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Topic: Pope Celestine IV

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	pope innocent iii
		Pope Innocent III made use of the weakness of Frederick II (who was four) to reassert papal power in Sicily, and acknowledged Frederick II as king only after the surrender of the privileges of the Four Chapters, which William I of Sicily had previously extorted from Pope Adrian IV.
		Pope Innocent III called for the Fourth Crusade in 1198, directing the call towards the knights and nobles of Europe, rather than the kings (he preferred that neither Richard I of England and Philip II of France, who were still engaged in war, nor his German enemies, participate).
		Pope Innocent III excommunicated the Venetians in return, and although he was not pleased with the means by which it was done, he accepted the end result of the temporary reunification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches after the Great Schism of 1054.
	www.crusades-history.com /Pope-Innocent-III.aspx (1062 words)

	Pope Innocent IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Innocent IV (Genoa, 1180/90 – Naples, December 7, 1254), born Sinibaldo de Fieschi, Pope from 1243 to 1254, belonged to the feudal nobility of Liguria, the Fieschi, counts of Lavagna.
		It was on a sick bed at Naples that Innocent IV heard of Manfred's victory at Foggia, and the tidings are said to have precipitated his death on December 7, 1254.
		He was succeeded by Pope Alexander IV (1254–61), and was the uncle of Adrian V (1276).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV (363 words)

	Pope Celestine IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Celestine IV (died November 10, 1241 in Rome), born Goffredo da Castiglione, was pope from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241.
		Born in Milan, Goffredo or Godfrey was the son of a sister of Pope Urban III (1185–87); his early life is unknown until he became chancellor of the church of Milan (perhaps as early as 1219, certainly in 1223–27).
		One group, which included Sinibaldo de' Fieschi (soon to be Pope Innocent IV) backed a candidate from the inner circle of Pope Gregory IX expected to pursue the hard line with Frederick II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV (432 words)

	Pope Innocent IV
		When Celestine IV died after a short reign of sixteen days, the excommunicated emperor, Frederick II, was in possession of the States of the Church around Rome and attempted to intimidate the cardinals into electing a pope to his own liking.
		The pope was desirous of peace, but he knew from the experience of Gregory IX how little trust could be put in the emperor's promises.
		In 1249 the pope ordered a crusade to be preached against Frederick II, and after the emperor's death (13 December, 1250), he continued the struggle against Conrad IV and Manfred with unrelenting severity.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_iv,pope.html (1338 words)

	The POPES
		When he saw pope Steven in person his heart was touched and promised to defend the man and lend his sword and spear to restore to the defrauded pope all of the property that Constantine had bestowed to Peter and his successors.
		The third and surviving pope was Stephen IV he had summoned the sword of the Lombards for his protection and put an end to the sudden influx of popes.
		The power and authority of the pope had risen from the humble beginning of bishop feeding the sheep to a supreme pontiff holding the keys of the kingdom of heaven and the keys of the cities of Italy.
	www.compusmart.ab.ca /rprince/Popes-1.htm (4653 words)

	Wikipedia: Pope Innocent IV
		Innocent IV, Sinibaldo de Fieschi, pope from 1243 to 1254, belonged to one of the first families of Genoa, and, educated at Parma and Bologna, passed for one of the best canonists of his time.
		He had for his immediate predecessor Celestine IV, who however, was pope for eighteen days only, and therefore the events of Innocent's pontificate practically link themselves on to those of the reign of Gregory IX.
		The agitation caused by this act throughout Europe terminated only with Frederick's death in 1250, which permitted he pope to return, first to Perugia, and afterwards in 1253 to Rome.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/p/po/pope_innocent_iv.html (260 words)

