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Topic: Ponce massacre

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Pedro Albizu Campos

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Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia

Ponce

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	Artwork: Ponce Massacre
		Revere revised the image, incorporating his own anti-colonial text, however the actual massacre that took place was of a lesser scale than the one depicted in his work.
		In the spirit of borrowing and radicalizing imagery, using Revere's composition, I substituted the image with that of the massacre that took place in Ponce, Puerto Rico on March 21, 1937.
		On Palm Sunday, the Nationalists had planned a parade for families and the residents of Ponce to commemorate the abolition of slavery.
	www.yasminhernandez.com /ponce (327 words)

	Ponce, Puerto Rico - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ponce, the second largest city in Puerto Rico outside of the San Juan metropolitan area is named after the grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.
		In 1937, Ponce was the scene of an incident dubbed the "Ponce Massacre" in which many unarmed Nationalist protesters, peacefully celebrating the 64th Anniversary of the Abolition of Slavery, were fatally shot by police.
		Ponce is the home of the Ponce Museum of Art, which was operated by Puerto Rico's former Governor Luis A. Ferré until his death at the age of 99, the Serralles rum distillery (home of the Don Q and Captain Morgan rums) and the Leones de Ponce, eleven-time nationalbasketball champions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico (647 words)

	Link To Puerto Rico.com - Ponce
		During the second half of XIX century Ponce had become a progressive city-the economic, cultural and intellectual center of the south; some assert it was that center of the country.
		As opposed to the conditions of life that reigned in the Island, Ponce emerged from town to villa (1848) and from villa to city (1877), until becoming which the historians of the country distinguished Ponce as the turn-of-the-century Alternating Capital of Puerto Rico.
		It was the union of the human and physical element which gave Ponce its own profile that distinguished it from the rest of the Island; and which gave simultaneously the alternating character in contrast with the capital, San Juan.
	www.linktopr.com /ponce_e.html (1392 words)

	Ponce Hilton
		On March 21, 1937 (Palm Sunday) a march was organized in the southern city of Ponce, Puerto Rico by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
		Manuel María Ponce (1882 - 1948) was a Mexican composer.
		Ponce's guitar music is a core part of the instrument's repertory, the best-known works being ''Variations and Fugue on 'La Folia' '' (1929) and ''Sonatina Meridional'' (1939).
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/158/ponce-hilton.html (334 words)

	Ponce - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Ponce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Playa de Ponce, its harbour facility, is the island's principal seaport, and the city is also served by an international airport.
		Established in 1692, the settlement was named Nuestra Senora de Guadelupe de Ponce, after the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León.
		In 1897 Ponce was designated the capital of the southern district of Puerto Rico by Spain, but came under US jurisdiction the following year.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Ponce (317 words)

	Ponce massacre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ponce massacre is a violent chapter in the history of Puerto Rico.
		Colonel Orbeta went to Ponce and concentrated there a police forces from across the island, among which he included all the machine gunners.
		Jose N. Gandara, one of the physicians who assisted the wounded, testified that wounded people running away were shot, and that many were again wounded through the back with clubs and bare fist by the police.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ponce_massacre (667 words)

	SOA Watch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While some human rights groups suspected that Ponce had ties to the school, the name of the man who ordered the assassinations was nowhere on the SOA rolls.
		Ponce was listed in the Foreign Policy Caucus report as a 1970 SOA graduate.
		Ponce told the media that the two dead youths were subversives who had died in a firefight, and that “we cannot investigate every combat report.”
	www.soaw.org /new/newswire_detail.php?id=640 (1353 words)

	Ponce Inn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ponce, the second largest city in Puerto Rico outside of the San Juan metropolitan area is named after the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.
		In 1937, Ponce was the scene of an incident dubbed the " Ponce Massacre " in which unarmed Nationalist protesters were shot by police.
		Ponce is also the home of El Museo de Arte de Ponce, which was operated by Puerto Rico's former Governor Luis A. Ferré until his death at t...
	www.witchware.com /File/15231-Ponce.Inn.Html (666 words)

