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	Pope Adrian I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Adrian, or Hadrian I, (died December 25, 795) was pope from 772 to 795.
		The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to the duchy of Rome, and to the Exarchate of Ravenna, and the Pentapolis in the Marches, which consisted of the "five cities" on the Adriatic coast from Rimini to Ancona with the coastal plain as far as the mountains.
		Adrian restored some of the ancient aqueducts of Rome, and rebuilt the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin in Rome, decorated by Greek monks fleeing from the iconoclastal persecutions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Adrian_I (298 words)

	Pope Adrian VI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Adrian VI was in addition the only pope from The Netherlands as well as the last German pope until the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI.
		Adrian was known for having attempted to launch a Catholic Reformation as a defense against the Protestant Reformation.
		After the death of the latter, Adrian was appointed, on 14 March 1518, general of the reunited inquisitions of Castile and Aragon, in which capacity he acted until his departure for Rome on 4 August 1522 to assume his pontificate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adrian_VI (1008 words)

	Pope Adrian IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adrian crowned the emperor at Saint_Peter's on 18 June, 1155, a ceremony which so incensed the Romans that the pope had to leave the city, not returning until November 1156.
		At the diet of Besançon in October 1157, the legates presented to Barbarossa a letter from Adrian which alluded to the beneficia or "benefits" conferred upon the emperor, and the German chancellor translated this beneficia in the feudal sense of the presentation of property from a lord to a vassal (benefice).
		Barbarossa was infuriated by the suggestion that he was dependent on the pope, and in the storm which ensued the legates were glad to escape with their lives, and the incident at length closed with a letter from the pope, declaring that by beneficium he meant merely bonum factum or "a good deed," the coronation.
	www.southhouston.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pope_Adrian_IV (739 words)

	AllRefer.com - Adrian IV, pope (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		Pope Eugene III made him cardinal bishop of Albano and sent him to Scandinavia to organize the church.
		Adrian, forced by imperial intrigues to leave Rome, died before he could pronounce sentence.
		The historicity of Adrian's donation of Ireland, as a papal fief, to Henry II of England is the subject of scholarly dispute.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Adrian4.html (329 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pope Adrian VI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adrian VI (also known as Hadrian VI or Adriano VI), born Adrian d'Edel (March 2, 1459 - September 14, 1523), pope from 1522 to 1523, was born in Utrecht, the Netherlands, and studied under the Brethren of the Common Life either at Zwolle or Deventer.
		During the minority of Charles, Adrian was associated with Cardinal Jimenes in governing Spain.
		Adrian VI was the last non-Italian pope until Pope John Paul II was elected in 1978.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pope-Adrian-VI (693 words)

	Pope Adrian I
		Adrian or Hadrian I, pope from 772 to 795, was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman.
		It was in connexion with this controversy that Charlemagne wrote the so-called Libri Carolini, to which Adrian replied by letter, anathematizing all who refused to venerate the images of Jesus Christ, or the Virgin Mary, or saints.
		Notwithstanding this, a synod, held at Frankfort in 794, anew condemned the practice, and the dispute remained unsettled at Adrian's death.
	usapedia.com /p/pope-adrian-i.html (164 words)

	Pope Alexander III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He was born in Siena, and first made his mark as teacher of canon law at the University of Bologna, where he composed the Stroma or the Summa Magistri Rolandi, one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum of Gratian.
		On September 7, 1159 he was chosen the successor of Pope Adrian IV, a minority of the cardinals, however, electing the cardinal-priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV.
		The pope died at on 30 August 1181.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pope_Alexander_III (437 words)

	Biography – Pope Adrian I – The Papal Library
		Adrian I, clerk, notary, regionary, and then cardinal-deacon, was a Roman, son of Theodore, and belonged to the noble family of Colonna.
		Adrian ordered that the pontiffs should put up prayers for the kings of France in the pontifical High Mass that is celebrated at the beginning of Lent.
		Adrian having, by the zeal of Constantine VI and his mother Irene, obtained peace with the Eastern Church, resolved to assemble the seventh general council for the putting down of the Iconoclasts.
	www.saint-mike.org /Papal-Library/AdrianI/biography.html (753 words)

	Pope Adrian VI -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adrian was known for having attempted to launch a (Click link for more info and facts about Catholic Reformation) Catholic Reformation as a defense against the (A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches) Protestant Reformation.
		Adrian VI studied under the (Click link for more info and facts about Brethren of the Common Life) Brethren of the Common Life, either at (Click link for more info and facts about Zwolle) Zwolle or (Click link for more info and facts about Deventer) Deventer.
		During the minority of Charles, Adrian was named to serve with (Click link for more info and facts about Cardinal Jimenez) Cardinal Jimenez as co- (Someone who rules during the absence or incapacity or minority of the country's monarch) regent of Spain.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_adrian_vi1.htm (726 words)

