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	Pope Pius II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pope Pius II Pius II, né Enea Silvio Piccolomini (October 18, 1405 - August 14, 1464) was pope from 1458 to 1464.
		The Pope tried also mediations in war between Poland and Teutonic Knights, and when he failed to achieve success, he put a curse on the Prussians and Poles.
		Pius was unawares nearing his end, and his malady probably prompted the feverish impatience with which on June 18, 1464, he assumed the cross and departed for Ancona to conduct the crusade in person.
	1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/p/po/pope_pius_ii.html (1637 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Callistus III
		As pope he was chiefly concerned with the organization of Christian Europe against the invasion of the Turks.
		In Germany, Frederick III, through hatred of Ladislaus of Hungary, was unwilling to join a movement from which Hungary was certain to derive an immediate advantage, while the bishops and electors were opposed to the collection of the papal tax imposed in favour of the crusaders.
		The pope endeavoured to make peace between Frederick III and Ladislaus of Hungary, but during the negotiations Ladislaus died (1457), after a reign of seven years, and his death was the occasion of renewed disputes between the three great representatives of the House of Hapsburg, Frederick III, Albrecht VI, and Sigismund of Tyrol.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03187a.htm (1536 words)

	Late Middle Ages - Pope Calixtus III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Alfonso de Borja was the first of the Borgia popes (Borgia is the Italian spelling).
		Calixtus takes his place among the Renaissance popes not so much for his patronage of the arts as for his notorious nepotism.
		In truth, though, Calixtus was not pope long enough to do either much harm or much good.
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/papacy/calixtusiii.html (243 words)

	CALIXTUS III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The careers of Calixtus III and of his successor Pius II prove that if a large part of Eastern Europe went under the Turkish domination the fault was not the popes.
		Calixtus pleaded, urged, threatened the monarchs of Europe--in vain.
		Calixtus III died still full of plans for the future on August 6, 1458.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp207.htm (448 words)

	[No title]
		SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, or St. John of Capistran, the theologian and preacher, with the Turks threatening southern Europe in 1455: "In September the preaching of the crusade began, with Pope Calixtus III sending cardinals for that purpose to France, Germany and Poland.
		The Pope's countryman Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples took the cross November 1 and agreed to supply 15 galleys for the crusading fleet.
		On June 29, the feast of St. Peter and Paul, Pope Calixtus III called on all archbishops, bishops, and abbots in Christendom for prayer, fasting and penance for deliverance from the Turks, who three days later had fully invested the city of Belgrade.
	www.ewtn.com /library/HOMELIBR/CAPISTR.TXT (850 words)

	History of the Borgia Family
		Pope Alexander, Calixtus III, Cesare Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia
		A bull of pope Sixtus IV attributes to the children of Rodrigo and Vanozza the status of “nephews”.
		Pope Alexander VI authorizes Louis XII to cross the Papal Lands to enable the conquest of Naples.
	www.tennapel.net /borgia/introduction.htm (1584 words)

	Pope Alexander III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		August 30, 1181), was pope from 1159 to 1181.
		On the September 7, 1159 he was chosen the successor of Pope Adrian IV, a minority of the cardinals, however, electing the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV.
		This antipope, and his successors Paschal III (1164-1168) and Calixtus III (1168-1178), had the imperial support; but after the defeat of Legnano, Barbarossa finally (in the peace of Venice, 1177) recognized Alexander as pope.
	usapedia.com /p/pope-alexander-iii.html (385 words)

	Calixtus III
		Calixtus III, Callixtus III,or Callistus III,1378–1458, pope (1455–58), a Spaniard (b.
		Calixtus was elected soon after the fall of Constantinople, and he promptly proclaimed a crusade against the Turks.
		Calixtus' reign was embittered by a quarrel with Alfonso, who expected returns, notably the march of Ancona, for his friendship.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0809907.html (217 words)

	Pope Alexander III
		Alexander III, given name Orlando Bandinelli, Roman Catholic Pope from 1159 to 1181, was a Siennese, and as a teacher of canon law in Bologna composed the Stroma or Summa Magistri Rolandi, one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum Gratiani.
		On the 7th of September 1159 he was chosen the successor of Pope Adrian IV, a minority of the cardinals, however, electing the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV.
		This antipope, and his successors Paschal III (1164-68) and Calixtus III (1168-78), had the imperial support; but after the defeat of Legnano, Barbarossa finally (in the peace of Venice, 1177) recognized Alexander as pope.
	www.nndb.com /people/261/000094976 (353 words)