	Workers World April 1, 1999: Puerto Rican revolutionary remembers Ponce massacre
		On March 20 at the Clemente Soto Velez Cultural Center on New York's Lower East Side, Puerto Ricans commemorated the 62nd anniversary of the Ponce Massacre.
		During the 1937 Ponce Massacre, Rosado saw many of her compatriots murdered and wounded.
		And it is precisely this emotion that worries U.S. colonialism even to this day--an emotion that will prove fatal to imperialism when the Ponce massacre is avenged, when the Puerto Rican people finally win their historical struggle against tyranny by expelling all foreign oppressors from their country.
	www.workers.org /ww/1999/ponce0104.php (648 words)

	Democracy Now! \| Remembering Puerto Rico's Ponce Massacre
		In Puerto Rico, Wednesday marked the 70th anniversary of the Ponce massacre.
		Pura, who was a child at the time, recalls that shortly after the Nationalists gathered, the church bells began to ring, and when she looked down the mountain toward the plaza she saw people scattering in all directions.
		It was the biggest massacre in Puerto Rican history.
	www.democracynow.org /article.pl?sid=07/03/22/1414207 (1909 words)

	Poetry and the Burden of History: An Interview with Martin Espada
		If I were to talk in general terms about the Ponce massacre, where all those [Puerto Rican] pro-independence marchers were killed in that town in 1937 by the government — it would be a mere footnote which would not be retained by the listener or the reader.
		So in the case of the Ponce massacre, what I do in the title poem of the book is to focus on the real human impact of that historical tragedy.
		Well, one of the things that it means is that a woman named Nina lost a lover named Pell'in she was about to marry.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /MAPS/poets/a_f/espada/interview.htm (2193 words)

	Five Years of Tyranny
		Men, women, and children were massacred in the streets of the island simply because they dared to express their opinion or attempted to meet in free assemblage.
		While the victims of the Ponce massacre were being tried for murder, the police forces were given a free hand to continue the orgy of murder....
		A suggestion as to the origin of these rumors is contained in a statement attributed to Cecil Snyder and published in a recent issue of Ken. I was not permitted to testify, although the entire matter of my testimony was put into the record by the defense counsel.
	www.cheverote.com /reviews/marcantonio.html (2980 words)

	americas.org - FBI Admits Persecutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After a talk with students at the Santa Marchía Academy in Ponce, however, he put the persecution in the context of the “cold war,” and admitted that “excesses” had been committed.
		The 1937 Ponce Massacre, considered one of the largest attacks by the United States against independence activists, was commemorated on March 21.
		The Nationalist Party had a permit for a parade, but the permit was cancelled at the last minute, due to U.S. intervention with the mayor and police chief.
	www.americas.org /item_9388 (224 words)

	Ponce Massacre: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Ponce Massacre is regarded as one of the darkest and bloodiest chapters in Puerto Rico's history[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject].
		Palm sunday is a moveable feast in the church calendar observed by roman catholic churchcatholic, orthodox, and some protestantismprotestant christians....
		Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León quick summary:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/ponce_massacre.htm (699 words)

	Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pedro Albizu Campos (September 12, 1891 - April 21, 1965) born in Tenerias Village in Ponce, Puerto Rico was the son of Alejandro Albizu and Juana Campos.
		In 1935, four Nationalists are killed by police under the command of Colonel E. Francis Riggs, the incident became known as the Rio Piedras Massacre.
		On March 21 a protest march was held in Ponce in which police opened fire.
	www.irelandinformationguide.com /Pedro_Albizu_Campos (1139 words)

