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	Olbia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Olbia (locally "Terranoa" in the Sardinian language or "Tarranoa" in Gallurese), is a town of approximately 40,000 inhabitants in northeastern Sardinia (Italy), in the Gallura sub-region.
		Called "Olbia" in the Roman age, "Civita" in the Middle Ages (Giudicati period) and "Terranova Pausania" before the 1940s, Olbia was again the official name of the town after the period of Fascism.
		Olbia (the name is of Greek origin) is very ancient and was possibly founded by the Greeks, according to a local legend.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olbia (266 words)

	Olbia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		For Pontic Olbia, the Greek colony on the Black Sea coast, see (Click link for more info and facts about Olbia, Ukraine) Olbia, Ukraine.
		Called "Olbia" in the Roman age, "Civita" in the Middle Ages (Giudicati period) and "Terranova Pausania" before the 1940s, Olbia was again the official name of the town after the period of (A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)) Fascism.
		Olbia (the name is of Greek origin) is very ancient and was possibly founded by the (A native or inhabitant of Greece) Greeks, according to a local legend.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/O/Ol/Olbia.htm (274 words)

	Ancient states on the northern Black Sea coast
		City states existed on the northern pontic coast from the middle of the 1st millennium BC to the 3rd–4th century AD.
		By the late 2nd century BC the states on the northern pontic littoral went into decline, mostly because of expansion by the Scythians and Taurians.
		In the 330s AD the states on the northern pontic littoral were economically ruined by the invasions of the
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/A/N/AncientstatesonthenorthernBlackSeacoast.htm (348 words)

	Olbia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Olbia, whose name meant ‘Prosperity,’ dominated the trade of the Dniepre, “tapping the inexhaustible fertility of the Black Earth Belt in the Ukraine.
		Olbia occupied the area where the bug (Hypanis) and the richly meadowed Dnieper (Borysthenes), merged as they approached the Black Sea.
		Olbia occupied a sheltered position of the estuary of the Hypanis (Bug) and faced the river’s junction with the Borysthenes (Dnieper).
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/olbia.htm (491 words)

	Z A K S
		The architectural development of the Northern Pontic colonies was closely connected with the building tradition taken from their mother-cities, Ionian - mainly from Miletos and Doric from Heracleia Pontica.
		During the primary stage of their life (the time of initial colonisation activity, VI - the beginning of V, for Chersonesos till the beginning of IV centuries BC) it an be also suggested the strong influence of local barbarian building tradition.
		Olbia gives another situation with only separate elements of regularity in its city-planning and highly developed city center with temenos and agora included the necessary number of official buildings.
	www.blacksea-archaeology.org /de/lectures/archiv/januar__2002.html (728 words)

	Pontic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pontic Greek language 1: '''Pontic Greek''' is a Greek languagesGreek language 3: Pontic 's linguistic lineage stems from Attic Greek, 7: he Treaty of Lausanne.
		Crimea 35: id prairie lands, a southward continuation of the Pontic steppesteppes, which slope gently to the nor 43: ettle on the coasts, e.g.
		Dorians from Heraclea Pontic aHeraclea at Chersonesus, and IoniaIonia
	www.elusiveeye.com /side16579-pontic.html (319 words)

	olbia
		Il ghiaccio blocca le operazioni all'aeroporto di Olbia
		Canadair della Protezione Civile alla periferia di Olbia
		Hapag Lloyd Express inaugura nuova destinazione tedesca da Olbia
	wikipedia.openfun.org /en/wikipedia/o/ol/olbia.html (342 words)

	session 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The significant changes having taken place in the reconstruction of the ethnic and political history of the Pontic cities, states and tribes, is connected both with the discovery of new monuments (including epigraphic texts) and with the critical appraisal of already well known evidence.
		Scythian art is a similar continuation of the Pontic and North Caucasian artistic tradition under new "Orientalistic" impulses, as was the transition between Geometric and Archaic art in Greece and Etruria.
		In this paper I try to show, with reference to materials from the Pontic region and Asia Minor, that in monumental Greek sculpture it is possibe to single out a trend parallel to the Greek "Classical" one, to which we shall refer, for the sake of convenience, as "non-Classical".
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~arkeo/blacksea/session2.htm (3310 words)

