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Topic: Pontic Greek language

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	The Greek Language
		Greek language(Dhimotiki), an frequent language in Greece with its origins dating back 3,500 years and an uninterrupted literary history which makes it one of the oldest remaining branches of the Indo-European family of languages.
		It is the language of one of the major civilizations of the world and of one of the greatest literatures of all time.
		Greek has a wide diversity of dialects of varying levels of common fluency, which in addition to official diversity (Standard Modern Greek), include the Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko (Calabrian Greek) and Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek) varieties.
	www.justgreece.org /greece/greek-language.asp (534 words)

	Greek Language - LoveToKnow 1911
		Greek is one of the eight main branches into which the Indo-European languages are divided.
		The Greek language, at any rate as it has come down to us, is remarkably perfect, in vowel sounds being the most primitive of any of the Indo-European languages, while its verb system has no rival in completeness except in the earliest Sanskrit of the Vedic literature.
		It is hardly necessary to say that these changes, whether of the or of modern Greek, did not of necessity impair the powers of the language as an organ of expression; if elaborate inflection were a necessity for the highest literary merit, then we must prefer C ae dmon to Milton and Cynewulf to Shakespeare.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Greek_Language (8344 words)

	Greek language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Medieval Greek: The continuation of Hellenistic Greek during medieval Greek history as the official and vernacular language of the Byzantine Empire, and continued to be used until, and after the fall of that Empire in the 15th century.
		Greek is a language distinguished by an extraordinarily rich vocabulary.
		Greek is the official language of Greece where it is spoken by about 99.5% of the population.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greek_language (2501 words)

	KATERINA SARRI WEBTOPOS - GREEK LANGUAGE and ALPHABET
		«It was greek to me...» exclaims Casca in Shakespeare's 'Julius Caesar'.
		The greek alphabet is born: 8th century B.C.E. The earliest inscriptions are of c.725 B.C.E. We still use the northsemitic letter names -slightly changed- (alpha from 'aleph, beta from bet, etc.), although we are not aware of their original semitic meaning.
		Apart from common neohellenic greek and various local idioms which are easily understood, there are a few surviving greek dialects of modern times that flourished in places that, being quite isolated from the mainstream language evolution, produced a distinct greek dialect.
	www.users.otenet.gr /~bm-celusy/greek.html (2610 words)

	KATERINA SARRI WEBTOPOS - GREEK LANGUAGE and ALPHABET
		«It was greek to me...» exclaims Casca in Shakespeare's 'Julius Caesar'.
		The greek alphabet is born: 8th century B.C.E. The earliest inscriptions are of c.725 B.C.E. We still use the northsemitic letter names -slightly changed- (alpha from 'aleph, beta from bet, etc.), although we are not aware of their original semitic meaning.
		Apart from common neohellenic greek and various local idioms which are easily understood, there are a few surviving greek dialects of modern times that flourished in places that, being quite isolated from the mainstream language evolution, produced a distinct greek dialect.
	users.otenet.gr /~bm-celusy/greek.html (2610 words)

	New Greek language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The New Greek Koine was created on the basis of southern dialects in the 18-19 centuries and spread quickly in the cities.
		The literature language of Greece exists in tow main varieties: kathareusa, which continues Attic literature norms, and dimotika - the popular language, which was allowed to use officially only in the previous century.
		The Greek language uses the alphabet which was in use already in the 9th century BC here.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/gree/greek.html (263 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:PNT
		The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
		Speakers of Standard Greek cannot understand Pontic, and Pontic speakers are reported to not understand or speak Standard Greek.
		Ethnic Greeks in Georgia called 'Rumka' speak Pontic Greek.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=PNT (163 words)

	GREEK, Modern
		Related Languages: The linguistic affinities noted in the chapter on Ancient Greek are relevant for Modern Greek, though perhaps not as obvious as for the ancient language.
		The Ancient Greek positioning was valid throughout the Hellenistic period and on into Byzantine Greek, but in the Medieval period, the orientation of the weak pronouns toward the verb, as opposed to the clause, began to emerge, with the modern distribution developing after the 16th century.
		Increasingly in the Medieval period and on into Modern Greek relative clauses are marked with an invariant relative marker - in the modern language pu, homophonous with one of the indicative complementizers - with resumptive pronouns in the relative clause being fairly common.
	ling.ohio-state.edu /~bjoseph/articles/gmodern.htm (4544 words)

	Ancient Greek - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ancient Greek refers to the second stage in the history of the Greek language, comprising two ancient periods of Greek history: Archaic (9th–6th centuries BC) and Classical (5th–4th centuries BC) Greece.
		It is the language of the Homeric poems, including the Iliad and the Odyssey, of the great works of literature and philosophy of the Athenian Golden Age, which came to be the foundations of our modern mathematics and sciences.
		West and non-west Greek is the strongest and earliest division, with the non-west in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcado-Cyprian, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cyprian vs. Ionic-Attic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_Greek_language (2240 words)