	HISTORY, Puerto Rico Tourist Information and Travel Guide at InfoHub.com
		And it was the Taíno who safeguarded Ponce de León's passage through Puerto Rico in search of gold when the Spanish government granted him authority to colonize the island in 1508.
		Through a cartographic error, however, the name of the city and the island were eventually switched, and San Juan became the capital of the island of Puerto Rico.
		Islanders became US citizens in 1917, but revolutionary movements continued to brew, and led to several bloody altercations between radicals and police, such as the 1937 Ponce Massacre in which twenty protesters died.
	www.infohub.com /destinations/Central-America-&-Caribbean/Puerto-Rico/105305.htm (980 words)

	Isabel Rosado
		She escaped sharing the fate of the twenty-one who were sentenced to prison for their protest against Navy occupation of the small island of Vieques.
		Doña Isabel, as she is affectionately called, was a young elementary school teacher when she heard of the Ponce Massacre.
		The emotional impact on her was tremendous, swinging her into the orbit of the Nationalist Party.
	www.peacehost.net /WhiteStar/Voices/eng-rosado.html (516 words)

	Jayuya Uprising - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1936, Albizu Campos and the leaders of the party were arrested and jailed at the Princesa Jail in San Juan and later sent to the Federal Prison at Atlanta, Georgia.
		On March 21, 1937, the nationalists held a parade in Ponce and the police opened fire on the crowd in what was to become known as the Ponce Massacre.
		On October 30, the nationalists staged uprisings in the towns of Ponce, Mayagüez, Naranjito, Arecibo, Utuado, San Juan, and Jayuya.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/El_Grito_de_Jayuya (882 words)

	Map of Puerto Rico - Ponce
		City Hall - The City Hall at Ponce has one of the most unusual histories of any city hall throughout the world.
		House of the Ponce Massacre - Now a small museum, the Casa de las Masacre de Ponce (House of the Ponce Massacre) was the former...
		Muelle de Ponce - For first time visitors eager to learn more about their beautiful surroundings, the Museo de la Historia de...
	www.planetware.com /map/puerto-rico-ponce-map-pr-pr399.htm (239 words)

	Puerto Rico : Information and resources about Puerto Rico : School Work Guru
		In an unauthorized march by the NP in the city of Ponce 18 nationalists were killed by the police, this would be known later as the Ponce Massacre.
		The capital city, San Juan, is located on the main island's north coast and has a population of approximately 430,000.
		Puerto Rico has 78 municipalities and major cities include San Juan, Ponce, Mayagüez, Caguas, and Humacao.
	www.schoolworkguru.org /encyclopedia/p/pu/puerto_rico.html (2362 words)

	AP Online; U.S. Islands Face Uncertain Future--05/30/98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In Puerto Rico, an independence movement grew in the early decades, and was later suppressed by governors appointed by Washington.
		In the bloodiest incident, the Ponce Massacre of 1937, police killed 17 unarmed nationalist protesters.
		The island was given limited autonomy and dubbed a "commonwealth," in which Puerto Ricans elect a local government and pay no federal taxes, but have no vote in Congress and pay substantial local taxes.
	www.puertorico-herald.org /issues/vol2n09/prs_future-v2n9.shtml (1749 words)

	Rafael Cancel Miranda
		In 1937, his father and stepmother went to Ponce for the celebration of the abolition of slavery and to march for the freedom of political prisoners.
		One hour before the parade, permission was cancelled by the Ponce mayor at the demand of Governor Blanton Winship.
		Twenty-one died, and over a hundred were wounded in what came to be known as the "Ponce Massacre." The white nurse's uniform of Rafael's stepmother became soaked with blood as she crawled over bodies in search of her husband.
	www.peacehost.net /WhiteStar/Voices/eng-cancel.html (1005 words)

	RW ONLINE:Puerto Rico's Fight for Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It was planned for Palm Sunday, March 21, 1937, in the southern city of Ponce.
		The victims of the massacre were tried for conspiracy to commit murder.
		On July 25, 1938, Winship organized a military parade though Ponce to celebrate the U.S. invasion of 1898.
	www.rwor.org /a/v20/960-69/966/prhist.htm (3639 words)

