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	Pope Benedict XII
		In vain the pope tried to avert war, but he was no match for the kings and their allies.
		The French king hindered Benedict's projected crusade against the infidels, making the war with England an excuse to forego his promise to lead the armies, and even diverting the money subscribed for it to financing his own wars, despite the protests of the conscientious pope.
		Benedict's crusading ardour found solace in Spain, where he encouraged the campaign against the Mohammedans who in 1339 invaded the peninsula.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/b/benedict_xii,pope.html (1221 words)

	Pope Pius XII
		The Venerable Pope Pius XII, Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Eugenio Pacelli (2 March 1876-9 October 1958 was Roman Catholic pope from March 2, 1939 to 1958).
		Pacelli was appointed Apostolic Nuncio in Bavaria by Pope Benedict XV in 1917, and Apostolic Nuncio to the German Weimar Republic in June, 1920.
		The farce over the Pope's health and treatment in death caused considerable embarrassment to the Vatican, but in the 1950s was not reported, though widely rumoured among those in Rome who had witnessed the body's decay as it lay in state, as well as being captured in photographs.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Pope_Pius_XII.html (1140 words)

	Pope Benedict XIV Summary
		Pope Benedict XIV (1675-1758) was one of the most eminent popes of his century and considered by his contemporaries one of Europe's leading learned minds of the day.
		Popes often gave munificent offices and appointments to nephews in their family; instead the new pope wrote to his nephew and told him not to come to Rome unless invited--and the invitation never came.
		Benedict XIV was also responsible, along with Cardinal Passionei, for beginning the catalogue of the Vatican Library and in 1757, he entrusted the relics of St.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Benedict_XIV (1926 words)

	BENEDICT XII
		Far from leaving, Benedict began to build that huge fort of a palace which is the landmark of the Avignon exile.
		But Benedict was a great lover of obedience and orthodoxy, and he soon showed the recalcitrant friars that the monk Pope had much the same ideas as his canonlawyer predecessor.
		Benedict XII has been praised by some of his contemporaries and harshly criticized by others.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp195.htm (472 words)

	Avignon Papacy
		Finally, the Council of Constance in 1417 deposed John XXIII and the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, received the resignation of the Roman Pope Gregory XII, and elected Pope Martin V, thereby ending the schism.
		Boniface VIII was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 to 1303.
		The popes who immediately succeeded him were completely under the influence of the kings of France, and removed the Papal seat from Rome to Avignon, sometimes known as the Babylonian Captivity.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/avignon_papacy.htm (1125 words)

	[No title]
		POPE ST. PIUS X (1903-1914) "One of the primary obligations assigned by Christ to the office committed to Us of feeding the Lord's flock is that of guarding with the greatest vigilance the Deposit of Faith delivered to the Saints, rejecting the profane novelties of words, and the gainsaying of knowledged falsely so-called....
		Pope Vigilius, who wished to return to Rome from exile, in a decree, or Iudicatum, recanted his former orthodox Catholic position, condemned the orthodox decree of the Council of Chalcedon (451), and excommunicated the bishop-authors of that decree (the so-called Three Chapters of Theodoret).
		POPE ST. BONIFACE IV (608-615) Pope Boniface manifested strong tendencies toward the Nestorian heresy, which denied the correct doctrine of the two natures of Christ and denied that the Blessed Virgin Mary was the Mother of God.
	www.traditio.com /tradlib/popelim.txt (6131 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Benedict XIV
		Benedict decided that the rights of the patriarchate should be divided between the Archbishopric of Görz, in Austria, and that of Udine in the Venetian States.
		On 18 March, 1751, he renewed the prohibitions of Clement XII against the Freemasons, and though very few governments regarded the suppression of this society as demanding decisive action on their part, laws were at once passed by Spain and Naples, and in 1757 by Milan.
		The fact that Benedict never raised a Jesuit to the cardinalate is attributed to his hostility to the Society; on the other hand, it must be noted that it was to a Jesuit, Emmanuel Azevedo, that he committed the complete edition of his works (1747-51).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02432a.htm (3072 words)

	Pope Gregory XII Summary
		The pope in Rome was known as the Patriarch of the West.
		It is thought that the aging Gregory XII came under undue influence from his family, who wished to see their kin in the prestigious office.
		The Correr relatives of Gregory XII and Ladislaus of Naples (1399–1414), the supporter of Gregory XII and his predecessor for political reasons, used all their influence to prevent the meeting, and each Pope was fearful of being captured by the party of the rival Pope.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Gregory_XII (2198 words)

	Pope
		(Pope Benedict's controversial speech where he spoke about Islam is here) One of the most misunderstood things about the Pope is this "infallibility" thing.
		Pope Innocent VII (1484-1492) and Pope Leo X (1513-1521) were from the Borgia and Medici families which were kind of like the Sopranos of the middle ages.
		Basically, the biggest reason that the Pope was head of his own country is that it is important that the Church not be interferred with by any other political leaders and if the head of the Church was in a country governed by a political leader it would be vulnerable to outside interference.
	www.davidmacd.com /catholic/pope.htm (4676 words)

