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	Polywater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polywater was a hypothetical polymerized form of water that was the subject of much scientific controversy during the late 1960s.
		When subjected to chemical analysis, samples of polywater were invariably contaminated with other substances (explaining the changes in melting and boiling points), and examination of polywater via electron microscopy showed that it also contained small particles of various solids from silicon to phospholipids, explaining its higher viscosity.
		When the experiments that had produced polywater were repeated with rigorously cleaned glassware, the anomalous properties of the resulting water vanished, and even the scientists who had originally advanced the case for polywater agreed that it did not exist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polywater (754 words)

	The Mystery of Cold Fusion - Solved
		In considering that the density of polywater is much higher than that of the ordinary water, the distance between deuterons in the deuterated polywater is much less than that of the deuterium atoms in the ordinary heavy water.
		Polywater was obtained from the Laboratory of Non-existent Compounds Inc., Thule.
		The deuteration of polywater was made by repeated fractional distillation of mixtures of heavy water and polywater.
	www.kfki.hu /~cheminfo/eng/reading/mystery.html (668 words)

	Polywater and the Role of Skepticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The case of polywater demonstrates how the desire to believe in a new phenomenon can sometimes overpower the demand for solid, well-controlled evidence.
		Formed by heating water and letting it condense in quartz capillaries, this "anomalous water," as it was originally called, had a density higher than normal water, a viscosity 15 times that of normal water, a boiling point higher than 100 degrees Centigrade, and a freezing point lower than zero degrees.
		When small samples were analyzed, polywater proved to be contaminated with a variety of other substances, from silicon to phospholipids.
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /~dst/ATG/polywater.html (308 words)

	ICE-NINE, RUSSIAN STYLE - New York Times
		Following the general principle that science is more fascinating than fiction, a parallel to ''ice-nine,'' called polywater, excited the scientific community for a few years during the late 1960's and early 1970's.
		Polywater was not a new and more stable form of pure H2O, but merely dirty water, exhibiting its strange properties as a result of impurities.
		Polywater was ordinary water with impurities, most leached from the glass of the capillary tubes themselves.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E2DE133BF933A0575BC0A967948260&sec=&pagewanted=print (1350 words)

	Polywater intoxication - Memory Alpha - A Wikia wiki
		A state of polywater intoxication (sometimes referred to as the Psi 2000 intoxication) is an affliction caused by polywater molecules, first noted on Psi 2000.
		It first affected the members of a Federation science team stationed on that planet in 2266.
		Soong-type androids were incapable of alcohol intoxication, yet components in its processing systems are apparently susceptible to disruption by polywater intoxication.
	memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Polywater_intoxication (470 words)

	HYLE 8-1 (2002): 'Pathological Science' is not Scientific Misconduct (nor is it pathological)
		The most thorough discussion of the polywater affair is due to Felix Franks (1981), who was himself engaged in research on chemical and physical aspects of water for many years.
		But before one jumps to the conclusion that those who studied polywater were sloppy in their laboratory technique, one ought to realize that the level of impurities responsible for the effect was lower than could be detected by then-available methods.
		But it has also been suggested that polywater should have been dismissed on theoretical grounds: the raised boiling point showed that polywater was more stable than ordinary water, and therefore thermodynamics would decree that all ordinary water would have spontaneously turned into polywater, releasing energy in the process.
	www.hyle.org /journal/issues/8-1/bauer.htm (6068 words)

	Anomalous water
		One of the difficulties in putting forward novel ideas for the structure of water is that the scientific press has been mistaken before and prefers to shuffle forward in the almost known rather than take big steps into the less well known.
		Since then, high-density liquid water has been verified to exist (at low temperatures [16]), but this is unrelated to any of the polywater samples.
		Polywater is still researched but on the basis of the properties of concentrated electrolyte silica condensates.
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /water/anmlous.html (1495 words)

	Type KC® Electrical Cable and Equipment Cleaner -- American Polywater's CFC and HCFC alternative. Fast evaporating ...
		The statements contained herein are made in lieu of all warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, which warranties are hereby expressly disclaimed.
		Except for the replacement remedy, American Polywater shall not be liable for any loss, injury or damage, direct or indirect, arising from the use or the failure to properly use these products, regardless of the legal theory asserted.
		The foregoing may not be altered except by a written agreement by the officers of American Polywater Corporation.
	www.polywater.com /typekc.html (614 words)

