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	Pope Alexander VII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Born in Siena, a member of the illustrious banking family of Chigi and a great-nephew of Pope Paul V (1605–21), he was privately tutored and eventually received doctorates of philosophy, law, and theology from the University of Siena.
		During Alexander VII's reign occurred the conversion of Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–54), who, after her abdication, came to reside in Rome, where on Christmas Day, 1655, she was confirmed in her baptism by the Pope, in whom she found a generous friend and benefactor.
		Alexander VII's pontificate was shadowed by continual friction with Cardinal Mazarin, advisor to Louis XIV of France (1643–1715), who had opposed him during the negotiations that led to the Peace of Westphalia and who defended the prerogatives of the Gallican Church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII (889 words)

	Pope Alexander VII
		The endeavours of the Chigi to enrich their family were too indulgently regarded by the Pope; but, ever pious and devout, he was far from having a share in the excesses of his luxury-loving nephews.
		The pontificate of Alexander VII was shadowed by continual difficulties with the young and illadvised Louis XIV of France, whose representatives were a constant source of annoyance to the Pope.
		However, he prevented Louis XIV from sending the usual embassy of obedience to Alexander VII, and, while he lived, hindered the appointment of a French ambassador to Rome, diplomatic affairs being meantime conducted by cardinal protectors, generally personal enemies of the Pope.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/alexander_vii,pope.html (1008 words)

	Pope article - Pope Alexander Pope Coptic Pope Catholic bishop patriarch Rome Catholic - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Fisherman's Ring was first mentioned in a letter of Pope Clement IV to his nephew in 1265 wherein he mentions that Popes were accustomed to sealing public documents with leaden "bulls" attached, and private letters with "the seal of the Fisherman" (by the XV Century, the Fisherman's Ring was used to seal Papal briefs).
		The Fisherman's Ring is placed on the newly-elected Pope's finger by the Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church; on the Pope's death, the Cardinal Chamberlain smashes the Fisherman's Ring with a hammer, symbolising the end of the late Pope's authority.
		Theoretically, the Pope's death is officially determined by the Cardinal Chamberlain by gently tapping the late Pope's head thrice with a golden hammer and calling his name (it is not clear when this ceremony ceased to be observed, as it does not appear to have been practised in the twentieth century at all).
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Pope (3322 words)

	Pietro da Cortona
		Pope Alexander VII ruled for twelve years, between 1655 and 1667, and in that time he changed the face of Rome more profoundly than any of his immediate predecessors.
		Alexander and his advisors were aware that to reorganize the square, both the siting of the Column of Marcus Aurelius and the transfer of the Trevi waters to Piazza colonna were an integral part of the project.
		Public squares, for Alexander VII, are an ornament to the city, apart from filling a public need in the traffic system of the mid-17th century cityscape, like the long streets, the squares were intended both to fill an urgent practical needs and to present a grand show to the visitor.
	www.geocities.com /rr17bb/cortona.html (2818 words)

	Biography – Pope Alexander VII – The Papal Library
		Alexander VII was born at Sienna on the 13th of February, 1599, son of Flavius Chigi (who, by his mother, Agnes Bulgarini, was nephew of Paul V) and of Laura Marsigli, daughter of Antonio, lord of Collechio.
		On the 14th of May Alexander published a universal jubilee, as had been done by Sixtus V, Gregory XV, Urban VIII and Innocent X. The general subject of conversation in Italy was the Princess Christina Alexandra, the abdicated Queen of Sweden, who chose Rome for her residence.
		The pope even, instead of restoring that duchy to the Duke of Parma, declared that it remained incorporated with the possessions of the Church, and was, consequently, subject to the action of the bulls which forbade the alienation of the property of the apostolic chamber.
	www.saint-mike.org /Library/Papal_Library/AlexanderVII/biography.html (9100 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Alexander VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope Alexander VII was born Fabio Chigi into the illustrious and powerful Chigi family at Sienna on February 13, 1599.
		Pope Alexander VII became cardinal in 1652, and was consecrated pope on April 18, 1655.
		Pope Alexander VII did much to beautify Rome, although he was criticized for nepotism in these projects, a practice that had been curtailed by previous papal reforms.
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopeAlexanderVII.htm (379 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander VI
		The wedding was celebrated in the Vatican in the presence of the Pope, ten cardinals, and the chief nobles of Rome with their ladies, the revelries of the occasion, even when exaggerations and rumours are dismissed, remain a blot upon the character of Alexander.
		Alexander cannot be held responsible for the second "barbarian" invasion of Italy, but he was quick to take advantage of it for the consolidation of his temporal power and the aggrandizement of his family.
		On 27 June of that year the Pope deposed his chief vassal, Federigo of Naples, on the plea of an alleged alliance with the Turks to the detriment of Christendom, and approved the secret Treaty of Granada, by the terms of which the Kingdom of Naples was partitioned between Spain and France.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01289a.htm (5465 words)