	Papal Tiara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since the pope is also the Bishop of Rome, the successor of St. Peter, he wears a mitre for liturgical ceremonies; some historians posit that this custom originated in the apostolic times.
		However, since the pope is also the pastor of the universal Church, some kind of headdress was adopted to be worn outside of liturgical functions which would highlight his authority.
		Pope Paul VI, the last pope to use a papal tiara, issued his apostolic constitution "Romano Pontifici Eligendo" (1975) which updated the regulations concerning the election of a new pope.
	catholiceducation.org /articles/religion/re0799.html (924 words)

	Benedict XVI: German cardinal elected pope - One year later: Remembering Pope John Paul II - MSNBC.com
		Pope Benedict XVI greets the crowd in St. Peter's Square after being elected by the conclave of cardinals Tuesday.
		Benedict XVI is installed as pope in a Mass in St. Peter's Square on Sunday.
		Benedict XVI decided to spend the night at the Vatican hotel where cardinals have been staying, and to dine with the cardinals.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/7523254/?GT1=6428 (836 words)

	Pope Clement XII
		The pontificate of the saintly Orsini pope, Benedict XIII, from the standpoint of the spiritual interests of the Church, had left nothing to be desired.
		He did not proceed to the imperial court, because Leopold advanced the novel claim, which Pope Alexander VIII refused to admit, of selecting a nuncio from a list of three names to be furnished by the pope.
		He had thus held with universal applause all the important offices of the Roman Court, and it is not surprising that his elevation to the papacy filled the Romans with joy.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/clement_xii,pope.html (1290 words)

	USCCB - (Pope Benedict XVI) - Quick Facts
		Pope Benedict XVI was elected pope at the age of 78.
		He is the oldest person to have been elected pope since Clement XII in 1730.
		Pope Benedict XVI is the first pope to own an iPod.
	www.usccb.org /comm/popebenedictxvi/benedictfacts.shtml (95 words)

	Interesting Facts
		The names in Italics without numbers belong to the Popes that have never been acknowledged and are considered to be Anti-popes.
		Pope Luciani was the first Pope in history to name himself with a double name.
		"This morning, September 29, 1978, the Pope's private secretary, as he usually did, went to look for him in his private chapel, since the Pope was not there the secretary went to his room and found him dead in bed, with the lights still on, as if he was reading".
	www.popechart.com /Popelist.htm (182 words)

	FOXNews.com - Cardinals Select Ratzinger as New Pope - U.S. & World
		Benedict XV — who reigned from 1914 to 1922 — was a moderate following Pius X, who had implemented a sharp crackdown against doctrinal "modernism." Benedict XV was pope during World War I, was credited with settling animosity between traditionalists and modernists and dreamed of reunion with Orthodox Christians.
		Benedict, which comes from the Latin for "blessing," is one of a number of papal names of holy origin — such as Clement ("mercy") and Pius ("pious").
		Pope Pius XII was elected in 1939 in three ballots on one day, while Pope John Paul II was elected in 1978 in four ballots in two days.
	www.foxnews.com /story/0,2933,153862,00.html (2223 words)

	Catholic Church: Popes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Auctorem Fidei: Constitution of Pope Pius VI condemning 85 propositions of the heretical Synod of Pistoia (28 August 1794).
		Ineffabilis Deus: Constitution of Pope Pius IX on the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (8 December 1854).
		Munificentissimus Deus: Constitution of Pope Pius XII on the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1 November 1950).
	www2.powercom.net /~jrblack/CC/popes.html (328 words)

	Against The Grain
		Pope Benedict's meeting with Rowan Williams, the Anglican archbishop of Canterbury, on November 23, 2006 was perhaps overshadowed by his subsequent visit to Turkey and dialogue with the Orthodox.
		Also from Teresa, English translations of the The Address of Pope Benedict XVI to His Beatitude Christodoulos and the Address of His Beatitude Christodoulos to Pope Benedict XVI on the occasion of their meeting at the Vatican on December 14, 2006 (from the Vatican's original French).
		Benedict XVI is the most popular pope in history, if by people one understands those whom he draws like a magnet to St. Peter’s Square each Sunday for the Angelus and each Wednesday for the general audience, from Rome and from all over the world.
	www.ratzingerfanclub.com /blog (11952 words)

