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Topic: Pope Callixtus III

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	Pope Alexander VI
		The wedding was celebrated in the Vatican in the presence of the Pope, ten cardinals, and the chief nobles of Rome with their ladies, the revelries of the occasion, even when exaggerations and rumours are dismissed, remain a blot upon the character of Alexander.
		Many a saintlier pope than Alexander VI would have made the fatal mistake of yielding to brute force and surrendering unconditionally to the conqueror of Italy; the most heroic of the popes could not have sustained the stability of the Holy See at this crucial moment with greater firmness.
		On 27 June of that year the Pope deposed his chief vassal, Federigo of Naples, on the plea of an alleged alliance with the Turks to the detriment of Christendom, and approved the secret Treaty of Granada, by the terms of which the Kingdom of Naples was partitioned between Spain and France.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/alexander_vi,pope.html (5438 words)

	Pope Callixtus III
		Callixtus III (born 1378 as Alphonso de Borgia in Jativa, Valencia, Spain and died 1458) was pope from April 8, 1455 to August 6, 1458.
		His early career was spent as a professor of law at Lerida and then as a diplomat in the service of the kings of Aragon, especially during the Council of Basel.
		The great object of his policy was the urging of a crusade against the Turks, who had captured Constantinople in 1453, but he did not find the Christian princes responsive to his call despite his every effort.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Pope_Callixtus_III.html (158 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Callistus III
		As pope he was chiefly concerned with the organization of Christian Europe against the invasion of the Turks.
		In Germany, Frederick III, through hatred of Ladislaus of Hungary, was unwilling to join a movement from which Hungary was certain to derive an immediate advantage, while the bishops and electors were opposed to the collection of the papal tax imposed in favour of the crusaders.
		The pope endeavoured to make peace between Frederick III and Ladislaus of Hungary, but during the negotiations Ladislaus died (1457), after a reign of seven years, and his death was the occasion of renewed disputes between the three great representatives of the House of Hapsburg, Frederick III, Albrecht VI, and Sigismund of Tyrol.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03187a.htm (1509 words)

	Pope Paul VI - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Pope Paul was shattered by the reaction to the encyclical, and it would become his last.
		Pope Paul also became the second pope to meet an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey, after the visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on December 2nd 1960.
		Pope Paul VI held six consistories between 1965-1977 that raised 143 men to the cardinalate in his fifteen years as pope.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Pope_Paul_VI (2469 words)

	Pope Paul III Summary
		Under Pope Clement VII (1523–34) he became Cardinal Bishop of Portus (Ostia) and dean of the College of Cardinals, and on the death of Clement VII in 1534, was elected as Pope Paul III.
		Paul III was in earnest in the matter of improving the ecclesiastical situation, and on June 2, 1536, he issued a papal bull convoking a general council to sit at Mantua in 1537.
		Paul III proved unable to suppress the Protestant Reformation, although it was during his pontificate that the foundation was laid for the Counter-Reformation.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Paul_III (1866 words)

	Pope Callixtus III - Biocrawler
		Callixtus III, né Alphonso de Borgia (December 31, 1378 - August 6, 1458) was born in Xàtiva, Valencia, Spain and was pope from April 8, 1455 to August 6, 1458.
		According to one story, first appearing in a posthumous biography in 1475 and later embellished and popularized by Pierre-Simon Laplace, Callixtus excommunicated the 1456 apparition of Halley's Comet, believing it to be an ill omen for the Christian defenders of Belgrade, who were at that time being besieged by the armies of the Ottoman Empire.
		Callixtus' papal bull of June 29, 1456, which called for public prayer for the success of the crusade, makes no mention of the comet, and by August 6, when the Turkish siege was broken, the comet had not been visible for several weeks.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Callixtus_III (318 words)

	Pope Callixtus I - Wikipedia Mirror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Callixtus I (also Callistus I) was pope for a period of five years, from about 217 to about 222, during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus.
		Callixtus was the deacon to whom Pope Zephyrinus (199-217) entrusted the burial chambers along the Appian Way, which had been completely lost and forgotten, until in 1849 they were rediscovered by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi.
		The 4th-century basilica of Ss Callixti et Iuliani (Callixtus and Pope Julius I) was rebuilt in the 12th century by Pope Innocent II and rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
	www.wiki-mirror.us /index.php/Pope_Callixtus_I (714 words)

	Pope Callixtus III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Calixtus III (December 31, 1378–August 6, 1458), né Alfons de Borja, was born near Xàtiva, València, today Spain but then Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon, and was Pope from April 8, 1455 to his death.
		His early career was spent as a professor of law at University of Lleida and then as a diplomat in the service of the Kings of Aragon, especially during the Council of Basel (1431–39).
		He was raised to the papal chair in 1455 as Calixtus III at a very advanced age as a compromise candidate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III (357 words)

