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	POOR LAW - LoveToKnow Article on POOR LAW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The phrase "poor law" in English usage denotes the legislation embodying the measures taken by the state for the relief of paupers and its administration.
		The poor law is not only the creation of statutes passed by parliament; it is also controlled by the subordinate jurisdiction of the local government board, which in virtue of various acts has the power to issue orders.
		The statute of Elizabeth contemplated that the relief was to be afforded to the poor resident in.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PO/POOR_LAW.htm (7703 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: English Poor Laws
		For nearly three centuries, the Poor Law constituted "a welfare state in miniature," relieving the elderly, widows, children, the sick, the disabled, and the unemployed and underemployed (Blaug 1964).
		Despite the important role played by poor relief during the interwar period, the government continued to adopt policies, which bypassed the Poor Law and left it "to die by attrition and surgical removals of essential organs" (Lees 1998).
		The Local Government Act of 1929 abolished the Poor Law unions, and transferred the administration of poor relief to the counties and county boroughs.
	eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=boyer.poor.laws.england (4683 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Poor Laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Poor Laws are those legal enactments which have been made at various periods of the world's history in many countries for the relief of various forms of distress and sickness prevailing amongst the destitute.
		The English poor law system is the most comprehensive and is the result of nearly four centuries of experiment; even now it is receiving the most careful consideration with a view to further legislation in consequence of the report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws issued in 1909.
		The establishment of an official poor fund led to the establishment of an official register of the poor; and an early act of Elizabeth caused dwellings to be built, overseers to be appointed and "stuff" to be provided to set the sturdy paupers to work.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12254b.htm (2592 words)

	Primary Source Microfilm's Online Guides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The poor law : comprising the law relating to the poor law authorities, the relief of the poor, including the relief of pauper lunatics, the settlement and removal of the poor, and the poor rate.
		The law of the employers' liability : for the negligence of servants causing injury to fellow servants.
		An exposition of the law, accompanied by remarks on the rights and duties, of master and apprentice : written and published in the expectation that it may benefit those to whom it is dedicated, the masters and apprentices of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
	microformguides.gale.com /BrowseSubset.asp?colldocid=1012019&Page=1 (594 words)

	Lincolnshire Poor Law
		Poor relief was actively discouraged by use of "the Rules, Orders and Regulations specified and contained in the schedule thereunto annexed should be duly observed and enforced at every poorhouse or workhouse to be provided by virtue of the said Act".
		In 1834 the cost of poor law in Lincolnshire as a whole had been 10s 2d per head of population, by 1837 it had fallen to 7s per head of population.
		Many workhouse Infirmaries utilised the more able inmates to work in their infirmaries, but in 1897 the Local Government Board, which replaced the Poor Law Board in 1871, passed an order forbidding the employment of pauper nurses, although they were still allowed to work in the infirmaries under the supervision of a trained nurse.
	www.institutions.org.uk /genealogy/Linc_poor_law.htm (2776 words)

	Poor_Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Poor Law was the system for the provision of social security in operation in England and the United Kingdom from the 16th century until the establishment of the Welfare State in the 20th century.
		Despite the aspirations of the reformers, the Poor Law was unable to make the workhouse as bad as life outside: one attempt to do so, at the Andover workhouse, led to a national scandal in 1845.
		The Poor Law was the only local administration in much of the United Kingdom, and the powers of the Guardians were gradually expanded to include education, public health, and hospitals.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Poor_Law (1146 words)

	Poor Law Infirmaries
		His relocation was costly and the Poor Law Board had to seek special Treasury sanction for the reimbursement of the cost of moving him, his family, his furniture and his five servants to his new house in Onslow Square.35 Markham had been the editor of the British Medical Journal.
		This left boards with a continuing role, whilst placing the care of the sick and destitute in the hands of a separate body (the Sick Asylum District) which was responsible directly to the Poor Law Board and not to a board of guardians.
		The Poor Law Board’s circular Points to be attended to in the construction of workhouses was modified by the architects to the Local Government Board over the next 30 years and determined the form and content of infirmaries in one of the most active periods of hospital building London has seen.
	www.nhshistory.net /poor_law_infirmaries.htm (8156 words)

	The implementation of the Poor Law
		One of the most far-reaching pieces of legislation of the entire Nineteenth Century was the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act [PLAA] which abolished systems of poor relief that had existed since the passing of the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601.
		The new Unions of parishes as administrative units for poor relief used the existing power and authority of local elites; the Unions were seen as 'local authorities' for implementing other major government legislation such as the 1837 Registration Act.
		Boards of Guardians saw a single, large workhouse as a symbol of the 'new order' so the Poor Law Commissioners withdrew their requirement for separate buildings.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/poorlaw/implemen.html (1378 words)