	[No title]
		Pope Adrian V (1276) was Sinibaldo's nephew and had exercised much influence in the Roman curia before he became pope (Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi).
		Finally Pope Urban IV (1261-1264) granted the crown to the brother of Louis IX of France, Charles of Anjou.
		He concluded that the pope had the same authority since he held the office of the vicar of Christ, and it would be absurd if after the death of St. Peter human beings were left without the governance of one person (regimen unius personae).
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/InnocentIVBiography.htm (1932 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Boniface VIII
		Fearing a schism if Pope Celestine V's supporters attempted to return him to the papacy, Pope Boniface VIII ordered Pope Celestine V's arrest; and when Pope Celestine V attempted to flee, he was imprisoned at the fortress of Fumone in Italy where he died on May 19, 1296.
		Pope Boniface VIII gained the reputation of being prone to outbursts of impatience and was consumed by the acquisition of wealth and power for his family and for himself.
		Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed 1300 a year of Jubilee (the first Holy Year) and granted plenary indulgences (the remission of temporal punishment in Purgatory) to the tens of thousands of pilgrims to Rome.
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopeBonifaceVIII.htm (731 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent III
		Though the pope did not openly side with either of them, it was apparent that his sympathy was with Otto IV.
		elected is worthy of the imperial dignity belongs to the pope, whose office it is to anoint, consecrate, and crown him; otherwise it might happen that the pope would be obliged to anoint, consecrate, and Crown a king who was excommunicated, a heretic, or a pagan.
		The same legate was instructed by the pope to threaten Philip Augustus with interdict over the whole of France if within a month he would not be reconciled with his lawful wife, Ingeburga of Denmark, whom he had rejected and in whose stead he had taken Agnes, daughter of the Duke of Meran.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08013a.htm (4174 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Death, Hunger, Riots Marked Early Conclaves
		The word "conclave", Latin for "with a key", dates back to the protracted election of Celestine IV in 1241, when cardinals were locked up in a crumbling palace by Roman noble Matteo Orsini.
		Aimed at forcing a decision in the sweltering August heat, the lock-up led to the death of one of the 10 confined cardinals.
		In 897, Pope Steven VI ordered the remains of his implacable enemy, Pope Formosus, who had died a year earlier, to be dug up, dressed in papal vestments, propped up on a throne and accused of various crimes.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/5-4-17/27935.html (612 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistories of the XIII Century
		Pope Celestine IV was elected on October 25, 1241 and died on November 10, 1241.
		Pope Leo XIII confirmed on March 9, 1898, the immemorial veneration of this Pope as a Blessed.
		Pope Innocent V was elected on January 21, 1276 and died on June 22, 1276.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-xiii.htm (2494 words)

	Pope
		The Pope's role is kind of like that of a chairman of a board, or captain of a football team, with the other team players being the bishops.
		Pope Innocent VII (1484-1492) and Pope Leo X (1513-1521) were from the Borgia and Medici families which were kind of like the Sopranos of the middle ages.
		Basically, the biggest reason that the Pope was head of his own country is that it is important that the Church not be interferred with by any other political leaders and if the head of the Church was in a country governed by a political leader it would be vulnerable to outside interference.
	www.davidmacd.com /catholic/pope.htm (4355 words)

	BookRags: Innocent IV Biography
		Pope Gregory IX died in 1241, and the College of Cardinals immediately convened to elect a new pope.
		Innocent IV held that the pope could chose between two imperial candidates, depose an emperor, and exercise imperial authority when the throne was empty.
		Innocent IV, severely ill with pleurisy, died in Naples on December 7, 1254, and was buried in a tomb at the Basilica of Santa Restituta in Naples.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/innocent-iv (1450 words)

	Pope Celestine IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Celestine IV, born Godfrey Castiglione, Roman Catholic Pope in 1241, son of a sister of Pope Urban III.
		In 1227 Pope Gregory IX created him cardinal priest of St. Mark's, and in 1233 made him cardinal bishop of Sabina.
		Elected to succeed Gregory on the 25th of October 1241, he died on the 10th of November, before consecration, and was buried in St. Peter's.
	www.nndb.com /people/035/000104720 (96 words)

	[No title]
		The title pope, once used with far greater latitude (see below, section V), is at present employed solely to denote the Bishop of Rome, who, in virtue of his position as successor of St. Peter, is the chief pastor of the whole Church, the Vicar of Christ upon earth.
		He brought a letter from the pope demanding his restoration, and this was accepted as decisive by the council It should be observed that there can be no question here of the pope employing prerogatives conferred on him at Sardica, for he did not follow the procedure there indicated.
		These ordinances were not, however, in any sense the source of the pope's jurisdiction, which rested on Divine institution; they were civil sanctions enabling the pope to avail himself of the civil machinery of the empire in discharging the duties of his office.
	www.ewtn.com /library/CHRIST/CEPOPE.TXT (14781 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Boniface VIII
		Orsini, and on the relatives of the pope.
		The pope is concerned for the welfare of all kings and princes, but particularly for the house of France.
		Hefele, IV, 344) that the present harsh conclusion of the discourse of Boniface is one of the numerous forgeries of Pierre Flote and Nogaret.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02662a.htm (9707 words)

