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Topic: Pontic language

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Proto Pontic

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	Proto-Pontic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proto-Pontic has two members: Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Northwest Caucasian, the protolanguages of the Indo-European (IE) and Northwest Caucasian (NWC) language families.
		Colarusso (1997) postulated this protolanguage after observing some superficial similarities between these two protolanguages in the areas of phonology and morphology.
		Pontic language is a Greek language which was spoken in the Pontus, and has no special relationship to Proto-Pontic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proto-Pontic (156 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Greek (language) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Pontic Greek is a Greek language which was originally spoken on the shores of the Black Sea, the Pontus.
		Pontic was imported to Greece with the multitude of Greek immigrants from Turkey after the 1923 mass death marches and genocide [along with the Armenians and Assyrians] that followed the Treaty of Lausanne.
		Pontic and Standard Greek are mostly mutually incomprehensible, both because they developed independently for almost two millenia, and because of the influence of Ibero-Caucasian languages on Pontic in the middle ages.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Greek_(language) (1198 words)

	Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology - TR Türkei, Turquie, Turkey - Sprache, Langue, Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		ethnologue - Armenian - Language of TR (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hye
		ethnologue - Karachi - Language of TR (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmt
		ethnologue - Steppe Crimean - Language of TR (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=crh
	www.etymologie.info /~e/t_/tr-sprach.html (1965 words)

	Language, Neoteny, Heterochrony, and Human Evolution
		The peculiarly human association of right-handedness and left-hemisphere dominance for both language skills and precise manual manipulations could well be the outcome of a long selective pressure for the clear separation of the precision grip from the power grip, combined with manual-gesture language exhibiting a similar (and related) asymmetry.
		"Language," he said, "was born in the courting days of mankind; the first utterances of speech I fancy to myself like something between the nightly love-lyrics of puss upon the tiles and the melodious love-songs of the nightingale."25 This sounds farfetched.
		It is argued that language is not only a means of communication, but a device which allows the handling by the individual of symbolic concepts and as such it is indispensible to structured thought.
	www.humanevolution.net /a/language.html (8115 words)

	Greek language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two main forms of the language have been in use since the end of the medieval Greek period: Dhimotikí (Δημοτική), the Demotic (vernacular) language, and Katharévusa (Καθαρεύουσα), an imitation of classical Greek, which was used for literary, juridic, administrative and scientific purposes during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
		Greek is the official language of Greece where it is spoken by about 99.5% of the population.
		The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway Provided as a free service to facilitate the study of Ancient Greek and to promote the application of methodologies from the field of Linguistics to the study of Classical and Hellenistic Greek.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greek_language (2572 words)

	Greek language - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Medieval Greek: The continuation of Hellenistic Greek during medieval Greek history as the official and vernacular language of the Byzantine Empire, and continued to be used until, and after the fall of that Empire in the 15th century.
		Two main forms of the language have been in use since the end of the medieval Greek period: Dhimotikí (Δημοτική), the Demotic (vernacular) language, and Katharévousa (Καθαρεύουσα), an imitation of classical Greek, which was used for literary, juridic, and scientific purposes during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
		The ancient languages which were probably most closely related to it, Ancient Macedonian language (which in fact is a dialect of Greek) and Phrygian, are not well enough documented to permit detailed comparison.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/g/r/e/Greek_language.html (4029 words)

	Learn more about Language families and languages in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Most languages are known to belong to language families (called simply "families" for the rest of this article).
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/la/language_families_and_languages.html (483 words)

	INDO-EUROPEAN EXPANSIONS AND GLOBALIZATION OF ENGLISH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Avestan, the language of the religious poetry or Gathas of Zoroaster, and Old Persian, the language of the official inscriptions of the Achaemenid rulers, are the two ancient languages known from texts or inscriptions dating from the sixth century BCE.
		In the northeast and northwest, the language spoken was Parthian.
		Russian, Belarusan, and Ukrainian became the languages of the eastern Slavs: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian became the languages of the southern Slavs; Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Wendish, and the extinct Polabian became the languages of the western Slavs.
	www.mnstate.edu /gunarat/languages.htm (11251 words)

	Visualising Infinity: The Trouble With Languages
		The observation that separate languages exist in a continuum, just as do the "races", or the colours in the colour spectrum, or numbers in the number line, is simply false.
		Romance languages exist in a continuum both because they're descended from a common source (provincial Vulgar Latin) and because the areas in which they are mostly spoken are contiguous, fostering constant mutual pollination.
		The German language, as spoken informally, changes on the ground every 75 miles or so to the extent that it is unintelligible between speakers from that distance apart: people from Hamburg are lost in the informal setting of a Salzburg family dinner, even though both groups claim to speak German.
	www.suite101.com /discussion.cfm/world_languages/18220/latest/8 (1993 words)