	Borgias
		Callixtus' main concern was organizing the defense of Europe, which was being threatened by an Islamic invasion: Mohammed II had taken Constantinople in 1453, and the forces of Islam were advancing steadily westward.
		Callixtus was not much more successful: the princes were much too busy fighting amongst themselves to mount an effective defense, and despite a famous Christian victory at Belgrade (1456) by Hunyady, the religious wars sputtered on interminably.
		Callixtus III is regarded by most historians to have been a man of lofty ideals, of boundless courage, energy, and perseverance.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VBorgias.html (3854 words)

	Pope Callixtus Iii (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		His early career was spent as a professor of law at Lleida and then as a diplomat in the service of the Kings of Aragon, especially during the Council of Basel (1431–39).
		Pope Calixtus III made two of his nephews cardinals, one of whom, Roderic de Borgia, later became the notably corrupt Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503).
		Calixtus III's papal bull of June 29, 1456, which called for public prayer for the success of the crusade, makes no mention of the comet, and by August 6, when the Turkish siege was broken, the comet had not been visible for several weeks.
	www.seattleluxury.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/entry/Pope_Callixtus_III (394 words)

	Pope Vigilius Summary
		Pope Vigilius, who reigned as pope from 537 to 555, was descended from a Roman family of distinction.
		Vigilius was chosen by Pope Boniface II as his successor, and presented to the clergy assembled in St.
		The pope was taken immediately to a ship that waited in the Tiber, in order to be carried to the eastern capital, while a part of the populace cursed the pope and threw stones at the ship.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Vigilius (2899 words)

	Pope Gregory IX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A consequent invasion of the of St Peter at the instance of in 1228 having proved unsuccessful the emperor was to give in his submission and beg absolution.
		This pope who was a remarkably skilful learned lawyer caused to be prepared in 1234 the well known Nova Compilatio Decretalium printed at Mainz in 1473.
		His encroachments upon the rights of English Church during the ignominous reign of Henry III are well known; but similar attempts the liberties of the national church of France only served to call forth the Pragmatic Sanction of St.
	www.freeglossary.com /Pope_Gregory_IX (310 words)

	Paschal (Antipope) - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Supported by the victorious imperial army, Paschal was enthroned at St Peter's on the 22nd of July 1167, and Pope Alexander III., became a fugitive.
		Sudden imperial reverses, however, made Paschal glad in the end to hold so much as the quarter on the right bank of the Tiber, where he died on the 20th of September 1168.
		He was succeeded by the anti-pope Callixtus III.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Paschal_(Antipope) (144 words)

	Wikinfo \| Antipope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The earliest of these, Hippolytus, was elected in protest against Pope Callixtus I by a schismatic group in the city of Rome in the 3rd century.
		The late 14th and early 15th century saw a series of rival popes elected, one line of which is counted by the Roman Catholic Church as popes and the other as antipopes.
		Some of them have their own popes to replace the popes they reject, but we should not consider them antipopes within the traditional sense because the number of their followers, in comparison to the size of the following of the generally accepted Popes, is minuscule.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Antipope (506 words)

	Pope Callixtus III - WikiLeasing.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		He became a cardinal after econciling Pope Eugene IV (1431-47) with King Alfons V of Aragon (1416-58).He was raised to the papal chair in 1455 as Calixtus III at a very advanced age as a compromise candidate.
		Pope Calixtus III made two of his nephews cardinals, one of whom, Roderic de Borgia, later became the notably corrupt Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503).On June 29, 1456, he ordered the bells to be rung at noon (see noon bell) in all the Church to call Christians for praying.
		To commemorate this victory, Calixtus III ordered the Transfiguration to be held in August 6.He ordered a new trial for St. Joan of Arc (c1412-31), at which she was posthumously vindicated.Calixtus III's pre-papal coat of arms featured a grazing ox.
	www.wikileasing.com /0/Pope_Callixtus_III.html (388 words)

	St. Pachomius Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Appointed a cardinal in 1444, Borja was elected pope eleven years later, a compromise candidate.
		In 1456, he reopened the trail of Joan of Arc, who had been burned at the stake in 1431; his court found her innocent of the charges of witchcraft and heresy.
		Callixtus died on the feast of the Transfiguration, which he had confirmed as a feast of the whole Roman church in honor of his victory at Belgrade, in 1458.
	www.voskrese.info /spl/Xcallist3.html (135 words)