	Interesting Facts
		There is some speculation that the early Popes may have changed their names to Greek names, as Jesus had done to St. Peter.
		Their continual presence guarantees the preservation of truth when the Pope and Magisterium, who are successors of Peter and the Apostles, issue statements under certain conditions on faith and morals.
		Pope John Paul II motto is "De labore Solis" meaning "from the labor of the sun".
	www.popechart.com /FAQ.htm (1878 words)

	BookRags: Pope Boniface VIII Biography
		Celestine's brief pontificate and the unique circumstances of his resignation had created chaos in the world of ecclesiastical administration.
		Philip IV retaliated by forbidding the export of all money from France, and in 1297 Boniface came to terms with Philip by recognizing the technicality known as "necessity of state" as reason for emergency taxation, even of clergy, by an imperiled secular government.
		Boniface's conflict with Philip IV resulted in the Pope's public humiliation, the precipitous decline of papal prestige, and the first major affront to the late-13th-century concept of papal monarchy.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/pope-boniface-viii (1145 words)

	Pope Celestine II
		Celestine II returned to Rome where he was made a deacon in 1128.
		Celestine adhered against his wishes, and Abélard was thus found guilty in Rome.
		Previously, Pope Honorius II (1124-1130) had raised an army and attacked Roger II; however, Honorius was defeated and forced to give an oath of allegiance.
	www.archelaos.com /popes/details.aspx?id=194 (427 words)

	Pope Celestine IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Pope Celestine IV CatholiCity > Catholic Encyclopedia > Pope Celestine IV The Catechism, Simplified
		Pope Celestine IV A native of Milan, nephew of Urban III, and probably a Cistercian; died 10 November, 1241.
		He was made cardinal by Gregory IX and succeeded him, 25 October, 1241, at the height of the papal warfare with Emperor Frederick II.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/celestine_iv,pope.html (95 words)

	Steve Quayle News Alerts
		This pope was born in 1740 and his elevation to the Papacy was foretold, as Pius VII himself later related, by his mother, who in 1763 had entered the convent of Carmelites.
		The Pope's pontificate was overshadowed by Napoleon whose emblem was the eagle.
		They indicate that Popes John Paul I and John Paul II should be considered as one Pope in the prophecies because of John Paul I's short reign as Pope and John Paul II's choice of a name.
	www.stevequayle.com /News.alert/05_Prophetic/050404.next.pope.last.html (5946 words)

	CELESTINE IV
		Indeed it is said that the Romans threatened to dig up the corpse of Pope Gregory and put it in with the cardinals if they did not elect one of their number.
		Godfrey Castiglioni was born in Milan, the son of John Castiglioni and Cassandra Crivelli, the sister of Urban III.
		He might have made a good pope, for he was an excellent theologian and was charitable to the poor, but he had no time to prove his ability.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp177.htm (454 words)

	Interesting Facts
		The names in Italics without numbers belong to the Popes that have never been acknowledged and are considered to be Anti-popes.
		Pope Luciani was the first Pope in history to name himself with a double name.
		"This morning, September 29, 1978, the Pope's private secretary, as he usually did, went to look for him in his private chapel, since the Pope was not there the secretary went to his room and found him dead in bed, with the lights still on, as if he was reading".
	www.popechart.com /Popelist.htm (182 words)

	Pope's Photo Gallery (151-200)
		At the meeting of Sutri, Barbarossa refused to hold the bridle of the pope's mule, and the pope refused him the kiss of peace.
		182 - URBAN IV Born in Tryes (France), he was elected on the 4th September 1261 in a surprise election at the conclave of Viterbo to which he had come in order to pay homage to the future pope.
		He was the first pope to reside permanently in the Vatican, and he began the laying out of the famous gardens.
	members.tripod.com /~cckswong/pope151_200.htm (2763 words)

	Popes & Patriarchs of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc.
		To Roman Catholics, the Pope may be the holiest man on earth, the heir and keeper of the deepest truths of religion.
		The Pope was not the ruler of that Church, but one of the Ecumenical Patriarchs, along with the Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople.
		Popes from a similiar family, the Medici, are featured in the genealogy of the Medici given with the rulers of Tuscany.
	www.friesian.com /popes.htm (9005 words)

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