	Enyclopedia of Anatolia: Open blog all about Turkey - Kemenche (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The center of lyra playing activity seems to have been the district of Trabzon and the contiguos areas of the districts to the west and east of it as well as to the south, Giresun, Rize, and Gümüþhane whose main town was Arghyrόpolis.
		Ordu and before reaching the town of Samsun the lyra has virtually diasappeared so that Bafra, whose inhabitants were Turkish speaking Pontics, one finds the violin (kemane), the clarinet(gýrnata), lute (Ud), and bass drum (davul) as the main musical instruments, Sinope/Sinop and its environs is not usually considered in recent tradition.
		Pontic Lyras are bottle shaped upright fiddles native to the southern shore of the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey and Georgia and are also called Kara
	ozhanozturk.com /content/view/88/35 (1258 words)

	New Greek language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Besides from Koine, there are 4 dialectal groups linguists have found in new Greek: Pontic with some Ionic Greek features and Middle Greek morphology; Cappadocian, close to Pontic but with strong Turkish influence; Tsakonian - the only dialect which preserves the Doric Greek traits; and Lower Italian.
		The literature language of Greece exists in tow main varieties: kathareusa, which continues Attic literature norms, and dimotika - the popular language, which was allowed to use officially only in the previous century.
		The Greek language uses the alphabet which was in use already in the 9th century BC here.
	members.tripod.com /babaev/tree/greek.html (263 words)

	THE LAZ
		Unrelated to the Pontic Greeks in both language and ancestry, the Laz are a Caucasian people who are related to the Georgians.
		The spoken language is Lazuri, a South Caucasian (Kartvelian) language closely related to Mingrelian.
		In common with the Pontic Greeks, the two main instruments are the "kemenche" and the double chanter polyphonic bagpipe known as the "tulum", which is also played by Georgians.
	www.scimitarmusic.com /pontos/laz.html (421 words)

	Pontic Music Page
		he oldest known Pontic dance is probably the "serra" or "pyrrikheos", a pyrrhic dance that is described by Xenophon in the 4th century B.C. A mens' war dance, it is sometimes danced with knives or short swords similar to the Caucasian kinjal.
		They speak their own language, Karamanlidika, written with Greek characters but loosely based on Turkish, yet when they were transferred to Greece they were settled within the Pontic community.
		As well several of the rhythms and melodies of other Pontic songs and dances are found in Afghanistan (especially the North) and Uzbekistan and Central Asia in general.
	www.scimitarmusic.com /pontos/music.html (927 words)

	GREEK, Modern
		Related Languages: The linguistic affinities noted in the chapter on Ancient Greek are relevant for Modern Greek, though perhaps not as obvious as for the ancient language.
		A key feature in the development of the modern language is the fact that throughout the history of post-Classical Greek, the language and its speakers could never really escape the influence of the Classical Greek language and Classical Greece itself.
		Increasingly in the Medieval period and on into Modern Greek relative clauses are marked with an invariant relative marker - in the modern language pu, homophonous with one of the indicative complementizers - with resumptive pronouns in the relative clause being fairly common.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /~bjoseph/articles/gmodern.htm (4544 words)

	The Greek Flag
		Koine Greek is the common language of all the people in the Kingtoms of the successor of Alexander the Great and the later appeared Romman Empire during the Hellenistic period.
		It is the language of the Septuaginst translation of the Old Teastment (the Translation of the Seventy, O').
		It is still used as the religious language by the Church of Greece (one of the sister Churches of the Eastern Orthodox Church).
	www.lily-technology.com /history.html (1044 words)

	Genocide of the Pontian Greeks by Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Halo, who was born into one of the villages of Pontic Greeks that were sprinkled along the Black Sea in northern Turkey, had barely spoken her native tongue, having largely lost her first language to a hard life in one of history's ugly chapters of ethnic conflict.
		There were some 700,000 Pontic Greeks when the war began; by its end, an estimated 300,000 had died and the remainder had been forced into exile, according to accounts from the survivors.
		The last traces of the Pontic dialect, a mixture of ancient and modern Greek, is swiftly fading in the large Greek communities in Astoria and Toronto, and in the parts of northern Greece where those who were expelled settled.
	www.lobbyforcyprus.org /press/press2000/NYTi170900.htm (823 words)

	Prosthodontics Section - TRG Dental Policy No 40
		To the extent there are any conflicts between these guidelines and the contract language, the contract language will control.
		Pontic utilized as an interim of at least six months duration during restorative treatment to allow adequate time for healing or completion of other procedures.
		This is not to be used a a temporary pontic for routine prosthetic fixed partial dentures.
	www.regence.com /about/dental/prosthodontics/pro40.html (333 words)

	MACEDONIA "TRUE MACEDONIANS WERE AND ARE GREEK"
		It is an account of the Pontic genocide that took place in the early part of the century.
		The Pontic Greek population is being forcibly evacuated from their village So the death march of the exiled people begins.
		The Pontic plight just like the Asia Minor Catastrophe and the Greek Civil War from 1944-1947 are periods overlooked by school history books in Greece and by most Greek schools in the diaspora.
	www.macedonia.info /REVIEW_Thea_Halo.htm (1059 words)