	Victorian Legislation: a timeline
		The PLAA replaced the existing poor laws and was responsible for the establishment of workhouses throughout the country.
		The poor were treated as criminals and people starved rather than apply for poor relief because that meant that they would become inmates of the dreaded "poor law bastilles".
		These laws had been introduced in the Seventeeth Century and said that goods being imported into Britain and her colonies had to be carried either in British ships or the ships of the country where the goods had origin.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/legistl.html (3701 words)

	Tonyart.htm
		In Scotland, a poor relief fund was gathered by voluntary donations in each church, sometimes supplemented by parochial assessments, and was dispensed by a committee of the kirk sessions and the principal heritors [landowners].
		When poor law reform was being debated in 1817, Lord Castlereagh, a leading member of the cabinet, told the House of Commons that England should try to emulate Scotland, though he admitted that a wholesale adoption of the Scottish system would be tantamount to abolition and was therefore impracticable.
		The poor law was ultimately allowed to pass from the scene in 1929, with the transferring of the functions of the old boards of guardians to the county and borough councils&emdash;a provision of the Majority Report on 1909.
	www.class.csupomona.edu /his/Tonyart.htm (7051 words)

	The Poor Laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The history of the English poor laws is often divided into the Old Poor Law and the New Poor Law — the watershed between them being the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834.
		One important and complex piece of poor law legislation which originated in 1662, and which did not finally disappear until 1948, was the Settlement Act.
		The Poor Law Commission devoted much energy to the abolitions of outdoor relief to the able-bodied, the abolition of which was a lynch-pin of the 1834 Act.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~peter/workhouse/poorlaws/poorlaws.html (6316 words)

	Resistance to the Poor Law Board's orders
		The law officers, however, were of opinion, that the general terms of the statute could not be so construed as to authorise a combination of the local authorities, with a view to bring their united powers to bear in the manner we proposed.
		The General Board have been prevented giving early replies, as well as eventually satisfactory ones, by the excessive variety of the provisions of the numerous local Acts by which the objects have been sought to be attained.
		We submit that the protection of the poor and helpless from preventable sickness, suffering, and premature disablement, and death, is a duty of the highest importance, and that negligence or omission in relation to it is a grave offence.
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /town/terrace/adw03/peel/p-health/resist.htm (2026 words)

	The Poor Law:
		The poor law of 1601 was prompted by the fear of social disorder from large numbers of vagrants.
		Parishes were grouped into Poor law Unions to enable expenditure on adequate workhouses and the old Select Vestries of churchwardens and overseers were replaced by elected boards of Guardians, responsible to ratepayers and the Poor Law Board.
		The Poor Law Guardians were disbanded in 1929 and in 1930 the workhouse test was abolished, as was the term 'pauper'.
	www.thepotteries.org /local_history/010.htm (1030 words)

	Report of George Coode, Esq. to the Poor Law Board on the law of settlement and removal of the poor, being a further ...
		He goes on to explain the law's complexities, describing the law effecting the removal of the poor as "a law of repression...
		In consequence, his report is a broad description and assessment of the law of settlement and its history.
		Coode addresses a series of particular questions: what is settlement law?; is the law of removal maintainable?; are there objections to its entire abolition?; is there an intermediate course between retention and abolition?; should the removal of Scots and Irish be retained?; vagrants' removal.
	www.bopcris.ac.uk /bopall/ref5616.html (268 words)

	The English Poor Laws, 1700-1930
		At the end of the chapter we have almost seven pages on poor law thinkers, a theme carried on in chapter three and certainly the territory where the author seems to be most at home.
		Importantly, Brundage argues that "English poor law experience [was] simultaneously consensual, contested and contingent." Once I had explained this sentence to my undergraduates, they were able to grasp more of the nuances of the poor relief.
		Their question though was "whose poor law experience?" This is my question too, for while Brundage gives us a review of the poor law from the angle of administrators, politicians, charitable donors and others, the poor and their economic, cultural and social experiences are almost completely missing.
	www.eh.net /bookreviews/library/0608.shtml (1379 words)

	V. Applications. Mill, John Stuart. 1869. On Liberty
		Such laws are interferences of the State to prohibit a mischievous act—an act injurious to others, which ought to be a subject of reprobation, and social stigma, even when it is not deemed expedient to superadd legal punishment.
		Such, in its general conception, is the central superintendence which the Poor Law Board is intended to exercise over the administrators of the Poor Rate throughout the country.
		The powers of administrative coercion and subordinate legislation possessed by the Poor Law Board (but which, owing to the state of opinion on the subject, are very scantily exercised by them), though perfectly justifiable in a case of first-rate national interest, would be wholly out of place in the superintendence of interests purely local.
	www.bartleby.com /130/5.html (5057 words)

