of the Almaz military orbital station.
		Finally, the TKS structure was integrated into the design of the Polyus spacecraft launched in the first mission of the Energia booster in 1987.
		The spacecraft was originally conceived as a core of the space station, which would follow Mir.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /iss_russia.html (857 words)

	Mir-2 KB Salyut (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If Polyus had successfully made it to orbit, it might have been the core for such a station.
		Several designs for Mir 2 have been shown over the years by the Soviets and now by the Russians, but previously it has been impossible to judge which among them were anything more than paper designs.
		"Polyus" was apparently a test bed for the Soviet response to the US SDI program, the Orbital Weapons Platform.
	www.astronautix.com.cob-web.org:8888 /craft/miralyut.htm (890 words)

	Third generation Soviet space systems - Military Photos
		At the end of the 1960's and the beginning of the 1970's the United States began new research in the use of spacecraft for the destruction of military targets in and from space.
		In the 1970's and 1980's ambitious and complex research was conducted on space vehicles capable of destroying rockets in flight, airborne vehicles in the atmosphere, vessels at sea, and targets on land.
		A total of 22 spacecraft were placed in the constellation by the end of 1987, and 31 by the end of 1989.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=78644 (6960 words)

	Yorkshire CND - KOSMOPLAN, KILLER SATELLITES AND A BATTLE STATION - 12/00
		The first such spacecraft, known as Polyot, was launched on 1 November 1963, and the second on 12 April 1964.
		Altogether the Soviets launched 41 spacecraft for testing their cosmic defence system between 1963 and 1982: two Polyot satellites, 19 target satellites and 20 interceptor satellites.
		In the course of this project two basic spacecraft types were developed: one was equipped with a laser weapon for use against objects in low Earth orbit and the other with a missile for use against targets in middle and geostationary Earth orbit.
	www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org /yspace/articles/russia/kosmoplan.htm (1378 words)

	Beware the Military Agenda Behind Shenzhou (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		China's spacecraft differs from its Russian Soyuz progenitor in that Shenzhou's orbital module is designed for extended missions following the return of the manned capsule.
		Polyus was armed with a “nuclear space mine launcher” and a radar/optical-targeted automatic cannon in the 20mm range for self-defense.
		The sole prototype of Polyus was destroyed in a launch malfunction on 15 May 1987.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1002249/posts (2965 words)

	ArmsControlWonk: Polyus Skif (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first launch of the Energiya booster carried a 100 tonne spacecraft, 17F19DM Skif-DM, which was a prototype of the Polyus (pole) station.
		The Polyus was 37.57 m long and 4.1m in diameter, with a planned in orbit mass of 88 tonnes.
		It may have included a set of subsatellites which were to have been used for a missile defense sensor technology experiment, similar to the US Delta 181 mission, although these may have been cancelled prior to launch.
	www.armscontrolwonk.com /index.php?id=268 (414 words)

	Prayers for a SAINT
		The Polyus was pretty big, but the Soviets claimed it was an engineering satellite full of test equipment, which was sort of true.
		They accidentally fixed the maneuvering rockets on the station to fire incorrectly, so just as soon as the Polyus got to the point where it was ready to go into orbit, its rockets fired in the wrong direction and made the whole satellite fall out of orbit.
		When Polyus was destroyed, that was the domino that knocked all the other dominoes down.
	www.outpost-daria.com /fanfic/prayers_for_a_saint.html (4783 words)

	Polyus
		The Polyus military testbed was put together on a crash basis as an answer to America's Star Wars program.
		It was built around a surplus TKS manned spacecraft and was meant to test prototype ASAT and Star Wars defence systems.
		It failed to reach orbit, but it it had succeeded, it would have been the core module of a new Mir-2 space station.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/polyus.htm (1920 words)

	[No title]
		Among other interesting aspects of commercial use of existing spacecraft is the launching of scientific equipment with the purpose of research of the outer and terrestrial space and launching of the satellites for the system of the personal satellite communication.
		The company wanted to further demonstrate the thruster's reliability to its potential commercial spacecraft customers by demonstrating that the thruster could operate for 150 percent of the required mission duration with using only one of the thruster's two cathodes.
		Holloway came to JSC (formerly the Manned Spacecraft Center) in 1963 and served as the Chief of the Flight Activities Section from 1966 to 1973.
	home.comcast.net /~rusaerog/RAG/RAG6.html (4652 words)

	TKS spacecraft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		TKS spacecraft was first designed as a Proton rocket launched manned spacecraft, with the VA (Vozvrashaemiy Apparat) capsule on top for the crew, where they would enter the lower portion of the TKS, the FGB (the "Functional Cargo Block"), through a hatch cut in the heat shield.
		The VA capsule was flown separately on four test missions with two capsules in one booster to test the design, as well as one "all up" test mission and three resupply missions with no VA capsule.
		The TKS design, which has never been flown manned, has gone on to provide the basic structure for the Kvant tug, Kvant-2, Kristall, Spektr, and Priroda modules for the Mir space station as well as the Polyus spacecraft, and the Zarya ISS module.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/TKS_spacecraft (171 words)

	Polyus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Polyus has a selling its entire stake producer, is largest gold Polyus, Russias 20,84% stake in Gold Fields, the worlds fourth-biggest gold...
		Spacepage - Ontdek het heelal - Polyus: Ruslands grootste...
		Energia funzionò inerziale subito non raggiunse lorbita perfettamente, ma Polyus un malfunzionamento di un sensore del sistema di guida prevista a causa di...
	polyusjkmy.exhukixe.info (501 words)