	The Borgias
		Callixtus, born Alfonso de Borya, had been the cardinal-priest in Valencia, when, in 1429, Pope Martin V promoted him to Bishop of Valencia.
		Callixtus was probably not a murderer, but he was politically ruthless, greedy, and, in more ways than one, set the agenda for the Borgia descendants who were to follow him.
		During the elaborate ceremony consecrating Rodrigo as Pope Alexander VI, he had to be "verified" as a male, since, from the Thirteenth Century and the scandalous myth of "Pope Joan," a Pope John that was believed to have been a woman, newly elected popes had to submit to an examination lying on a low seat.
	www.crimelibrary.com /serial_killers/history/borgias/2.html (2302 words)

	Financial Sense "Whence & Pence, Part 9: The Wounding" by Douglas V. Gnazzo 03/22/2005
		For the duke of Gandia and Giuffre, Pope Alexander promised the Kingdom of Naples.
		This gave the child the appearance of legitimacy, enabling Pope Alexander to then issue a second Papal Bull proclaiming the child to be his, which in turn allowed him to confer the rights to the child as being the heir to the duchy of Nepi, a strategically important piece of property to the Borgias.
		At the time, the Pope was 67 years old, and the child was said to be either his or his son’s, through Lucrezia as either sister or daughter.
	www.financialsense.com /fsu/editorials/gnazzo/2005/part9.html (5074 words)

	Pope Gregory IX information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		As Cardinal Bishop of Ostia he had been in the inner circle of Honorius III, and associated with the Pope's policy of accommodation with the formidable Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II (1220–50), whose lawyers in Naples and Capua asserted his position as universal temporal ruler, in the mold of Constantine.
		He died before events could reach their climax; it was his successor, aptly named Pope Innocent IV (1243–54) who declared a crusade in 1245 that would finish the Hohenstaufen threat.
		His encroachments upon the rights of the English Church during the reign of Henry III of England (1216–72) are well known; similar attempts against the liberties of the national church of France were supposedly the occasion of the Pragmatic Sanction of Louis IX of France (1226–70), now generally thought to be a 14th-century forgery.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Pope_Gregory_IX (656 words)

	Valerio Ferme
		No 15th-century pope was prepared to attempt serious reform, which would have required challenging the vested interests of bishops, cardinals, and princes.
		The Renaissance popes, however, were little distinguished from other princes in the extravagance and immorality of their courts.
		Born in Spain, nephew of Pope Callixtus III.
	spot.colorado.edu /~ferme/Ital4160/popehandout.html (706 words)

	Timeline
		Pope Nicholas V dies in Rome; he is succeeded by the Spanish Borgia pope Callixtus III
		Pope Pius II dies in Rome; he is succeeded by the Venetian pope Paul II Francesco I Sforza, duke of Milan dies; he is succeeded by his son Galeazzo Maria Sforza
		Pope Innocent VIII dies in Rome; is succeeded by Spanish Borgia pope Alexander VI King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella issue an edict expelling all Muslims and Jews from Spain
	www-class.unl.edu /ahis398b/classmats/timeline.html (437 words)

	parma - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		It fell under the control of Milan in 1346, was ceded to the Holy See in 1511.
		The Farnese pope, Paul III, detached Parma and Piacenza from the Papal States and gave them as a duchy for his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, whose descendents ruled in Parma from 1545 to 1731, when Antonio Farnese (1679-1731), last male of the Farnese line, died.
		The combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was given to the House of Bourbon in a diplomatic shuffle of the European dynastic politics that were played out in Italy.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/parma (315 words)

	Pope Pius II
		Pius II (Enea Silvio Piccolomini, commonly known in literature by his Latin name Aeneas Sylvius), pope from 1458 to 1464, "whose character reflects almost every tendency of the age in which he lived", was born at Corsignano[?] in the Sienese territory, October 18 1405, of a noble but decayed family.
		Arriving at Basel after numerous adventures, he successively served Capranica and several other masters.
		In July 1461, Pius canonized Saint Catherine of Siena, and in October of the same year he gained at first what appeared to be a most brilliant success by inducing the new king of France, Louis XI, to abolish the Pragmatic Sanction[?], by which the pope's authority in France had been grievously impaired.
	ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/en/Enea_Silvio_Piccolomini.html (1633 words)

	Holy Rosary Parish Bulletin for May 7, 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This was the time of the great Western Schism when two popes claimed to rule the Church, one at Rome and one in Avignon.
		In 1394 the Avignon pope died and Cardinal Pedro de Luna was elected as Benedict XIII.
		Pope Callixtus III canonized him in 1455 and his feast day is now on May 5th.
	www.holyrosaryparish.org /bulletin/05-07.htm (1838 words)

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