	The Poor Law
		Overseers of the poor were appointed annually by each Parish Committee and they were responsible to ensure the sick, needy poor and aged were assisted either in money or in kind, distribution of which took place in the Vestry of the Parish Church.
		In 1847 the Poor Law Commissioners were replaced by the Poor Law Board with a Member of Parliament as its President.
		Poor Law Commissioners stated that no Medical man could be employed by the Guardians unless qualified in both Medicine and Surgery.
	www.institutions.org.uk /poor_law_unions/the_poor_law1.htm (2348 words)

	Poor Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The impotent poor were to receive relief and have cottages erected for their use.
		Able-bodied poor to be dealt with outside the workhouse e.g.
		One of its most significant changes was a revision to the bastardy laws whereby mothers were granted the civil right of claim against the putative father, regardless of whether she was in receipt of poor relief.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~peter/workhouse/timeline.html (1294 words)

	Poor law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Acts of 1572 and 1597 prescribed relief for the poor on a parish basis, often, though not always, in the establishment of a parish poorhouse where the destitute, but able-bodied, were to live and work to sustain themselves and to sustain the aged and infirm also lodged there.
		It made it possible for parishes to make provision for "setting the poor on work", but it was nearly a century before the first workhouse was established, in Bristol in 1697.
		Workhouses were abolished by the Local Government Act 1929 and the remaining responsibility for the Poor Law given to local authorities.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Poor-law.htm (858 words)

	Social Science and the 1834 Poor Law: The Theories that Smith, Bentham, Malthus and Owen made Law
		The way the poor law was administered would vary from district to district and national laws, where they existed, tended to be Acts passed at the request of a local authority, to permit it to do something it wanted.
		But if the poor were given welfare by the state whenever they were hungry, nothing would deter them from breeding like rabbits and they would breed until the country's resources were exhausted and famine and disease began to curb their numbers.
		By the 1880s, however, the functions of the poor law unions had expanded, and demonstrated their efficiency, to such an extent that it became necessary to restructure English local government on the model that we know today.
	www.mdx.ac.uk /www/study/ssh5.htm (6696 words)

	The New Poor Law - 1834 - Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1834 the New Poor Law was enacted which joined together about six Parishes into a Union for the administration of the measures to deal with the poor under the national leadership of the Poor Law Commissioners.
		A system of out-relief was abolished which had kept the poor in their own communities (with a few exceptions).
		The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1844 allowed for Unmarried mothers to go to Petty Sessions for claims against the child's father.
	freespace.virgin.net /owston.tj/newpoor.htm (445 words)

	Poor Law: Board of Guardians
		In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act established boards of guardians to manage poor relief over groups of parishes in poor law unions.
		At first the Poor Law Commission had overall responsibility for the system, but in 1847 it was replaced by the Poor Law Board.
		Boards of guardians, unions and workhouses were abolished following the Local Government Act of 1929, and their powers passed to the county councils through the Public Assistance Committees and departments (see county councils, above).
	archives.powys.gov.uk /hold/poor.html (592 words)

	History Data Service - Great Britain Historical Database - Study 4024 - Poor Law Statistics, 1859 - 1939 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In general, the Poor Law Board and its successor the Local Government Board provided detailed bi-annual statistics of numbers of paupers in each county in its Annual Report and similar statistics for the individual unions in a separate Return to Parliament.
		'plaw_iw': inter-war poor law statistics for all of England and Wales.
		'plaw_20': poor law statistics for 1920 and 1921 for selected poor law unions in England and Wales.
	hds.essex.ac.uk /gbhd/docs/db_poor_law.asp (430 words)

	Poor Law (Birmingham and Aston) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Report by Robert Weale, Poor Law Inspector, on the state of pauperism in Birmingham and Aston, after a report to the Poor Law Commissioners in June 1840, and covering, according to the Census of 1831, the 11,000 population in the parish of Birmingham, and 32,000 in Aston.
		Many are employed in the manufacturing in the town, but many in Aston are still employed in agriculture.
		The cost of the Poor Law per head of population in the parishes is 4s 5 1/4d for Birmingham, and 2s 8 1/2d for Aston.
	www.bopcris.ac.uk /bopall/ref5686.html (140 words)

	Poor Law Board -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Poor Law Board -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The Poor Law Board was established in the (A monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland) United Kingdom in 1847 as a successor body to the triumvirate of Poor Law Commissioners overseeing the administration of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act.
		The board was abolished in 1871 and replaced by the (Click link for more info and facts about Local Government Board) Local Government Board.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/poor_law_board.htm (195 words)

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