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Topic: Ponginae

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	Ape - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Within the superfamily Hominoidea, gibbons are the outgroup: this means that the rest of the hominoids are more closely related to each other than any of them are to gibbons.
		Again, the three-way split in Ponginae led scientists to ask which of the three genera is least related to the others.
		Investigation showed orangutans to be the outgroup, but comparing humans to all three other hominid genera showed that African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) and humans are more closely related to each other than any of them are to orangutans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hominoid (2548 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: Early Humans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A subfamily Homininae (the "hominines") is used to refer specifically to the African apes; chimps gorillas and humans, which separated evolutionarily from the Asian apes around 13 million years ago.
		Orangutans, and their extinct relatives are placed in the subfamily Ponginae (the "pongines").
		To characterize the human line after its split from the other African ape lineages between 5 and 8 million years ago, a tribe classification Hominini ("hominins") is adopted.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/early.html (368 words)

	The traditional view has been to recognize three families of hominoid
		Under this hominoid umbrella would fall orangutans, gorillas, chimps, and humans, all in the Family Hominidae.
		In recognition of their genetic divergence some 11 to 13 million years ago, the orangutans would be placed in the sub-family Ponginae and the African apes, including humans, would all be lumped together in the sub-family Homininae.
		The bipedal apes—all of the fossil species as well as living humans—would fall into the tribe Hominini (thus hominin).
	faculty.niagara.edu /wje/Bio121/Homonidnoid.htm (296 words)

	Phylogeny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Cercopithecines form the largest social groups of any of the primates, with groups numbering up to 150 individuals or more.
		Ponginae represent the only ancestral reversions to solitary social organiziation within the primate phylogeny.
		While gibbons and siamangs do live in some association and Orangutans do form loose harems, interaction is largely confined to mating.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/bionb424/students2004/npr3/phylogeny_workpage.htm (435 words)

	Primate Genomics: The Search for Genic Changes that Shaped being Human
		Using the principle of age equivalence to assign taxonomic ranks to the various primate clades (i.e.
		Within Hylobatini, the phylogenetic branching (at ~8 Ma) in the subtribe Hylobatina separated Symphalangus (siamangs) from Hylobates (gibbons).
		Within Hominini, a phylogenetic branching (at ~14 Ma) separated the monogeneric subtribe Pongina for Pongo (orangutans) from Hominina.
	www.uchicago.edu /aff/mwc-amacad/biocomplexity/MGHGEP.html (4800 words)

	Talk:Hominidae - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Family: Hominidae Subfamily Ponginae Genus Pongo - Orangutans Subfamily Homininae Genera Gorilla - Gorillas Pan - Chimpanzees Homo - Humans
		And I have in front of me a classification of primates, supposedly based on Tudge (1995), which is the same tree but with completely different names for the suborders and superfamilies.
		This page was last modified 14:14, 3 March 2005.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php?title=Talk:Hominidae&printable=yes (68 words)

	Biodiversity Project
		Each species represents its own genus: Homo, Pan, and Gorilla respectively.
		Recent revisions have been made to integrate chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans into the Hominidae family, and to create two subfamilies, Homininae, which includes humans, chimpanzees and gorillas, and Ponginae, which includes orangutans and some extinct species.
		Although Goodman’s conclusions shed light on the genetic relationships among primates, the study compares only the non-coding DNA sites.
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/a/v/avh5000 (1323 words)

	B&RD News: Conservation Issues
		Nowadays, nearly all taxonomists agree that common ancestry is the most objective criterion for orders, families and genera (and suborders, subfamilies … and so on); so, the lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans are classified in the order Primates because they share a common ancestor not shared by other mammals.
		As all four are rather closely related, it is now almost universal to place them in a single family, for which the correct name is Hominidae, with two subfamilies: Ponginae for Pongo (the orangutan) alone, and Homininae combining Homo (humans), Pan (chimpanzees) and Gorilla (gorillas).
		I referred to "the correct name" because, unlike taxonomy, nomenclature is objective.
	www.kilimanjaro.com /gorilla/brd/su.htm (7830 words)

	The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3 : Nature
		It also includes a chemokine receptor gene cluster as well as numerous loci involved in multiple human cancers such as the gene encoding FHIT, which contains the most common constitutive fragile site in the genome, FRA3B
		Using genomic sequence from chimpanzee and rhesus macaque, we were able to characterize the breakpoints defining a large pericentric inversion that occurred some time after the split of Homininae from Ponginae, and propose an evolutionary history of the inversion.
		The physical map of chromosome 3 was generated using a combination of STS-derived probe screening of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone libraries and the fingerprint map
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v440/n7088/full/nature04728.html (3718 words)

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