	Pope Clement IX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Later Rospigliosi worked closely with Pope Urban VIII (1623–44), a Barberini Pope, where he worked in the Papal diplomacy as nuncio to Spain, among other posts.
		Rospigliosi lived in retirement during the reign of Pope Innocent X (1644–55), who was hostile to the Barberini and their adherents.
		After the accession of Pope Alexander VII (1655–67), he once again enjoyed papal favor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Clement_IX (485 words)

	The Episcopal Lineage of Pope Alexander VII
		Consecrated 25 April 1621 at Rome, in the Church of Sant`Andrea della Valle, by Maffeo Cardinal Barberini, assisted by Diofebe Farnese, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Volpiano Volpi, Archbishop emeritus of Chieti.
		Consecrated 28 October 1604 at Rome, in a chapel of the Apostolic Palace, by Fabio Biondi di Montalto, Patriarch of Jerusalem, assisted by Leonard Abel, Titular Bishop of Sidon, and Tommaso Lapi, Bishop of Fano.
		Consecrated 21 December 1531 at Rome, in the Sistine Chapel, by Pope Clement VII, assisted by Alessandro Cardinal Farnese, Bishop of Ostia, by Antonio Cardinal Ciocchi del Monte, Bishop of Porto, and by Andrea Cardinal della Valle.
	home1.gte.net /res7gdmc/aposccs/id24.html (512 words)

	Alexander III Pope: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One of the great medieval popes, he issued many decretals, established the procedure for canonizing saints, inaugurated the two-thirds rule for papal elections, protected the universities, and was one of the most distinguished champions of ecclesiastical independence in the Middle Ages.
		Alexander was a munificent patron...was succeeded by Pius III...
		The pope and the emperor had...succeeded by Urban III...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/alexander_iii_pope.jsp (1758 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Alexander VII
		During his pontificate, repeated difficulties with Louis XIV led to the temporary loss of Avignon and acceptance of the humiliating terms of the treaty of Pisa in 1664.
		Alexander fought Jansenism by compelling the French clergy to sign his "formulary." Supported Venice in their fight with the expanding Turks.
		He was a patron of art, beautified Rome and many of its churches, enlarged the libraries of the Vatican and the Roman University, and befriended men of letters.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0237.htm (241 words)

	Clement VII Pope: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		As pope, however, he proved to be unaware of the menace of Lutheranism to the church and was certainly not the man for the opening battles of the Reformation.
		Pope Benedicts homily is a tour de force: when he s invested...potties are stacked along the fortiffed passage where Clement VII once scuttled away from the Vatican palace to Castel SantAngelo...
		But her Medici uncle Clement VII was pope, and Catherine--though plain...In 1533, when Catherine was 14, Clement pulled off what he described as...was even more advantageous than Clement realised: in 1536, after a vigorous...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/clement_vii_pope.jsp (1687 words)

	Alexander VI Pope: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alexander's son, Cesare Borgia, was the principal leader in papal affairs, and papal resources were spent lavishly in building up Cesare's power.
		It was Alexander who proclaimed the line of demarcation that awarded part of the new discoveries in the world to Spain, part to Portugal (see Tordesillas, Treaty of).
		Alexander was elected by a corrupt...of Charles VIII in 1494.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/alexander_vi_pope.jsp (1799 words)

	ALEXANDER VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alexander VII was a sincere man, gifted with ability and endowed with piety.
		Alexander was most conciliatory, but when he resisted demands which he could not in justice grant, Louis annexed Avignon and prepared to march on Rome.
		Alexander sent them the formula, but a number of Jansenists including the nuns of Port Royal refused to sign it.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp235.htm (436 words)

	SIX MOUNTAINS AND A STAR
		Alexander VII was a man very interested in the arts and he personally reviewed with Bernini the possible solutions for the square which was to complete St Peter's.
		Alexander VII feared that his formal coat of arms might not survive the many hazards of history and he had artists develop decorations with its themes in the belief that art would always be respected.
		The memory of Alexander VII is nevertheless, although with less appearance, assured by the mountains and the star on the main door (and by his name on the top of the loggia).
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Monti.html (1003 words)

	Monument to Alexander VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alexander VII was the pope who commissioned Bernini to enclose St. Peter's Square with the colonnade.
		Opposite and on the right, is the famous monument of Alexander VII (1655-1667), the last great masterpiece of the 80-year old Bernini who was assisted by various artists.
		Like Urban VIII, Alexander VII also commissioned Bernini to design his tomb in Saint Peter's, but unlike his predecessor, Alexander did not ensure the beginning of the work before his death, nor was the project pursued under his successor Clement IX.
	www.stpetersbasilica.org /Monuments/AlexanderVII/AlexanderVII.htm (1412 words)