	Jane's
		The Soviets feared that the space shuttle was the central element in a new generation of space strike weapons and was viewed as a suitable platform for delivering weapons from space against targets on earth.
		As a forerunner to the Energia system, KB Salyut packaged a testbed laser system to be flown as part of the Polyus spacecraft in 1987.
		The Polyus was flown on the first Energia space booster mission but failed to reach orbit.
	oook.info /dyson/sdi.html (2268 words)

	Bill Keel's Space Bits - USSR/Russian Space History
		Gagarin's spacecraft now may be like pieces of the True Cross in mediaeval Europe - all the boosters in the inventory wouldn't be enough to carry them all.
		The most striking thing I found about the layout of the museum was this amazing display of a cosmonaut figure against a stained-glass background, gently illuminating one end of the main exhibit hall.
		Skif-DM (Polyus) is described here rather than in the next chapter, with some very fast spin about research measurements supposed to be made during ascent.
	www.astr.ua.edu /keel/space/russpace.html (5016 words)

	Russian Designations of Missiles and Spacecraft
		The designations of Soviet missiles, launch vehicles, and spacecraft were considered state secrets.
		The Molniya 8K78L was designed by Korolev's design bureau for launching a manned spacecraft on a flyby of the Moon and return to earth.
		The designation allocations for spacecraft across all series (11, 14, 17) seem to use a single sequence series, although quite a few numerical suffixes had to be used for unrelated spacecraft after the 1960's:
	www.designation-systems.net /non-us/soviet-mw.html (4118 words)

	Space Exploration Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Definitions
		Pressure Helmet Assembly — used inside spacecraft and under LEVA while on the moon.
		Command Module - conical "capsule" or spacecraft used in Apollo to house the crew during all operations except the lunar landing.
		Spacecraft used to transport manned crews to and from earth orbit
	www.myspacemuseum.com /acronyms.htm (1468 words)

	TKS, the ferry for the Almaz station
		Short-wave telemetry from Kosmos-1267 was similar, but certainly not identical to that from Kosmos-929 (see story on TKS shortwave telemetry).
		It implied that the craft that had docked with Salyut-6 weighed in excess of 13000 kg, agreeing rather well with the figure 13266 kg for the FGB mass (1).
		In (3) there is a fascinating account about Chelomei's son sitting in the TKS during tests and interrupting the test to avoid U.S. ELINT satellites.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /histind/Almprog/tksalm.htm (3177 words)

	1998MarsPapers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Each launch would orbit a Mars-bound spacecraft or its trans-Mars injection stage; the payload and stage would be docked in LEO, and then sent to Mars..
		Once on orbit, the spacecraft would be assembled and fueled; the workers would use a co-orbiting 250-foot diameter space station as a base...
		The Energia booster was launched only twice; in May of 1987 it launched the Polyus spacecraft (which failed to attain orbit due to upper stage failure) and in November of 1988 it launched the Buran shuttle.
	www.marssociety.org /content/proceedings1998/mar98053.htm (7609 words)

	THE SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM \| NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION NASA \| ASTRONAUTS.
		NASA had conducted a series of paper projects throughout the 1960s on the topic of reusable spacecraft to replace their expedient "one-off" systems like Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo.
		Although it did operate as the world's first reusable crew-carrying spacecraft, it did not improve on those parameters in any meaningful way, and is considered by some to have failed in its original purpose.
		Although the design is radically different from the original concept, the project was still supposed to meet the upgraded USAF goals, and to be much cheaper to fly in general.
	www.solarnavigator.net /aviation_and_space_travel/space_shuttle.htm (5159 words)

	Transterrestrial Musings
		There's some more information on Polyus at http://www.astronautix.com/craft/polyus.htm, including some material which suggests that it may have been designed as a countermeasure to SDI.
		Labels on Polyus' schematic I can not translate because they are in Russian engineering jargon I am not familiar with.
		You mean, if it had become generally known that Polyus had achieved orbit.
	www.transterrestrial.com /archives/004606.html (4087 words)

	The Largest payloads put in orbit - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Russian Progress-M of aproximate mass 7,200 Kg is the unmanned supply ship which was used to send food and other supplies to the astronauts and cosmonauts aboard Space stations like MIR and is currently launched to deliver materials and food to the Amercians, Russians and other international projects on the ISS station.
		The Cassini-Huygens Mission, the Cassini is the largest interplanetary spacecraft ever constructed by NASA and is a joint mission with the ESA.
		The Energiya-launched Polyus (counting both the 80 ton weapon itself and the TKS ferry/FGB tug that it was launched with--that malfunctioned) edges Skylab out by a bit IIRC.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=19472 (4212 words)

	Daily Pundit Individual Archive
		One of the earliest uses of space and one of the largest investments in human history (totalling literally trillions of dollars over decades) was the devlopment and manufacture of arsenals of thousands of ICBMs and their nuclear warheads.
		Make no mistake, these warheads and their buses are properly termed spacecraft.
		A massive, hundred tonne spacecraft which was to be the "functional mockup" of a very potent combat spacecraft.
	www.dailypundit.com /newarchives/000890.php (821 words)

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