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	Pope Adrian IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Adrian IV crowned the Emperor at Saint Peter's on 18 June, 1155, a ceremony which so incensed the Romans that the Pope had to leave the city, not returning until November 1156.
		Pope Adrian IV's conditions for a union between the eastern and western church included recognition of his religious authority over all Chrisitans everywhere; the Emperor's, recognition of his secular authority.
		Barbarossa was infuriated by the suggestion that he was dependent on the Pope, and in the storm which ensued the legates were glad to escape with their lives, and the incident at length closed with a letter from the Pope, declaring that by beneficium he meant merely bonum factum or "a good deed," the coronation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV (1023 words)

	Talk:Pope Adrian IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Adrian IV was described as a man of mild and kindly bearing, high character and learning, and famed for moving sermons and for his fine voice.
		Adrian refused to surrender either territory or authority to these three challengers, citing the arguments of Hildebrand [Gregory VII], and found an temporary ally in Frederick I “Barbarossa” who, soon after his election as king of Germany in 1152, had laid claims on Italy and announced his attention to be crowned as emperor in Rome.
		Pope Adrian showed his mettle early in his pontificate, when a cardinal was attacked in the street by a mob of supporters of the Roman Commune.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Pope_Adrian_IV (3805 words)

	Pope Adrian IV
		He then states that after Adrian was elected Abbot of St. Rufus the canons repented of their choice and came to hate him, and appealed to the Pope on two occasions, bringing divers charges against him (II, vi).
		In 1152 Adrian was sent on a delicate and important mission to Scandinavia, as papal legate, in which he acquitted himself to the satisfaction of everybody.
		The Donation of Adrian was subsequently recognized in many official writings, and the Pope for more than four centuries claimed the overlordship of Ireland In 1318 (1317?) Domhnall O'Neill and other kings and chieftains, and the whole laity of Ireland, forwarded to Pope John XXII a letter of appeal and protest.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/adrian_iv,pope.html (3230 words)

	Pope Adrian IV - Wikipedia
		The senate thereupon exiled Arnold, and the pope, with the co-operation of Frederick I Barbarossa, was instrumental in procuring his execution.
		Adrian crowned the emperor at St Peter's Cathedral on 18 June 1155, a ceremony which so incensed the Romans that the pope had to leave the city, not returning until November 1156.
		At the diet of Besancon in October 1157, the legates presented to Barbarossa a letter from Adrian which alluded to the beneficia or "benefits" conferred upon the emperor, and the German chancellor translated this beneficia in the feudal sense of the presentation of property from a lord to a vassal.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adrian_IV (646 words)

	Pope Anastasius IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		December 3, 1154) was Pope from 1153 to 1154.
		He had taken part in the double election of 1130, had been one of the most determined opponents of antipope Anacletus II (1130–38) and, when Pope Innocent II (1130–43) fled to France, had been left behind as his vicar in Italy.
		Pope Anastasius IV died on the 3rd of December 1154, and was succeeded by Cardinal Nicholas of Albano as Pope Adrian IV (1154–59).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV (265 words)

	Pope Adrian IV : Adrian IV
		On his return Nicholas was received with great honour by Pope Anastasius IV, and on the death of the latter was elected pope on December 4, 1154.
		Adrian crowned the emperor at St Peter's Basilica[?] on June 18, 1155, a ceremony which so incensed the Romans that the pope had to leave the city, not returning until November 1156.
		The breach subsequently became wider, and Adrian was about to excommunicate the emperor when he died at Anagni on September 1, 1159.
	www.termsdefined.net /ad/adrian-iv.html (763 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Adrian IV
		Sent by Pope Eugene III to organize the Church in Scandavia.
		Adrian defeated Arnold of Brescia in 1155, and suppressed his supporters in Rome.
		Adrian was ready to excommunicate Frederick for his expressed intent to assume the government of Rome, but died before he could pronounce sentence.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0169.htm (164 words)

	AllRefer.com - Adrian IV, pope (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		Adrian IV, pope, Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes
		Pope Eugene III made him cardinal bishop of Albano and sent him to Scandinavia to organize the church.
		The historicity of Adrian's donation of Ireland, as a papal fief, to Henry II of England is the subject of scholarly dispute.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Adrian4.html (329 words)

	Pope Adrian IV
		Adrian IV, born Nicholas Breakspear, Roman Catholic Pope from 1154 to 1159, the only Englishman who has occupied the papal chair, was born before AD 1100 at Langley near St. Albans in Hertfordshire.
		Adrian at once endeavored to compass the overthrow of Arnold of Brescia, the leader of anti-papal sentiment in Rome.
		Adrian crowned the emperor at St. Peter's on the 18th of June 1155, a ceremony which so incensed the Romans that the pope had to leave the city promptly, not returning until November 1156.
	www.nndb.com /people/543/000097252 (604 words)