	Pope Alexander VII: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Pope Alexander VII: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		That Alexander VII should have staged the farce of having his kinsmen imposed on him makes his unscrupulous nepotism far more odious than that of other less pharisaical popes.
		Alexander had not expected such prompt and determined action; he took fright, hanged a couple of Corsican guards and dismissed Cardinal Imperiali, the governor of Rome.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/triple-crown-alexander-vii.htm (2202 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of February 15, 1666
		Governor of Romagna in the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII (1623-1644); later, vice legate.
		Commissary general of Rome during the epidemic in the pontificate of Pope Alexander VII (1655-1667).
		In the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII 1623-1644), he was named protonotary apostolic; referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace; cleric of the Apostolic Chamber and president of the Annona.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/bios1666.htm (1062 words)

	Pope Alexander VII
		Alexander VII, given name Fabio Chigi, Roman Catholic Pope from 1655 to 1667, was born at Siena on the 13th of February 1599.
		In the first year of his reign as Alexander VII forbade his relations even to visit Rome; but in 1656 he gave them the best-paid civil and ecclesiastical offices, also palaces and princely estates.
		Alexander disliked business of state, preferring literature and philosophy; a collection of his Latin poems appeared in Paris under the title Philomathi Labores Juveniles.
	www.nndb.com /people/274/000094989 (236 words)

	Who's Who in Queen Christina's Life
		Pope Alexander VII - previously Cardinal Chigi, elected pope in 1655, and died 1667.
		Pope Alexander was initially favorably disposed to Christina, especially because of her public conversion to Catholicism, and gave here luxurious suites in Vatican City.
		A young cardinal under Pope Alexander VII, and leader of the "Flying Squadron" group, the politically savvy intellectual elite of the Vatican.
	www.windweaver.com /christina/people.htm (1099 words)

	City of the last Roman Emperors - Italian sculpture and sculptors
		Pope Alexander VII regained Avignon only after accepting the humiliating terms of the 1664 Peace of Paris, which included the erection in Rome of a monument with an inscription apologizing for the killing of the page (it does not exist any longer).
		A few years later he ordered two plaster casts of the reliefs of Colonna Traiana, one for the students of the academy in Rome and one to be brought to Paris again for study reasons: before Louis XIV several French artists had set their residence in Rome: in particular the great painters Claude Lorrain (it.
		Strong economic reasons were behind the decline of Rome and the growth of Paris: the popes had drained all the resources of their state to pour them into the embellishment of Rome: Pope Alexander VII left to his successors a very difficult financial situation which led to a dramatic containment of all expenditures.
	www.romeartlover.it /Viescult.html (1166 words)

	Guide to Saint Peter's Basilica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During the pontificate of Alexander VII Bernini designed and built the magnificent colonnade in St. Peter's Square, the bronze Cathedra, and the Royal Stair, which along with the Baldachin represents the triumph of Baroque art in the Vatican.
		The pope is seated, and in his left hand holds the spear that pierced Jesus' side, one of the most venerated relics in the basilica.
		Beneath the monument the Pope is depicted as laying in serene, peaceful death in a sarcophagus.
	stpetersbasilica.org /Docs/GuideSPB4.htm (3053 words)

	Apostolic Succession in the Roman Catholic Church
		A word of caution regarding episcopal lineages: until 1965 the lineages prepared for many bishops showed Pope Alexander VII as the ordaining bishop of Cardinal Paluzzo Altieri in 1666, and those lineages went back to the early 1400`s.
		This account revealed that Pope Alexander VII became ill shortly before the ceremony and was replaced by Cardinal Ulderico Carpegna.
		Ironically, if Pope Alexander VII had not been ill on the morning of Paluzzo Altieri`s consecration, more than ninety-two percent of living Roman Catholic bishops would trace their lineages back to Giuliano della Rovere instead of Scipione Rebiba, and ten other popes would be among the episcopal descendants of Pope Julius II.
	mysite.verizon.net /res7gdmc/aposccs (1079 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of April 9, 1657
		Auditor of the camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church in the pontificate of Pope Paul V (1605-1621).
		Son of Firmano Bichi and Onorata Mignanelli, uterine sister of Pope Alexander VII (1655-1667).
		Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signatures of Justice and of Grace in the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII (1623-44).
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/bios1657.htm (3014 words)

	Alexander Pope -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Alexander Pope, portrait by Thomas Hudson; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
		The English poet Alexander Pope was a master of satire and epigram.
		Alexander the Great was able to conquer a large area in a remarkably short period of time.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9060837 (672 words)

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