	Polywater: Interesting Thing of the Day
		Such was the case with polywater, a seemingly remarkable substance discovered by Russian scientists in the mid-1960s.
		Scientists were urged to treat polywater as a deadly substance until it was shown definitively to be safe—even though no one could make more than a drop of polywater at a time, and even though no one had ever demonstrated that polywater had any effect on plain water.
		Polywater samples were subjected to much closer scrutiny, including chemical tests and examination under an electron microscope.
	itotd.com /articles/588/polywater (1093 words)

	What is Polywater?
		The Soviet physicist Nikolai Fedyakin, working at a small government research lab in Kostroma, Russia, had performed measurements on the properties of water that had been condensed in or repeatedly forced through narrow quartz capillary tubes.
		Multiple theories were advanced to explain the phenomenon, and some researchers predicted that if polywater were to contact ordinary water, it would convert that water into polywater, echoing the doomsday scenario in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Cat's Cradle.
		The actual existence of polywater was no longer questioned by many; some were even proposing that it was the cause for increasing resistance on trans-Atlantic phone cables.
	www.finewaterimports.com /water.imports/articles/166/index.html (488 words)

	Today in Technology History - Jul 27
		Many scientists worried that polywater was dangerous: if a small amount of polywater leaked out into the environment, perhaps it would convert all natural water into polywater.
		Some scientists speculated that such a polywater conversion may have already occurred on the planet Venus.
		The frenzy continued for years -- until it was discovered that polywater was nothing more than water contaminated with impurities from the tubes it was made in.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2001/jul27.htm (280 words)

	Fiber Optic Freezing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		A critical part of the discussions at the beginning of the discussions was the engineering firm's ability to describe the needs of the customer in a way that allowed the chemical firm's lab personnel to focus on specific characteristics of the needed material.
		The statements contained herein are made in lieu of all warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantablility and fitness for a particular purpose, which warranties are hereby expressly disclaimed.
		Except for the replacement remedy, American Polywater shall not be liable for any loss, injury or damage, direct or indirect, arising form the use or the failure to properly use these products, regardless of the legal theory asserted.
	www.ceslive.com /freeze.htm (1898 words)

	TIME.com: Doubts about Polywater -- Oct. 19, 1970 -- Page 1
		But it was not until he read a recent article about polywater in the Soviet scientific journal Khimiya i Zhizń (Chemistry and Life) that he got the idea for his simple test.
		Challenged by critics to let impartial scientists analyze his polywater, Deryagin had turned over 25 tiny samples of the substance to investigators of the Soviet Academy of Sciences' Institute of Chemical Physics.
		The results, which were published in the journal, showed that Deryagin's polywater was badly contaminated by organic compounds, including lipids and phospholipids, which are ingredients of human perspiration.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,944149,00.html (594 words)

	Pathological science
		The dense liquid called polywater that Deryagin and other researchers were able to produce through condensation in tiny capillaries--reproducibly, it should be noted, and with exhaustive attention to controlling physicochemical variables and answering the critiques of colleagues--ultimately turned out to be an artifact caused by impurities in ordinary water.
		However, when purification tests using more sophisticated equipment convinced Deryagin to reconsider an obvious hypothesis he had previously rejected--that his polywater was contaminated ordinary water--he readi ly and honestly conceded that his original experiments were flawed, invalidating any interpretations based on these results.
		Perhaps it is because it is essential to life, has numerous properties that are indeed anomalous (or at least ill-understood), and is rich in metaphoric connotations, water seems to bring out the unskeptical enthusiast in some researchers.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/21stC/issue-3.4/turro.html (3093 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Short Reviews
		All came to nought, however, when it turned out that polywater was an artifact—droplets contaminated with impurities from the container or processing method.
		Felix Franks, an acknowledged expert on the physics and chemistry of water, here examines the rise and fall of polywater as a cautionary tale of how science is done.
		Franks very capably reports the swelling melodrama and the denouement: the doubters' camp built up, some early believers recanted, and soon it was evident that silica or other contaminants were the culprits responsible for polywater's charms; even the Russians backed down.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/6874 (801 words)

	Polywater - The MIT Press
		Even from 1968 to 1972, when hundreds of researchers participated in the Polywater boom, the world's supposed total supply was measured in drops.
		Naturally that made polywater hard to study and delayed the emergence of the boring, bitter truth: that polywater was nothing more than a solution of impurities....
		For most laymen, however, the message of Polywater may be encouraging: there is, after all, something wonderful about an enterprise in which people can feel so much remorse and chagrin, not over cruelty, treachery, or hypocrisy, but simply over being enthusiastically and publicly wrong."
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5147 (175 words)