	Timeline
		March 21, 1937 - A peaceful Nationalist Party demonstration in Ponce is surrounded by police forces that open fire on the participants.
		The event will eventually be known as the Ponce Massacre.
		May 22, 1937 - The 'Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico' presents its investigation of the March 21, 1937 events in Ponce stating that "the facts show that the affair (...) was a 'Massacre'".
	www.pr-secretfiles.net /timeline_all.html (3291 words)

	Remembering Puerto Rico’s Ponce Massacre [S&L Magazine]
		March 21 marks the 70th anniversary of the Ponce Massacre in the southern city of Ponce, Puerto Rico.
		On March 21, 1937, the Nationalist Party in Ponce planned to demonstrate against the incarceration of Albizu Campos and to demand independence.
		Juan Antonio Corretjer, a former Nationalist Party leader and contemporary of Albizu Campos who became a leading voice of Puerto Rican socialism, described the buildup in his pamphlet “Albizu Campos and the Ponce Massacre”: “On March 21st, and for some days before, a significant concentration of police was taking place in Ponce.
	socialismandliberation.org /mag/index.php?aid=773 (1122 words)

	Puerto Rico's Status 1943-2000
		That is why after the American troops landed in Ponce, the commander in chief stated in a proclamation on July 29, 1898: "That the army commanders see to it that the inhabitants of the island obey the authority of the United States, and that the power of the military occupant is absolute and supreme."
		Most of the liberal elite rejoiced at the arrival of the United States as they were under the impression that meant freedom.
		There is also the historic event known as the "Ponce Massacre in which seventeen Nationalist were killed while unarmed by the police.
	www.saxakali.com /caribbean/rosado.htm (3664 words)

	Enjoy Puerto Rico
		The Island was initially colonized by Juan Ponce de León, the Island's first governor who died from wounds received during the conquest of Florida in 1521.
		As leader of the Nationalist Party, he fought for a "free, sovereign and independent republic" and subsequently spent years behind prison bars.
		Violence erupted during a party rally in 1937, which is still remembered today as the Ponce Massacre.
	www.enjoypuertorico.com /history.shtml (639 words)

	Puerto Rico: The Imminent Dangers of Statehood
		Ponce de Leon's remains are in a cathedral just up the street.
		The closest they have come was the "Ponce Massacre" of 1937 in which 20 died and the Nationalist troubles of 1950 that took 32 lives.
		Eventually, cultural resistance and the advent of self-government in the 1950s caused the velvet-gloved Americanization policy to be scrapped.
	www.independencia.net /ingles/danger_statehood.html (7244 words)

	The Militant - October 3, 2005 -- Puerto Ricans fought for independence in WW II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1936, Albizu Campos and other top Nationalist Party leaders were arrested and convicted on trumped-up charges of “conspiracy to overthrow the United States government,” “conspiracy to incite rebellion against the United States,” and “conspiracy to recruit soldiers to fight against the United States.” They were locked up in the Atlanta federal prison.
		At least 20 people were killed and 200 wounded in what became known as the Ponce Massacre.
		Or is it the democracy that swept the streets of Ponce with its machine guns, wounding more than 200 people and murdering 20 men, women, and children?”
	www.themilitant.com /2005/6938/693857.html (997 words)

	Pacifica.org - Democracy Now!
		A Democratic Debate Between Rep Lynn Woolsey and Robert Borosage; 9-Year-Old Canadian Citizen and Iranian Parents Arrive in Toronto After Six Weeks in Texas Immigration Jail; Remembering Puerto Rico's Ponce Massacre;
		After six weeks in a Texas immigration jail, a nine year-old Canadian citizen and his Iranian parents were released and allowed back into Canada last night.
		On March 21st, 1937, 19 people were killed and more than one hundred wounded when police opened fire on a demonstration...
	www.pacifica.org /program-guide/op,show-page/station_id,2/show_id,110 (226 words)

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