	Ethnologue: Greece
		Koine Greek is used as a religious language by the Greek Orthodox Church.
		Speakers of Standard Greek cannot understand Pontic, and Pontic speakers are reported to not understand or speak Standard Greek.
		Structurally a distinct language from Romanian, Macedo Romanian, and Istro Romanian (F. Agard).
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Gree.html (763 words)

	Ways of Indo-Aryan Migrations: an article by Cyril Babaev
		The general point of view about the Pontic region as the one historically populated by Scythians and their Iranian relatives remained decisive in the discussion of the matter.
		Nothing is known from the language of Sindes from works of ancient authors; but that is probably not the fault of Sindes - actually, many place names, river names and other terms were recorded by historians and geographers as Scythian ones, though in fact they are Sindic by origin and just cannot be Scythian.
		Their language was already separated from Iranian when they left their traces in Northern Mesopotamia and on the shores of the Black Sea.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article17.html (3503 words)

	GeoNative - Table Index
		Corsican, a variant of Italian, is the language of this French island.
		The language in the region Friuli-Venezia Guilia in northern Italy.
		Jewish languages: Yiddish in Europe, and Karaim in Lithuania and Ukraine.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/9479/tables.html (1007 words)

	A Comparative Latin Grammar - www.ezboard.com
		The Latin language was doomed to became a universal one, once being just a small dialect of a district in ancient Italy.
		It was the language of the powerful Roman Empire, but even when it collapsed and was occupied by barbarians, the language did not disappear - moreover, it was flourishing for ages after the fall of Rome.
		The Latin language in its classical form shall be the main subject of the present research.
	pub18.ezboard.com /fbalkansfrm53.showMessage?topicID=49.topic (5015 words)

	Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology - KZ Kasachstan - Sprache, Langue, Language
		ethnologue - Korean - Language of KZ (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kor
		ethnologue - Lithuanian - Language of KZ (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lit
		ethnologue - Uzbek, Northern - Language of KZ (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=uzn
	www.etymologie.info /~e/k_/kz-sprach.html (625 words)

	Endangered languages in Europe: indexes
		Languages belonging to the groups (a) and (b) are listed indifferently in the indexes, while (c) diaspora dialects appear unnumbered and unmarked, except in the index by country if they constitute the sole representative of the language in the country.
		The latest updates bring Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, and Emilian into the group of potentially endangered languages and it may prove necessary to move at least some of them to the group of endangered languages.
		Please keep in mind that for languages other than Finno-Ugrian I have had to rely on second-hand sources, and in a number of cases even they were difficult to obtain.
	www.helsinki.fi /~tasalmin/europe_index.html (581 words)

	Greek Language Encyclopedia Articles @ LaunchBase.org (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Greek literature has a continuous history of nearly 3000 years.
		Greek words have been widely borrowed into the European languages: astronomy, democracy, philosophy, thespian, etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as a basis for coinages: anthropology, photography, isomer, biomechanics etc. See English words of Greek origin, and List of Greek words with English derivatives.
		It is regarded as the first alphabet in the narrow sense, giving full representation to vowels on a par with consonants, unlike its predecessor, the Phoenician alphabet (also called an "abjad").
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/Greek_language (1618 words)

	Νέα σελίδα 0
		Attained Master's with scholarship from the Centre for Pontic Studies (KE.PO.ME) and the Foreign Ministry of Greece.
		Languages, Literature and Civilization of the Countries around the Black Sea, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece.
		Symposium: “Apollonia – Argilos: The Western Pontic and the Northern Aegean Area in the Antiquity”, Sozopol, September 28- October 1, 2004.
	users.otenet.gr /~elias_p/CV.htm (1280 words)

	KOINONIA - Pontic Greek
		Pontic dialect is much softer than the Cypriot, does not have the extended -n at the end of a male or neutral accusative and moreover in Pontic the pronunciation of "dhelta" (dh) is not pronounced as "th" (as Cypriots pronounce it).
		He might be fooled by the existence in Modern Greece of many refugees speaking both Russian and Pontic.
		Use Elpenor's Libraries and Language departments to stimulate your thinking; to refer to a text there published, just copy its url and paste it in your post.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/koinonia/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=81 (396 words)

	Amasya - Kızlar Sarayı and Kral Kaya Mezarları (Pictures - 1796) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Palace of the Maidens (Kızlar Sarayı) and Tombs of The Pontic Kings (Kral Kaya Mezarları) - From 323 BC until 183 BC Amasya was the capital of the Pontic Kingdom.
		As a remnant of this golden age, the impressive rock tombs of the Pontic kings still dominate the city.
		The tombs are illuminated at night, which contributes much to Amasya's attraction.The Palace of the Maidens was the palace of the Kings of Pontus and later of the Ottoman governors.
	www.turkishclass.com /picture_1796 (147 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:CPG
		CAPPADOCIAN GREEK: a n extinct language of Greece
		Even more distinct from Standard Greek than Pontic is. Language was under extensive attrition from Turkish at the time of the population exchanges in 1922, and has now died out since the 1960s under pressure from Standard Greek (N. Nicholas 1997, Costakis).
		Different from the ancient Anatolian language spoken in Cappadocia.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=CPG (129 words)

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