	Multicultural and "Plural": In the Case of Greece
		It is actually an historic fact that the "katharevousa" was imposed as an official language in an effort to deal with the country's cultural mosaic through a mono-cultural education and by means of a constructed common state language.
		Then, from 1967 to 1974 it was the gross misuse of the official language by the spokesmen of the military regime that fed the marketplace with language puns.
		The Pontic Greek vernacular language is not easily understood by other Greeks and before the fall of the Soviet Union and the arrival of the Russian Greeks, it mainly used as an "in group" language.
	www.aegean.gr /culturaltec/dasc/Dasc_Pap2_scdiv.htm (919 words)

	Pontic Music Page
		he oldest known Pontic dance is probably the "serra" or "pyrrikheos", a pyrrhic dance that is described by Xenophon in the 4th century B.C. A mens' war dance, it is sometimes danced with knives or short swords similar to the Caucasian kinjal.
		They speak their own language, Karamanlidika, written with Greek characters but loosely based on Turkish, yet when they were transferred to Greece they were settled within the Pontic community.
		As well several of the rhythms and melodies of other Pontic songs and dances are found in Afghanistan (especially the North) and Uzbekistan and Central Asia in general.
	www.scimitarmusic.com /pontos/music.html (927 words)

	Dean Christakos: April 2006 Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		When the Greeks strained the pine needles out, they discovered retsina!" This is totally untrue, as resinated wine has been in the lands of Greece since the pre-Greek Minoan times.
		After the revolutionaries failed and left, the Sultan decided to teach the Chiots a lesson and thus began the Massacre of Chios in which, of a population of 118,000 people, 23,000 were killed, 47,000 women and children were sold into slavery, leaving 1,800 spared to continue cultivating the sap from the mastic trees.
		Mary of the Mongols, a Greek Orthodox (or "Rum Ortodoks", as it's known in Turkey) Church in the Fener district of Istanbul:
	www.christakos.com /archives/2006/04 (3216 words)

	The Incredible Odyssey of the Black Sea Greeks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Greek invasion of Anatolia, egged on by Lloyd George, was smashed by Kemal Ataturk in 1922.
		The Greeks of Istanbul and the Aegean islands west of the Dardanelles were allowed to remain for another half-century, until most of the surviving Greeks left during the Greco-Turkish confrontation over Cyprus after 1974.
		The Greeks lived in the port cities, especially Odessa, Rostov and Sevastopol, in the fertile Kuban steppes, in the coastal towns and villages of Georgia and Abkhazia and in the hills off central Georgia.
	www.karalahana.com /english/pontians.htm (4852 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:pnt
		The majority of speakers live in Salonica, borough of Kalamaria, and the rest of Macedonia in Greece.
		Young people may speak Standard Greek as their first language.
		Speakers in North America are reported to maintain the use of Pontic more zealously than those in Greece.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=pnt (149 words)

	MACEDONIA "TRUE MACEDONIANS WERE AND ARE GREEK"
		Even though I couldn’t speak the dialect of the Greeks who lived for 3000 years at the Black Sea coastal area of Turkey, it was not too difficult to understand the lyrics of the song.
		It is an account of the Pontic genocide that took place in the early part of the century.
		The Pontic Greek population is being forcibly evacuated from their village So the death march of the exiled people begins.
	www.macedonia.info /REVIEW_Thea_Halo.htm (1059 words)

	Omer Asan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		We can’t understand it.” This shows that the language of instruction in the medreses in the Of-Çaykara region was Koran Arabic and that the medrese graduates were sufficiently proficient in the language to be able to use it in conversation.
		Today, none of the Greek speaking Muslims are ignorant of the alphabet of the language they speak, whereas not a single written document in the Greek alphabet written by their ancestors in the previous centuries has survived to the present day.
		The language known as Greek (“Yunanca”), the Pontic dialect and, to the inhabitants of Anatolia, as “Rumca”, one of the most highly respected languages in the world, is a victim of the fluctuations in Turkish-Greek and Greek-Turkish relations.
	www.karalahana.com /english/omer_asan.htm (10111 words)

	Pontic Greek - KOINONIA Greek Forum
		Pontic dialect is much softer than the Cypriot, does not have the extended -n at the end of a male or neutral accusative and moreover in Pontic the pronunciation of "dhelta" (dh) is not pronounced as "th" (as Cypriots pronounce it).
		As one who was forced into Erasmus's pronounciation in college, and being a third generation "Greek"-American who is challenged still with modern Greek, I am still trying to get a "handle" as they say on what would be most acceptable to learn.
		Use Elpenor's Libraries and Language departments to stimulate your thinking; to refer to a text there published, just copy its url and paste it in your post.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/koinonia/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=81 (424 words)

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