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	Pope Benedict VII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Benedict VII (born in Rome, the son of David, and previously Bishop of Sutri; died 983) belonged to the noble family of the counts of Tusculum.
		Boniface VII was excommunicated and unsuccessfully attempted to retake the papacy.
		This biography of a Pope or a claimant to the papacy is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII (266 words)

	New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. II: Basilica - Chambers \| Christian Classics Ethereal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Benedict showed his subserviency to the emperor by agreeing to the suppression of the bishopric of Merseburg in a synod at Rome (Sept. 10, 981), without regard to the arguments brought against such a proceeding.
		Benedict, practically a prisoner in his palace, yielded so far (Apr., 1399) as to sign a solemn undertaking to abdicate whenever his rival would do the same or should die or be expelled from Rome; but he secretly protested that his promise was null and void, as having been given under compulsion.
		He was the first pope to concede the title of king of Prussia to the ruler whom the curia had previously styled margrave of Brandenburg; and he yielded to Frederick the Great's wishes so far as to allow the bishop of Brealau to decide all Catholic causes in Prussia, appeals to the pope being forbidden.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/encyc02.benedict.html (5507 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Benedict XIII
		Their appeal to Clement IX was fruitless; the pope not only approved the purpose of the young novice, but even shortened his novitiate by half in order to free him from the importunities of his relatives.
		In honour of Benedict XI, a member of the Dominican Order, he took the name of Benedict XIV, which he shortly changed to Benedict XIII as Peter de Luna who had previously borne the name (1394-1423) was a schismatic.
		The pope was ignorant of the peculations and venality of his favourite, whose greed did much to diminish the prestige of the Holy See, and against whom a popular uprising took place on the pope's death, resulting in ten years' imprisonment for this unworthy cardinal.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02431a.htm (1346 words)

	Pope St. Gregory VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pope Gregory VI called him to Rome to reform the Abbey of St. Paul's-Outside-the-Walls, which was suffering from a relaxation of its rule.
		The pontificate of St. Gregory VII was to be one long struggle for the freedom of the Church and the reform of the clergy.
		The congregation at Cluny was the army of the pope and the mainstay of the Church.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1985_May/Pope_St_Saint_Gregory_VII.htm (1626 words)

	Pope Pius VII Summary
		Pius VII (1740-1823), who was pope from 1800 to 1823, began his reign with some sympathy for the liberal goals of the French Revolution, but under Napoleon he withdrew to a conservatism more consistent with the traditions of his Church.
		He was crowned Pope Pius VII at Venice on March 21, 1800 in a rather unusual coronation, wearing a papier-mâché papal tiara, the original having been seized by the French along with Pius VI.
		It was not until the conclave of Cardinals had gathered to elect a new Pope that Napoleon decided to bury Pope Pius VI who had died several weeks earlier, with a gaudy ceremony in an effort to gain the attention of the Catholic church.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Pius_VII (1805 words)

	Santa Croce in Gerusalemme - Churches of Rome Wiki - A Wikia wiki
		It was restored by Pope Gregory II (715–731) and Pope Hadrian I (771–795).
		Pope Benedict XIV had it rebuilt in the Baroque style between 1741 and 1744.
		The roads that Pope Sixtus V had planned in the early 16th century, linking Santa Maria Maggiore, San Giovanni in Laterano and this church, were finally completed at this time.
	romanchurches.wikia.com /wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme (1815 words)

	BENEDICT VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		One of the new pope's first acts was to hold a synod to condemn the antipope Boniface.
		Benedict was able to maintain himself for six years without much help from the Emperor, who was very busy in Germany.
		But it was not easy, and in 980 Pope Benedict was relieved to hear that Otto had crossed the Alps.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp136.htm (404 words)

	Pope
		(Pope Benedict's controversial speech where he spoke about Islam is here) One of the most misunderstood things about the Pope is this "infallibility" thing.
		Pope Innocent VII (1484-1492) and Pope Leo X (1513-1521) were from the Borgia and Medici families which were kind of like the Sopranos of the middle ages.
		Basically, the biggest reason that the Pope was head of his own country is that it is important that the Church not be interferred with by any other political leaders and if the head of the Church was in a country governed by a political leader it would be vulnerable to outside interference.
	www.davidmacd.com /catholic/pope.htm (4676 words)

	Pope Innocent VII
		Previous to his election, Innocent VII, like the other cardinals, had taken the oath to leave nothing undone, if needs be even to lay down the tiara, in order to terminate the schism.
		The people were highly incensed at this cruel deed, and the pope had to flee for his life, although he was in no way responsible for his nephew's crime.
		His rival, Benedict XIII, made it appear that the only obstacle to the termination of the schism was the unwillingness of Innocent VII.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_vii,pope.html (685 words)