	Pope Adrian VI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adrian VI or Hadrian VI, né Adrian Florisz Boeyens (or Dedal) (March 2, 1459 – September 14, 1523), served as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and its Eastern Churches in communion with the Holy See from 1522 until his death.
		During this period, Charles left for the Netherlands in 1520, making Adrian regent of Spain, in which capacity he had to cope with a very serious revolt.
		At the diet which opened in December 1522 at Nuremberg he was represented by, whose private instructions contain the frank admission that the whole disorder of the Church had perhaps proceeded from the Roman Curia itself, and that there the reform should begin.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pope_Adrian_VI (1012 words)

	Pope Adrian V - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He was elected pope to succeed Innocent V on July 12, 1276, but died at Viterbo on August 18, without ever having been ordained to the priesthood; he is buried there in the church of S. Francesco.
		He achieved little during his time as Pope; he annulled Gregory X's bull on the holding of papal conclaves, but died before enacting new regulations.
		This biography of a Pope is a stub.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pope_Adrian_V (227 words)

	Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary : Chapter V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pope Stephen's long and weary mission was to Pepin the Short, who, since the permission of Pope Saint Zachary and the anointing of Saint Boniface, was ruling as King of the Franks.
		The reign of Pope Adrian I saw also the end of the Iconoclast heresy; in so far, that is, as the definition of the Pope and his bishops in ecumenical council safeguarded forever the doctrine for the faithful and anathematized, to their eternal damnation, the unorthodox who persisted in holding the contrary opinion.
		Pope Saint Leo himself put an end to his "trial" by solemnly swearing, from the pulpit of Saint Peter's, with his hand upon the Sacred Scriptures, that he was innocent of all the crimes with which he had been charged.
	www.catholicism.org /popes-chap5.html (3072 words)

	De Graaf Antiquarian Booksellers - catalogue 111
		Adrian writes that he is looking forward to his arrival in Rome and emphasizes inter alia how he is frustrated by logistical difficulties connected with his travel to the Holy City, in casu by the non-availability of transport by ship.
		ADRIAN VI, Pope - (LEGATIO) In hoc libello pontificii oratoris continentur legatio, in conuentu Norembergensi, Anno.
		Soncino, fleeing from the persecutions of the pope.
	www.antiqbook.nl /degraafbooks/cat111.html (13682 words)

	Pope Benedict XIII Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The '''Pope''' is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern RiteEastern Catholic Churches.
		Historically the official residence of the Pope was the Lateran Palace, donated by the Roman Emperor Constantine I of the Roman EmpireConstantinus I.
		Pope John Paul II abolished vote by acclamation and by selection by committee, and henceforth all Popes will be elected by full vote of the College of CardinalsSacred College of Cardinals by ballot.
	www.echostatic.com /index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XIII&action=edit (3684 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Adrian IV
		In 1152 Adrian was sent on a delicate and important mission to Scandinavia, as papal legate, in which he acquitted himself to the satisfaction of everybody.
		Adrian, a determined man, at once laid the city under an interdict and retired to Viterbo.
		The Donation of Adrian was subsequently recognized in many official writings, and the Pope for more than four centuries claimed the overlordship of Ireland In 1318 (1317?) Domhnall O'Neill and other kings and chieftains, and the whole laity of Ireland, forwarded to Pope John XXII a letter of appeal and protest.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01156c.htm (3235 words)

	Cathedral & Abbey Church of St Alban - The Fraternity of The Friends of Saint Albans Abbey - Nicholas Breakspear
		As soon as Adrian's election become known in England, it is reported that Henry II who himself had recently gainer the throne, sent a congratulatory delegation to Rome headed by the Abbot of St Albans, Robert de Gorham.
		The Pope first made a temporary alliance with Frederick who was seeking to be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor and then to subjugate the papacy to his whims and fancies.
		Adrian steered the papacy safely though a very difficult period; his pontificate begins the steep ascent of the papacy to the heights of Innocent III.
	www.stalbanscathedral.org.uk /societies/adrian-iv.htm (2201 words)

	Pope John Paul II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II The Servant of God Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus P.P.), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (May 18, 1920–April 2, 2005), reigned as pope of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City for almost 27 years, from 16 October 1978 until his death in 2005.
		The first non-Italian to serve in office since the Dutch-German Pope Adrian VI died in 1523, John Paul II's reign was the third-longest in the history of the Papacy, after those of Saint Peter (approximately 35 years) and Blessed Pius IX (31 years).
		Pope John Paul II could not escape the controversy of the involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustasa regime of World War II in his relations with the Serb Orthodox Church.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Pope-John-Paul-II.htm (6122 words)