	Adrian IV Pope: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Adrian IV was an Englishman named...England was French.
		Alexanders election to...struggle with the emperor, the pope was aided by the Lombard...
		LEO III, SAINT, pope pope (795 816), a Roman; successor of Adrian I. He was attacked about the face and eyes by members...beginning of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/adrian_iv_pope.jsp (1546 words)

	Cathedral & Abbey Church of St Alban - The Fraternity of The Friends of Saint Albans Abbey - Nicholas Breakspear
		As soon as Adrian's election become known in England, it is reported that Henry II who himself had recently gainer the throne, sent a congratulatory delegation to Rome headed by the Abbot of St Albans, Robert de Gorham.
		The Pope first made a temporary alliance with Frederick who was seeking to be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor and then to subjugate the papacy to his whims and fancies.
		Adrian steered the papacy safely though a very difficult period; his pontificate begins the steep ascent of the papacy to the heights of Innocent III.
	www.stalbanscathedral.org.uk /societies/adrian-iv.htm (2201 words)

	The Pope Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The custom that flourished, especially during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, by which a pope would name as his chief minister and most important advisor a nephew or similar relative who was elevated to the rank of cardinal and thereafter oversaw many of the most vital elements of papal administration.
		Pope Adrian IV (1154-1159), for example, named his nephew Boso (Breakspear) to the cardinalate and put him in charge of Castel Sant'Angelo.
		Throughout the Middle Ages, it was common for a pope from one of the leading noble families to promote the interests of his house, but nepotism began reaching absurd heights toward the end of the fifteenth century with the accession of Alfonso de Borja y Borja as Callistus III (1455-1458).
	media.isnet.org /kristen/Ensiklopedia/CardinalNephew.html (666 words)

	November 18: HISTORY (nov18his.htm)
		Nevertheless, Adrian, a staunch defender of the faith, was not one to shy away from controversy as we shall see in...
		Adrian knew what he was doing and had to assure the cardinals that he was in charge.
		Adrian was upset that Frederick did not seek justice when the Archbishop of Lund, to whom Adrian had appealed and won over as a papal legate in Scandinavia, was murdered by a robber baron.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/nov18his.htm (1073 words)

	Adrian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Adrian II - Pope from 867 to 872
		Adrian III - Pope from 884 to 885
		Adrian VI - Pope from 1522 to 1523
	www.freetemplate.ws /ad/adrian.html (584 words)

	Search Results for "Adrian"
		795, pope (772-95), a Roman; successor of Stephen IV.
		At Adrian's urging, Charlemagne crossed the Alps and defeated the Lombard king, Desiderius,...
		Utrecht) named Adrian Florensz; successor of Leo X. He taught at Louvain and was tutor of the young...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col65&query=Adrian (221 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294. (ii.vi.iv)
		Adrian again gave offence by denying the emperor’s right to levy a tax for military purposes, fodrum, on estates claimed by the papacy and demanded that he should recognize the papal claim of feudal rights over the Matilda grant, Sardinia, Corsica, Ferrara, and the duchy of Spoleto.
		Adrian was intending to punish his imperial foe with excommunication when he was struck down by death at Anagni.
		Adrian’s letter, Mirbt, Quellen, 119 sq., speaks of the treatment of the archbishop as "that fearful and execrable deed and sacrilegious crime,"illud horrendum et execrabile facinus et piaculare flagitium.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.vi.iv.html (1382 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Bull of Pope Adrian IV Empowering Henry II to Conquer Ireland. A.D. 1155
		The Bull of Pope Adrian IV Empowering Henry II to Conquer Ireland.
		Bishop Adrian, servant of the servants of God, sends to his dearest son in Christ, the illustrious king of the English, greeting and apostolic benediction.
		It is interesting to note that the claim of Adrian IV., here advanced, to jurisdiction over all islands was founded, as we learn from John of Salisbury, on the forged donation of Constantine (v.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/medieval/bullad.htm (533 words)

	November 25: HISTORY (nov25his.htm)
		The policies Pope Adrian IV had begun to enact were continued with his successor Pope Alexander III whose vision, strong resolve to defend the Church, and knowledge of law helped stave off the threat of imperialism and turned the tide of history in western Europe.
		The natural successor to Pope Adrian IV, the Church’s only pontiff of English descent was his Italian-born papal counselor Cardinal Orlando Roland Bandinelli who came from intellectual stock in the field of law and who, himself, had been a renowned professor of the art in Bologna as well as a celebrated canon lawyer in Pisa.
		It wasn’t until September 20th that Bandinelli was consecrated in the remote village of Nympha in the province of Volcia to the south.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/nov25his.htm (1424 words)