	Papal Tiara
		Since the pope is also the Bishop of Rome, the successor of St. Peter, he wears a mitre for liturgical ceremonies; some historians posit that this custom originated in the apostolic times.
		However, since the pope is also the pastor of the universal Church, some kind of headdress was adopted to be worn outside of liturgical functions which would highlight his authority.
		Pope Paul VI, the last pope to use a papal tiara, issued his apostolic constitution "Romano Pontifici Eligendo" (1975) which updated the regulations concerning the election of a new pope.
	catholiceducation.org /articles/religion/re0799.html (924 words)

	Pope Saint Gregory VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It was he who assisted Nicholas II in promulgating the decree of election, by which the power of choosing the pope was vested in the College of Cardinals, thus freeing the papacy from political intervention.
		The new pope wrote to his friends after his election and asked for their prayers and moral support.
		On Christmas Eve in 1075, as the pope was distributing Holy Communion at Midnight Mass, a gang of hoodlums came into the Church, took Gregory captive and demanded surrender of church property.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1978_November/Pope_GregoryVII.htm (1863 words)

	Pope Gregory VII Summary
		Although Gregory VII did not create the grandiose structure of the medieval papacy, he was certainly one of its chief architects.
		When Alexander II died in April 1073, Hildebrand was so obvious a choice as successor that, despite the 1059 election decree placing the choice of popes in the hands of the cardinals, he was acclaimed pope by a tumultuous crowd, the cardinals later acceding to the popular choice.
		Gregory's interests and activities as pope were extremely varied, ranging from the introduction of the Roman liturgical rite into Spain to the promotion of the crusading ideal, soon after his death to be transformed into a reality.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Gregory_VII (3818 words)

	Pope Benedict VII
		Acting under the influence of Sicco (see Benedict VI), the Roman clergy and people elected to succeed Benedict VI another Benedict, Bishop of Sutri, a Roman and the son of David (October, 974).
		His authority was opposed by Boniface VII, and, though the antipope himself was forced to fly, his party followed fiercely in his footsteps and compelled Benedict to call upon Otho II for help.
		The most important source for the history of the first nine popes who bore the name of Benedict is the biographies in the Liber Pontificalis, of which the most useful edition is that of Duchesne, Le Liber Pontificalis (Paris, 1886-92), and the latest that of Mommsen, Gesta Pontif.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/b/benedict_vii,pope.html (313 words)

	A short history of the Popes named Benedict
		Pope Benedict V, who ruled in the 10th century, after getting himself into trouble over the rape of a young girl, absconded with the entire fortune of the Vatican, and was later referred to as ‘the most sinful of all the monsters'.
		Two things that distinguish Benedict XIV are his stands on Papal authority, which later in the 19thcentury would be formalized by Pius and become the doctrine of Papal Infallibility, as well as his strict and severe punishments meted out to priests were found to be involved in secret sexual hanky panky.
		Benedicts attitude toward Papal authority bear a striking similarity to the attitudes of the previous Pope John Paul.
	www.awitness.org /journal/history_pope_benedict.html (1138 words)

	Pope Leo I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Leo I was a Roman aristocrat who was Pope from 440 to 461.
		Pope Innocent I had constituted the metropolitan of Thessalonica his vicar, in order to oppose the growing power of the patriarch of Constantinople there.
		In 444 Leo laid down in a letter to them the principle that Peter had received the primacy and oversight of the whole Church as a requital of his faith, and that thus all important matters were to be referred to and decided by Rome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Leo_I (1584 words)

	Against The Grain
		Pope Benedict's meeting with Rowan Williams, the Anglican archbishop of Canterbury, on November 23, 2006 was perhaps overshadowed by his subsequent visit to Turkey and dialogue with the Orthodox.
		Pope Benedict XVI, in the first full year of his papacy, was far and away the editors' choice as newsmaker of the year.
		Pope Benedict XVI waves to the faithful at the end of the First Vespers Mass at the Basilica of St. Paul at the Vatican City December 2, 2006.
	www.ratzingerfanclub.com /blog (11425 words)

	History of the Mass (9histort.htm)
		No sooner was Benedict enthroned than the survivors of Crescentius elevated their own candidate as Pope Gregory VI Benedict, ensconced in the Lateran, waged war on Gregory and the Crescentians penetrating their mountain strongholds where his troops crushed them led by Benedict's brother Romanus who would succeed Benedict as supreme pontiff.
		Benedict VIII was not as well known for being a spiritual leader as he was for being statesman and a feudal leader.
		Benedict's alliance with Henry II and his all-consuming battle against Byzantine rule further alienated him and the Western Church from the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Patriarch Sergius II retaliated by dropping Benedict VIII from the diptychs of Constantinople as the rift worsened.
	www.dailycatholic.org /hist/9histort.htm (2288 words)