	Pathological science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Certainly the example of polywater is one of pathological science.
		In this case, however, the problem spread beyond a single lab; largely as a result of much better publishing and international talks, polywater experiments were being carried out around the world.
		Moreover polywater made some scientific sense as, although unlikely, it was certainly within the realm of possibility.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pathological_science (1778 words)

	Water, Water...
		I always fancied the idea of polywater and what it might be able to do.
		While, polywater may have turned out to be a lost cause, chemists have for many years unearthed some quite bizarre properties from the liquid of life, writes David Bradley.
		The discoveries about this elemental material continue to this day with a collaborative team from Japan and the US publishing results in Nature recently (30 November 2000) that show that water becomes a two-dimensional glass and shrinks under extreme pressure when cooled and confined.
	phase1a.unl.edu /~xczeng/ct_001208_h2o.html (1057 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		Deryagin and a worldwide network of adherents to his theory pursued the polywater concept to extraordinary lengths, in part because of plausible theories about the behavior of water molecules in ultrafine capillaries (and in part because of heavy funding from the US Navy, which took an interest in possible military applications).
		However, when purification tests using more sophisticated equipment convinced Deryagin to reconsider an obvious hypothesis he had previously rejected--that his polywater was contaminated ordinary water--he readily and honestly conceded that his original experiments were flawed, invalidating any interpretations based on these results.
		The stories of cold fusion, polywater and infinite dilution, all involving properties of water, provide shining (or perhaps glaring) examples of how implausible ideas can run amok.
	www.fathom.com /feature/35016 (2970 words)

	What makes good (legitimate) science? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Perhaps contact with normal water (e.g., the ocean) could convert normal water to polywater.
		Reference to polywater quickly disappeared from scientific literature.
		Early in the century it was recognized that eastern and western hemispheres had been joined and then split apart.
	www.geocities.com /lclane2/goodsci.html (255 words)

	Alchemy Forum 0901-0950
		"polywater" to be other than is cited in posting 0902.
		'polywater', after a brief vogue, was found to be due to impurities in
		Polywater was debunked some years ago after it was discovered that the
	www.levity.com /alchemy/frm0950.html (8784 words)

	Bookstore S m a r t e r S c i e n c e scientific consultancy and services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Polywater was anomalously behaving water, discovered by a Russian chemist and then actively researched by the rest of the world.
		Polywater resembled ice-nine in Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle and could have been very dangerous.
		Perhaps the book Polywater is particularly enlightening to those who are not familiar with the topic.
	www.smarterscience.com /bookstore.html (1090 words)

	Abyss Europa Station
		You will recognize the regular water doors, the doors that require a Polywater Key to enter and the Airlock doors with their wavy green fields (there are hundreds of them).
		You know that you always need to press the blue button in an Airlock hall to go through the other door, so I won't tell you each time.
		Walk left and through the next airlock, continuing straight to a door where you must insert a Polywater Key.
	home.earthlink.net /~jwmuse/walks/abyss/europa.html (847 words)

	Commentary, March 26, 2004 — Why?, Finally — Positive Proof of UFOs, Welcome to Our Solar System, Even Better ...
		A brief explanation, before launching into this week's discussion: you'll note that I've been publishing here some of the more outrageous applications we've been receiving for the JREF prize, and also some of the furious attacks that we have to survive, regularly.
		The reason I gave last week for the error that created the false scientific "discovery" known as "polywater" — the inadvertent presence of detergents on lab glassware —; turns out to be somewhat more complicated than that.
		Though I've seen the detergent angle discussed, and it may have had a role in some of the investigations, this mysterious form of water was produced in very tiny quantities, in fine capillary quartz tubes.
	www.randi.org /jr/032604why.html (4447 words)

	polywater: See what people are saying right now on Technorati
		polywater: See what people are saying right now on Technorati
		Polywater / The new form of water that almost...
		polywater per day for the last 30 days
	technorati.com /tag/polywater (88 words)

	Steve's place - Pseudoscience
		A similar sort of sick science is a result of the fact that scientists are only human: occasionally a bad idea will be considered useful or likely for a while (e.g.
		polywater), or a good idea will be discounted as false for a while (e.g.
		However, eventually, it is the whole point of of science that the better model will win out eventually.
	www.steve.gb.com /rants/pseudoscience.html (4763 words)

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