	Olbia on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		BC, Olbia was incorporated into the Scythian state of the Crimea.
		Excavations have unearthed towers and city gates from the Hellenic period and parts of a fortified wall and a temple of Apollo from the Roman period.
		The celts in the north Pontic area: a reassessment.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/O/Olbia.asp (366 words)

	intas 94-2357 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The same methods and technical means will be utilized for further study of some of the most crucial and rewarding places in the region such as the island of Berezan, which holds the first vestiges of Greek colonization, and neighbouring Olbia and Chersonesus on the Crimea, now Sevastopol.
		Excavations of the important Greek city of Olbia at the estuary of the Bug and the Dnieper.
		This project was also the centre of a special international conference held in Sevastopol in 1997 and devoted to 'Chersonesus in the Ancient world'.
	www.intas.be /catalog/94-2357.htm (368 words)

	Directory - Science: Social Sciences: Archaeology: Regional: Europe: Ukraine
		Olbia Excavations · cached · Excavation summary and images of the Greek colony of Olbia.
		Pontic Memorials · cached · Online magazine whose purpose is to tell about the past and present, to show the connection of historical events with the present, to acquaint the readers with little-known facts and documents.
		Archaeology is New Target for Ukraine's Mafia Gangs · From the Scotman, experts in ancient antiquities have become the latest recruits to the notorious Eastern European crime families.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=772627 (244 words)

	Tomis-Constantza, Symbol Town of Romania
		An event in 260 B.C. described by the historian Memnon from Pontic Heracleea, emphasised Tomis importance, as it was disputed on one hand by the confederation of Histria and Callatis and, on the other hand, by Bizantyum, the well-known town on the Hellespontic coast, which wanted to affirm its hegemony here, too.
		The supplies for this ample trade was extent from the suitable relations with the local aristocracy to fruitful contacts with the chiefs and merchants in the North of Danube.On the other side, on the way Tomis-Axiopolis and, from here, to the interior of Dacia, the Greek goods could penetrate.
		Following our historical itinerary, we must stress that on the west Pontic coast, in towns as in the country, the Roman way of life penetrated impetuously, the colonists, the veterans, the merchants, all the people coming from different parts of the Empire interwove with the native Getian-Thracian-Dacians.
	www.cjc.ro /engleza/ct_eng.html (7485 words)

	- Olbia Greek Coins
		Olbia, located in what is modern-day Ukraine, was a Milesian colony at the convergence of the Hypanis and Borysthenes rivers, about 15 miles inland from the Northwest coast of the Black Sea.
		Well located for trade, Olbia was a prosperous trading city and major grain supplier in the 5th Century B.C. Small bronze dolphins were cast in Olbia, beginning 550-525 B.C., first as sacrificial objects for worship of Apollo and later as a form of currency.
		Most of the Olbia dolphins were cast in trees with a sprue attached to where the tail would be.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /Roman-Coins.asp?e=-_Olbia&par=1078&pos=1&target=54 (348 words)

	The Jakarta Post - The Journal of Indonesia Today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		After the decline of Greek civilization, the Pontic area was occupied by a succession of rulers and peoples.
		The oldest burial mounds are those of Olbia (6th-5th century BC) and the Seven Brothers mound (5th century), where a spectacular gold drinking horn was found.
		While the funeral chambers were filled with essential and useful artifacts for the journey into the hereafter, and life in that realm, personal jewelry such as earrings, chains, plaques and laurel wreaths adorned the bodies themselves.
	www.thejakartapost.com /yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20040720.R01 (890 words)

	Data: Babadag to Byzantines - The Ethnohistory Project
		From the Pontus=(N shore of Black Sea) (nr Olbia [Modern Nikolayev, SU nr mouth of Dnepr R.].) {9-11} 12 57 -179 # N Bastarnae G RP Moesia Superior S part nr A Naissus (known as Dardania, Naissus may be mod.
		From S Russia (Pontic steppes nr coasts of Sea of Azov (or even the Kuban R) up to the Dnepr.) {900-374} To form Volga- Bulgar empire.
		From S Russia (Pontic steppes nr coasts of Sea of Azov (or even the Kuban R) up to the Dnepr.) {900-374} To form Danube- Bulgarian Empire.
	life.bio.sunysb.edu /ee/msr/Ethno/gendate2.html (8630 words)