	Pope Callixtus III -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He made two of his nephews cardinals, one of whom, Rodrigo Borgia, later became the notably corrupt (Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503)) Pope Alexander VI.
		He ordered a new trial for (French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king; she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake (1412-1431)) Joan of Arc, at which she was posthumously vindicated.
		His pre-papal (The official symbols of a family, state, etc.) coat of arms featured a grazing ox.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_callixtus_iii2.htm (144 words)

	Pope Pius II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pius II (Enea Silvio Piccolomini, commonly known in literature by his Latin name Aeneas Sylvius), pope from 1458 to 1464, "whose character reflects almost every tendency of the age in which he lived", was born at Corsignano[?] in the Sienese territory, October 18 1405, of a noble but decayed family.
		In July 1461, Pius canonized Saint Catherine of Siena, and in October of the same year he gained at first what appeared to be a most brilliant success by inducing the new king of France, XI of France">Louis XI, to abolish the Pragmatic Sanction[?], by which the pope's authority in France had been grievously impaired.
		The pope did his best: he addressed an an eloquent letter to the sultan urging him to become a Christian.
	www.factbase.info /po/pope-pius-ii.html (1635 words)

	AllRefer.com - Alexander VI, pope (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Rodrigo became cardinal (1456), vice chancellor of the Roman Church (1457), and dean of the sacred college (1476).
		Recent studies tend to minimize the pope's immorality and stress his solid achievements as a political strategist and church administrator.
		It was Alexander who proclaimed the line of demarcation that awarded part of the new discoveries in the world to Spain, part to Portugal (see Tordesillas, Treaty of).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Alexand6.html (397 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Alexander VI
		Took Borja as his surname from his uncle Alfonso (Pope Calixtus III).
		Elected pope by a corrupt conclave in 1492.
		The favouritism shown his children, the lax moral tone of Renaissance Rome, and the unscrupulous methods employed by Cesare and other papal officials have made Alexander’s name the symbol of the worldly irreligion of Renaissance popes.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0214.htm (191 words)

	BORJA-SLARK.blinkz.com Home
		Two of its members were popes, one became a famous military leader, and another was a noted patroness of literature and art and many other political and church leaders.
		His rise in the church was helped a great deal when his uncle became Pope Calixtus III Cardinal Borgia had four illegitimate children by a Roman woman, Vannozza; among them were Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia.
		He was a member of the famous Borgia/Borja family, a great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI, and cousin to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. In 1528 he was received at the imperial court and at that time he witnessed St. Ignatius Loyola being taken to prison.
	borja-slark.blinkz.com (3713 words)

	Late Middle Ages - Pope Alexander VI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He was a patron of the arts, as were all these Renaissance popes, and like them all he gained praise for his liberality.
		But Calixtus packed him off for a year of law school and then made him a cardinal, and that was that.
		Coming on the heels of the rampant nepotism of Innocent VIII and of Calixtus III, the papacy was rapidly becoming just another worldly court, focused on court politics and family ambitions.
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/papacy/alexandervi.html (751 words)

	Pope Calixtus III: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Pope Calixtus III: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Thus they defeated Bessarion, who was gaining ground on both sides, as they could not risk having a Pope who had only recently been converted from the Greek schismatic Church, and was therefore zealous as all neophytes are.
		Calixtus III was therefore elected, and the Borgias descended upon the Church of Rome, across whose history they were to leave such a sinister trail of blood-stained magnificence.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/triple-crown-calixtus-iii.htm (499 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Callistus III
		Initially supported anti-pope Benedict XIII, but he reconciled with the lawful Church, and helped Alfonso V bring the kingdom of Aragon back to orthodoxy.
		209th Pope in 1455, he was considered a comprise candidate, was very elderly at the time of election, in poor health, and though he was known as a pious man with lofty goals, he had little skill for the office.
		He preached Crusade to re-take Constantinople from the Turks, the topic that would consume most of his papacy.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0209.htm (262 words)

	[No title]
		To pray for this victory Pope Calixtus III commanded all churches of Christendom to toll the bells at noon till eternity.
		He died heirless; his successor, Andrew III (l290-130l), who issued from another branch of the Árpád dynasty, was succeeded as king of Hungary by King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia.
		When in 1186 Béla III married the daughter of Louis VII of France (Margaret Capet, widow of crown prince Henry of England) the assessment of the royal income has shown Hungary to be the richest kingdom in Europe. These selections were made in a somewhat arbitrary manner.
	mek.oszk.hu /02000/02084/02084.doc (18225 words)