	November 18: HISTORY (nov18his.htm)
		Nevertheless, Adrian, a staunch defender of the faith, was not one to shy away from controversy as we shall see in...
		Adrian was upset that Frederick did not seek justice when the Archbishop of Lund, to whom Adrian had appealed and won over as a papal legate in Scandinavia, was murdered by a robber baron.
		While Adrian’s papacy was often embroiled in heated controversy with Frederick and trying to convince the curia that alignment with Sicily was a good thing, Adrian was a generous and forgiving pontiff.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/nov18his.htm (1073 words)

	AllRefer.com - Adrian I, pope (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		Adrian I, pope, Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes
		At Adrian's urging, Charlemagne crossed the Alps and defeated the Lombard king, Desiderius, who had annexed papal territory.
		Adrian supported Empress Irene in her struggle against iconoclasm, and he sent legates to the Second Council of Nicaea.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Adrian1.html (245 words)

	The History of Protestantism by J. A. Wylie
		Adrian, sighing over the impossibilities that surrounded him on every side, had to confess that this middle path was impracticable, and that his only choice lay between Luther's Reform on the one hand, and Charles V.'s policy on the other.
		Adrian VI., when he cast his eyes on the Tartar hordes on the eastern frontier, was not without fears for Rome and Italy; but he was still more alarmed when he turned to Germany, and contmplated: the appalling spread of Lutheranism.
		The Pope had communicated to the Diet, somewhat vaguely, his projected measure of reformation, and the Diet felt the more justified in favoring Adrian with their own ideas of what that measure ought to be.
	www.whatsaiththescripture.com /Voice/History.Protestant.v1.b9.html (15586 words)

	Pope_Paul_III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Under Pope Clement VII he became cardinal bishop of Portus (Ostia) and dean of the College of Cardinals, and on the death of Clement VII, in 1534, received election as pope.
		Accordingly the pope despatched Cardinal Moroni as nuncio to Hagenau and Worms, in 1540; while, in 1541, Cardinal Contarini took part in the adjustment proceedings at the Conference of Regensburg.
		All that could henceforth be expected of the pope was that he would cooperate in the violent suppression of "heretics" in Germany, as he had done in Italy, by creating for their annihilation the arm of the revived Inquisition.
	www.tuxedo-shop.com /search.php?title=Pope_Paul_III (1357 words)

	Adrian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adrian II - Pope from 867 to 872
		Adrian III - Pope from 884 to 885
		Adrian VI - Pope from 1522 to 1523
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/ad/Adrian.htm (83 words)

	ST. HADRIAN III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He had solidified his position by marrying the niece of Pope Benedict III; but later on, wishing to marry the daughter of Gregory, a high official, he killed his wife almost in public.
		Emperor Charles the Fat invited Pope Hadrian to a diet at Worms at which the question of the imperial succession would be discussed.
		Except for the exiled Pope St. Martin I, Hadrian III is the first pope since Gregory the Great not to be buried in St. Peter's.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp110.htm (410 words)

	December 4: Adrian IV the English pope
		Adrian was the only Englishman to become pope and he said he wished he'd stayed in England.
		Frederick Barbarossa desired that Adrian crown him emperor but Adrian insisted that the red-beard (that is what "Barbarossa" means) honor him by holding his stirrup while he mounted his horse.
		Adrian's most controversial act was a bull that allowed Henry II of England to annex Ireland to his kingdom.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2001/12/daily-12-04-2001.shtml (739 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Adrian I
		At Adrian's urging, Charlemagne crossed the Alps and defeated the Lombard king, Desiderius, who had annexed papal territory; this marked the end of the Lombard kingdom.
		In 774, during the siege of Pavia, Charlemagne went to Rome and confirmed and expanded the donation of the Papal States by Pepin.
		Adrian then acknowledged Charlemagne's protectorate over Italy, effectively founding the temporal power of the popes.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0095.htm (81 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Adrian IV
		Sent by Pope Eugene III to organize the Church in Scandavia.
		Adrian defeated Arnold of Brescia in 1155, and suppressed his supporters in Rome.
		Adrian was ready to excommunicate Frederick for his expressed intent to assume the government of Rome, but died before he could pronounce sentence.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0169.htm (156 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Adrian I
		We may well doubt whether the great King of the Franks would have suffered the difficulties of the Pope to interfere with his more immediate cares, were it not for his extreme personal veneration of Adrian, whom in life and death he never ceased to proclaim his father and best friend.
		It was in no slight degree owing to Adrian's political sagacity, vigilance, and activity, that the temporal power of the Papacy did not remain a fiction of the imagination.
		Estimates of Adrian's work and character by modern historians differ with the varying views of writers regarding the temporal sovereignty of the popes, of which Adrian I must be considered the real founder.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01155b.htm (912 words)

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