	Olbia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		More comprehensive than any other yet produced, it ranges through the millennium of its existence from the Archaic to the Roman period and includes the full range of material remains found in the city and its region.
		This presentation of the results of the research of scholars from the former Soviet Union into a Greek Pontic city has long been awaited and will form a reliable basis for the next generation of research into the theme.
		Sergej D. Kryźickij is an expert in archaeology and particularly on the city's planning and the structures inside the fortifications, on which he has already published a book.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=2550 (237 words)

	AthensNews onLine SEARCH
		This area of the Black Sea coast was colonised by the ancient Greeks between the 7th and 6th centuries BC.
		Greek colonisation of the Pontic area took place in response to internal political and economic developments in the Greek poleis of Asia Minor and mainland Greece, as well as to external political factors such as the Lydian and Persian invasions of Ionia."
		The ruins of ancient Greek cities surviving on the islands of Berezan and Leuke, plus those of regions such as Olbia Pontica, Tyras, Nikonion, Koshary, and the bay of Odessa are discussed in full, and findings plus sites are illustrated via diagrams and beautiful colour photographs.
	www.athensnews.gr /athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=12951&m=A46&aa=2&eidos=S (294 words)

	H-Net Review: Norman Youngblood on Black Sea
		In Chapter 3, Ascherson shifts from Olbia to the ancient city of Tanais and its successors Tana and Azov on the Don River Delta.
		Chapter 7 is primarily concerned with the fate of the Pontic Greeks and a small ethnic group in Turkey, the Lazi.
		Having settled on the Black Sea coast some 3,000 years earlier, the Pontic Greeks were expelled by the Turkish government during the 1920s and exiled to Central Asia by the Soviet government.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=21329858784310 (1731 words)

	Earrings from the Olbia Treasure 5 on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
		Greeks settled in the Crimea on the shores of the Euxine (Black) Sea in the 7th century BC.
		These ‘Pontic’ cities became so powerful that in the 5th century they founded their own kingdom, which experienced a golden age in the 4th century BC.
		These ‘Pontic’ cities became so powerful that in the 5th century they founded their own kingdom, which experienced a golden age in the 4th century
	www.flickr.com /photos/44124324682@N01/1289588/in/set-2904 (355 words)

	Your Heading Goes Here (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A quarter of a century of Olbia excavations
		Olbia was based by Greek colonists from Miletus (Small Asia) in the second quarter VI in.
		If you really want to take part in Olbia and other excavations on the territory of Kherson region now you can an excellent opportunity to do it.
	www.tlc.kherson.ua /~info/arch.htm (123 words)

	Association of the enterprises Kiev region "SKIF" - SCYTHIAN GOLD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The lower Boh region near *Olbia was inhabited by Hellenized Scythians, known as Callipidae; the central Dniester region was home to the Alazones; and north of them were the Aroteres.
		The kingdom was dominated by the Royal Scythians, a small but bellicose minority in the lower Dnieper region and the Crimea that had established a system of dynastic succession.
		Their realm was divided into four districts ruled by governors who maintained justice, collected taxes, and gathered tribute from the Pontic city-states.
	www.magnus.kiev.ua /~skif/scyt.htm (1806 words)

	SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON BLACK SEA ANTIQUITIESLocal Populations of the Black Sea Littoral and their Relations ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Other important questions are those of the correlation between economic and political factors, which caused the states to block the straits, and the immediate or delayed results of those measures for the countries of the Mediterranean and Pontic areas.
		There are also many finds of North Ionian Wild Goat style pottery of the 6th century BC, while Olbia, Panticapaeum, Myrmekion, Tiritaca, Nymphaeun have yielded numerous finds only of North Ionian WG pottery of the 6th century BC.
		Concerning the cities of the north and north west Euxine we have examples from Borysthenes, Olbia, Istros and Callatis.
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~arkeo/blacksea/wednesday2.htm (2942 words)