	Pope Sixtus IV . Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At the death of Sixtus IV, the conclave of cardinals that met to elect his successor numbered 32 surviving cardinals, a greater number than at any time since the close of the twelfth century, excepting perhaps for the multiplied rival cardinalates of the Great Schism 1378 - 1417.
		Of the 32, only three cardinals survived from before Pope Paul II Paul II 1464 - 71 : the two nephews of Pope Calixtus III Calixtus III 1455 - 58, Rodrigo and Luis Borgia, and the nephew of Pope Pius II Pius II 1458 - 64, Francesco di Nanni Todeschini de Piccolomini.
		Six further cardinals survived from the pontificate of Paul II: Thomas Bourchier, Oliviero Caraffa, Marco Barbo, Jean Balue, Giovanni Battista Zeno and Giovanni Michiel.
	www.uk.fraquisanto.net /Pope_Sixtus_IV (350 words)

	Calixtus III -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		As a member of the Aragonese court, he reconciled King Alfonso V with Pope Martin V, who appointed (1429) Calixtus bishop of Valencia.
		As a compromise between the influential Colonna and Orsini families of Rome, Borgia was chosen pope on April 8, 1455.
		The repulse of the Turks from Belgrade on Aug. 6, 1456, was commemorated by Calixtus when he instituted the Feast of the Transfiguration (1457), ordering that it be observed on that day.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9018687 (237 words)

	Pope Alexander VI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI Above: Titian's Alexander VI Born in Spain, Rodrigo Borgia (aka Alexander VI) was successor of Innocent VIII.
		He took Borja Italian Borgia) as his surname from his mother's brother Alfonso, who was Pope Calixtus III.
		Girolamo Savonarola was an outspoken opponent and critic of Alexander, who ensured Savonarola's judicial murder by hanging then burning.
	www.corvalliscommunitypages.com /Europe/italy_rome/pope_alexander_vi.htm (319 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections - XV Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Olesnicki died on April 1, 1455, which reduced the number of living cardinals to twenty-one at the moment of the election of Calixtus III.
		It is probable that the cardinals were less afraid of his Greek training and temperament than they were of his known austerity and passion for reform.
		The election of Calixtus gives a striking example of the political and personal bases used by the cardinals in conclave to select a new pope.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/election-calixtusiii.htm (1138 words)

	The Gray Monk: Science and religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Pope Calixtus story of the comet is completely apochryphal and was first recorded a hundred years after his death - by a writer who was of the reformers' school.
		There is no record of the Pope ever having done more than observe the comet as it passed.
		The anti-science debate is further weakened when you turn to the earliest recordings of scientific discovery, almost all of which were made by monks or priests studying and observing the world around them.
	www.guru-international.com /gray_monk/archives/002660.php (1122 words)

	Timeline 1450-1499
		Returning to Florence in the early 1450s, he died on a return visit to Rome in 1455 and is entombed at the church of Santa Maria della Minerva.
		Ferdinand I succeeded to the throne of Naples, but Pope Calixtus III declared the line of Aragon extinct and the kingdom a fief of the church.
		He was a historian and author of "The Prince." He saw in Cesare Borgia, the bastard son of Pope Alexander VI, the prospect of an Italy free of foreign control.
	timelines.ws /1450_1475.HTML (4960 words)

	JOHN HUNYADI: Hungary in American History Textbooks - Title
		But few Americans would know that Juan's real name was Giovanni, that he was an Italian priest, Pope Calixtus III.'s emissary to John Hunyadi in the summer of 1456.
		Hunyadi was a legendary commander of the Hungarian army, who fought countless battles against the Ottoman Turks in the Balkans.
		Unable to assemble any force to resist the Turkish onslaught, the pope sent Father Capistrano to Hunyadi with his blessings and his prayers.
	www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/hunyadi/hu01.htm (1816 words)

	Calixtus III
		This Day in History: July 07 - July 7 Yesterday Tomorrow 1456 Twenty-five years after her execution, Pope Calixtus III annulled...
		Crusading ideology and the frescoes of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
		Popes of the Roman Catholic Church (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0809907.html (256 words)

	Chapter IV - From "Signs and Wonders" To Law In The Heavans.
		The Pope of that period, Calixtus III, though a man of more than ordinary ability, was saturated with the ideas of his time.
		As far back as the time when Luther and Melanchthon and Zwingli were plunged into alarm by various comets from 1531 to 1539, Peter Apian kept his head sufficiently cool to make scientific notes of their paths through the heavens.
		In vain did men like Dieterich and Heerbrand and Celich from various parts of Germany denounce such observations and investigations as impious; they were steadily continued, and in 1577 came the first which led to the distinct foundation of the modern doctrine.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/andrew_white/Chapter4.html (7042 words)

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