	Pope Benedict XII (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Benedict XII, given name Jacques Fournier, Roman Catholic Pope from 1334 to 1342, the son of a miller, was born at Saverdun on the Arriège.
		Entering the Cistercian cloister Bolbonne, and graduating doctor of theology at Paris, he became in 1311 abbot of Fontfroide, in 1317 bishop of Pamiers and in 1326 of Mirepoix.
		Created cardinal priest of Santa Prisca in 1327 by his uncle Pope John XXII, he was elected his successor on the 20th of December 1334.
	www.nndb.com.cob-web.org:8888 /people/228/000094943 (190 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Conclaves by century
		Both were restored to the cardinalate by Pope Clement V. Of the fifteen cardinals-electors, ten of them, precisely two-thirds, voted for Archbishop de Got, who became the fourth of the six non-cardinals elected pope in the Later Middle Ages.
		Pope Clement V died at Rocquemaure-en-Gard, France, on April 20, 1314.The electoral meeting took place in the Dominican house at Lyons, where on August 7, 1316, Cardinal Jacques d'Euse was elected and took the name John XXII.
		Pope Urban VI soon proved to be a suspicious and capricious pope.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/conclave-xiv.htm (3153 words)

	December 15 DAILY CATHOLIC TEXT Section One (dec15txt.htm)
		While Benedict had made overtures to return the papacy to Rome, the tense atmosphere of war and the unstable unrest in Rome prompted Benedict to think better of that decision and, thus, he further entrenched the papacy at Avignon even going so far as to build on to the palace.
		Benedict's greatest accomplishments were requiring the Bishops to live in their dioceses and reforming the Benedictine, Franciscan, Cistercian and Dominican Orders.
		It was not an easy project for Benedict and, because his pontificate only lasted eight years the enforcement was more difficult in the years ahead because, as we shall see, his immediate successors did not enact or carry out the same reforms and many of the faithful would fall back into their old habits.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/98Dec/dec15txt.htm (3553 words)

	USATODAY.com - German conservative named pope; tells Vatican faithful, 'We go forward' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But many in the square couldn't tell whether the smoke was white, signaling a new pope, or fl, indicating an inconclusive vote by the cardinals.
		Pope Paul VI appointed him bishop of Munich in 1977, and elevated him to cardinal in just three months.
		One of Pope John Paul's closest advisers, Ratzinger became dean of the College of Cardinals in 2002.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-04-19-newpope_x.htm (953 words)

	What's in a name? \| Catholic-Pages.com
		Pope John Paul I perhaps did not want to show a preference for one or the other's style of leadership, so chose to emulate and honour them both.
		Pope John Paul I died after only a month as Pope and Karol Wojtyla, from Poland, was elected in his stead.
		Pope John XXIII chose John, after a long line of Popes called Pius (broken by a Leo and a Benedict).
	www.catholic-pages.com /pope/name.asp (675 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Benedict XII, Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Born c.1285 in Saverdun, France as Jacques Fournier; died on 25 April 1342 at Avignon, France.
		A Cistercian, Bishop of Pamiers, and cardinal, he became the third of the Avignon popes.
		He sought to free the papacy from French influence and to restore the See to Rome.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd01184.htm (72 words)

	Catholic World News : Pope Benedict recalls "engaging simplicity" of John Paul I
		Oct. 9, 2006 (CWNews.com) - After attending a Sunday-night screening of a film on the life of Pope John Paul I, Pope Benedict XVI (bio - news) praised the memory of the short-lived Pontiff who was "strong in the faith, firm in his principles, but always ready to welcome with a smile."
		Cardinal Albino Luciani, the Patriarch of Venice, was elected on August 26, 1978, to succeed Pope Paul VI.
		A diocesan inquiry into the cause for his beatification is scheduled to conclude on November 11, sending the case to the Vatican Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
	www.cwnews.com /news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=46968 (467 words)

	Pope XII
		When the Weimar Republic was established after the war Pope Benedict XV created a nunciature and Pacelli was sent to Berlin.
		Pope Pius XI condemned the Nuremberg Laws in July, 1938, and was preparing an encyclical against anti-Semitism, when he died on 10th February, 1939.
		Pius XII was also criticised for his failure to act in Croatia during the Second World War.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /GERpiusX2.htm (408 words)

	Papacy in the Late Middle Ages - Knox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It often happens that in the wake of a particularly strong pope, the next pope is of a very different character, and so it was with Benedict XII.
		Benedict was a Cistercian monk who became the Bishop of Pamiers in Languedoc.
		Once he became pope, he tried to follow a policy of caution and moderation, with mixed success.
	www.idbsu.edu /courses/latemiddleages/papacy/08.shtml (153 words)

	The wholly hypocritical Catholic Church
		Pope Boniface VI was involved in the death of Pope Forsus, and, in turn, was murdered by his successor, Stephen VI.
		Benedict XVI wants all unions “open to procreation.” Apparently the pope hasn’t heard about the global overpopulation problem, or the fact that lesbian couples can use in vitro fertilization or artificial insemination.
		Benedict XVI argued for “a society that becomes a home for all mankind,” as long as gays and lesbians are excluded from that “society” and not welcome in that “home for all mankind.” The pope, his cardinals and the church hierarchy say one thing and do another.
	onlinejournal.com /artman/publish/article_811.shtml (1755 words)

	Pope Benedict XII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He practically made peace with the Emperor Louis IV, and as far as possible came to terms with the Franciscans, who were then at odds with the Roman See.
		This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Benedict by one.
		This biography of a Pope or a claimant to the papacy is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII (460 words)

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