	Pope tries to build bridges on first visit to Muslim country \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		Pope Benedict XVI speaks addresses his audience at Turkey's religious affairs directorate in Ankara.
		Photograph: Andrew Medichini/AP Pope Benedict XVI sought to dispel a quickly earned reputation for Islamophobia today, calling for a new process of "authentic dialogue" between Christians and Muslims based on "mutual esteem and respect".
		In September the Pope stirred outrage among Muslims by quoting a 14th century Byzantine emperor in Istanbul telling a Persian intellectual of the evil and inhumanity spawned by Islam.
	www.guardian.co.uk /pope/story/0,,1959246,00.html (821 words)

	Interesting Facts
		The names in Italics without numbers belong to the Popes that have never been acknowledged and are considered to be Anti-popes.
		Pope Luciani was the first Pope in history to name himself with a double name.
		"This morning, September 29, 1978, the Pope's private secretary, as he usually did, went to look for him in his private chapel, since the Pope was not there the secretary went to his room and found him dead in bed, with the lights still on, as if he was reading".
	www.popechart.com /Popelist.htm (182 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Creations of Cardinals of the X Century
		Benedict IV, a Roman and the son of Mammalus, was elected pope between January and May 900, it is not known if he was a cardinal.
		Like Pope Leo V, some authors say that he spent the rest of his life in a monastery and others say that he was murdered.
		Imprisoned and strangled Pope Benedict VI in 974, took his place in June or July 973 under the name of Boniface VII and was deposed in August.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-x.htm (2447 words)

	NPR : New Pope Greets the World
		Pope Benedict XVI has characterized it as the major evil facing the church.
		The new Pope Benedict XVI was a close confidant of Pope John Paul II and advocates a strict interpretation of church orthodoxy.
		Pope John Paul II reined in the liberation theology movement, which was often identified with helping the poverty-stricken in Latin America but feared by some church leaders as too radical.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602980 (997 words)

	The Pontifical North American College - Station Church Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Leo IV was proclaimed pope here in 847, but not, the story goes, until after the true identity of the infamous “Papessa Giovanna” was discovered.
		The discredited legend of Pope Joan is still linked to the church, because it lies on the old route of the papal cavalcade.
		The first non-Italian titular, Dietrich of Trier, was given this church in 975 by Pope Benedict VII.
	www.pnac.org /station_churches/church_days/wk4mon.htm (609 words)

	Pope Benedict XVI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Children in jeopardy are focus of pope's homily (Los Angeles Times)VATICAN CITY â” Pope Benedict XVI ushered in Christmas at midnight Mass, saying this morning that the image of the baby Jesus born in a manger should remind everyone of the plight of poor, abused and neglected children.
		Pope makes New Year's wish for peace in Holy Land (USA Today)Pope Benedict XVI made a New Year's Day wish Monday that people will work courageously for world peace, and especially for a lasting end to the Holy Land's conflict, which he said has dragged on for too long.
		Pope urges 'peace and well-being' (The Washington Times)VATICAN CITY (AP) -- Pope Benedict XVI called on the world's nations to champion peace and human rights and urged people to repudiate war and violence in his New Year's address yesterday.
	www.pope-benedict-xvi.us (506 words)

	What's in a name? \| Catholic-Pages.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pope John Paul I perhaps did not want to show a preference for one or the other's style of leadership, so chose to emulate and honour them both.
		Pope John Paul I died after only a month as Pope and Karol Wojtyla, from Poland, was elected in his stead.
		Pope John XXIII chose John, after a long line of Popes called Pius (broken by a Leo and a Benedict).
	www.catholic-pages.com /pope/name.asp (675 words)

	Why Pope Benedict XVI Braved Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Whatever Pope Benedict said on the matter when he was cardinal, the comments were only personal opinions, and could not be taken as an official position.
		On his first day in Turkey Benedict had declared that religious leaders must "utterly refuse to sanction recourse to violence as a legitimate expression of religion." Benedict is encouraging Muslim leaders to steer their youth away from the Islamic radicalism that made his trip to Turkey so dangerous.
		Benedict has often criticized the relegation of religion to the private sphere in secular societies, though he is equally displeased with the opposite extreme of marrying religion to politics.
	www.newsmax.com /archives/articles/2006/11/30/100028.shtml (1951 words)

	CBC News Indepth: The Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger chose the name Pope Benedict XVI upon his election to the papacy.
		His immediate processor in that name, Benedict XV, reigned from 1914 to 1922, and is considered as a moderate following the papacy of Pius X, who cracked down on "modernism" in the Catholic Church.
		The latest conclave was the most closely followed papal election to date, and Ratzinger's choice of Benedict XVI is sure to invite scrutiny from Vatican watchers, pundits around the globe, and average Catholics alike, who will read into it portents of the papacy ahead.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/pope/new_name.html (768 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Guide to documents and events (76-2005)
		The Ottonianum, February 13, 962, Pope John XII (955-964) and Emperor Otto I (936-973).
		Emperor Otto I endeavored to bind the Romans by oath not to elect anyone as pope until he had been nominated by the emperor.
		In 975 this pope permitted Dietrich of Trier singular ceremonial privileges and assigned him the cell of SS.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/guide-x.htm (278 words)

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