	The Scythians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Scythians and Assyrians together conquered the Medes of the Caspian Sea; however the Medes was able to drive the Scythians out of western Asia and back to the Pontic Steppes by the turn of the century.
		According to Herodotus, the Callipidae or the Graeco-Scythians lived not far from Olbia, at the mouth of the Bug.
		To the north, there lived the Alizones; and further north the ploughing Scythians covered the area between the Dnieper and Bug.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/scythian.shtml (1823 words)

	INSTITUT ROMГN DE THRACOLOGIE
		On the other hand, the information by Hecataeus on the conjunction with another fragment of the same author about the location of the Matienians town Hiope in the neighbourhood of Gordies and about the Paphlagonian type of the clothes of the population of this town (fr.
		At first they lived in the Pontic littoral and afterwards they had become Cappadocians, but finally they once again were forced to move to the north.
		That the text by Arrian concerns the Pontic region and not Central Asia, beside the fact that it refers to Colchians, Amazons and Pontus Euxinus, can to some degree be stated by Alexander the Great's words, that he would go towards the Pontus after his return to Greece through the Hellespontus and Propontidis (i.e.
	www.geocities.com /komblege/thracian.htm (4105 words)

	1Up Science > Links Directory > Social Sciences: Archaeology: Regional: Europe: Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Illustrated outline by Adrian Mandzy of the excavations by the Kamianets-Podilsky Foundation at this Ukrainian town, including the Church of the Holy Trinity and the Dominican Monastery.
		Excavation summary and images of the Greek colony of Olbia.
		Online magazine whose purpose is to tell about the past and present, to show the connection of historical events with the present, to acquaint the readers with little-known facts and documents.
	www.1upscience.com /links/europe-ukraine.html (242 words)

	American Academy in Rome - Fautores Abstract - Zhuravlev
		For the long period scholars from the former USSR have thought that there was no Italian pottery import in the Northern Pontic Area, except Olbia.
		All the conclusions made below are of the preliminary character, for the most part of materials from archaeological excavations of Greek and Roman sites is not published yet.
		Italian sigillata appeared in the North Pontic Area in the 20-s of the 1st century A.D., but the main part of the finds known to me dates to the second quarter of the century.
	www.aarome.org /confs/ft_abstr/ft_ab_zhur.htm (366 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1998.11.25
		Classical authors draw two distinctions between these terms: to suggest the relative importance of the emporion within the community and to describe the status of a community in relation to the other poleis in the area.
		He first argues that the Borystheneiteôn emporion described at 4.17 and the Borysthenes emporion described at 4.24 must be the same location in Olbia.
		Second, H. claims that the emporion Kremnoi described at 4.20 may be located at the mouth of Lake Maeotis on the site of the later Pantikapaion.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr-cgi-dev/1998/1998-11-25.html (1628 words)

	Pontic Greeks
		Some of the cities settled by Pontic Greeks include Chersones, Soughdaia, Gorgippa, Phanagoria, Germanossa, Sinope, Odessos, Olbia, Trebizond, Tanais and Panticapaeum.
		This page was last modified 01:57, 22 Apr 2005.
		The article about Pontic Greeks contains information related to Pontic Greeks.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Pontic_Greeks (88 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Among these were: Abydos, Cyzicus, Sinope, Olbia and Panticapaeum.
		Herodotus described in his writings a Scythian tribe, the Callipedae, that surrounded the Greek trading city of Olbia, where the Bug River enters the Black Sea, as a Graeco-Scythic tribe.
		Scythians centered on the northern pontic region and in the east at the Kerch Strait leading into the Sea of Azov.
	users.ev1.net /~gpmoran/MRN4A.HTM (435 words)

	Antiquity, Reviews: Greaves Review March 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The name of Panskoye may not be familiar to many in the Anglophone academic community, but this publication appears set to change all that.
		The site itself is situated on the western tip of the Crimean peninsula between two of the largest classical cities of the Pontic region - Olbia and Chersonesos.
		The site itself was short-lived and has well preserved remains revealing a unique settlement plan, complete with necropolis.
	www.intarch.ac.uk /antiquity/reviews/greaves.html (755 words)

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