	Adrian I, pope
		Adrian supported Empress Irene in her struggle against iconoclasm, and he sent legates to the Second Council of Nicaea.
		The Path to a New Pontiff: On the outside, the election of a new Pope is a carefully choreographed ritual steeped in Catholic tradition.
		Pope John Paul II 1920-2005: World's first superstar Pope; He caused a stir as the first non-Italian Pope in 400 years when he was elected in 1978 - and Karol Wojtyla continued to break with tradition as he covered the four corners of the globe during his eventful papacy.(Features)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0802553.html (233 words)

	Arnold of Brescia on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Arnold was excommunicated by the pope in 1148 but continued to head the republican city-state even after Eugene III was permitted to reenter Rome.
		When Adrian IV became pope, however, he took stern measures.
		When Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I came to Rome, his forces at the pope's request seized Arnold, who was then tried by the Roman Curia as a political rebel (not a heretic) and executed by secular authorities.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a/arnoldb1r.asp (362 words)

	Adrian IV -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		pope from 772 to 795 whose relationship with the emperor Charlemagne symbolized the medieval ideal of union of church and state in a united Christendom.
		His conflict with Pope Gregory VII over which of them could appoint high clergy was not resolved until 1122 at the Concordat of Worms, during the reign of Henry's son, Henry V. Casimir IV
		Pope Gregory VII's 11th-century removal of Henry IV from the throne of Germany, one of the episodes of the Investiture Controversy.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9003793?tocId=9003793 (659 words)

	Today in History - September 1
		Adrian IV is the only English pope in Roman Catholic history.
		Adrian was in the midst of counseling with the cardinals as to the advisability of pronouncing a sentence of excommunication against Frederick Barbarossa when death overtook him at Anagni.
		He became papal secretary and domestic chaplain in 1532 and was sent to Germany in 1535 by Pope Paul III to negotiate with the German princes about a proposed council at Mantua, Italy.
	chi.lcms.org /history/tih0901.htm (1737 words)

	ScienceDaily: Pope adrian iv (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Look for Pope adrian iv in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
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	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/pope_adrian_iv (905 words)

	HI01 Web Reader Document
		Bishop Adrian, servant of the servants of God, to his beloved son Frederick, illustrious emperor of the Romans, greeting and apostolic benediction.
		He ought not, as ye know, to have entered upon so arduous a path without your advice; whence we believe that, hearing your warnings, like a discreet man and catholic emperor, he may most easily be recalled to the enjoyment of a more healthful pursuit.
		Letter of the German Bishops to Adrian IV Although we know and are sure that neither the winds nor the waves of tempests can cast down the church of God which is founded on a firm rock; we nevertheless being very weak and timid are shaken and tremble whenever such attacks occur.
	www.anselm.edu /academic/history/hdubrulle/WesternCiv1/text/generalinfo/documents/document09.htm (1474 words)

	Frederic I Barbarossa
		Adrian explained that he had not intended that interpretation of his words, but Frederick entered Italy, seized Milan, and at the Diet of Roncaglia (1158) laid claim, as emperor and king of the Lombards, to all imperial rights, including the appointment of an imperial podesta, or governor, in every town.
		The league was supported by Pope Alexander III, for whom its fortified city of Alessandria was named), and Frederick retreated with difficulty to Germany, where he turned to increasing his territorial power and pacifying the constantly feuding German princes.
		After his defeat Frederick became reconciled with the pope; he agreed to recognize Alexander III as pope and was restored (1177) to communion.
	www.soldiers-russia.com /eagle/el0033b-1.htm (789 words)

	Edward Rogers Memoir of Armagh Cathedral
		Attempts have been made to remove the odiums of this Papal act by declaring the Bull a forgery; but the confirmation of it by Pope Alexander III., in 1172, and a recital of it by Pope John, in 1319, place its authority beyond disputation.
		Adrian's diploma is given from the original by Matthew Paris, Giraldus Cambrensis, Rymers Foedera i., 19.
		To which Roger Hoveden adds (Ussher iv., 367) that the King sent a transcript of these charters to Pope Alexander III., who, by his Apostolic authority, confirmed the said kingdom to him and his heirs, according to the letters of the Archbishops and Bishops.
	www.asaz58.dsl.pipex.com /rogersbullofadrian.htm (975 words)

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