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Topic: Pope Eugenius III

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Blessed Eugene III
		Eugene III without delay in St. John Lateran, and since residence in the rebellious city was impossible, the pope and his cardinals fled to the country.
		That the Second Crusade was a wretched failure cannot be ascribed to the saint or the pope; but it is one of those phenomena so frequently met with in the history of the papacy, that a pope who was made to subdue a handful of rebellious subjects could hurl all Europe against the Saracens.
		Eugene III "one of the greatest and most afflicted of the popes".
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05599a.htm (1683 words)

	Pope Alexander III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frederick Barbarossa submits to the authority of Pope Alexander III (fresco in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, by Spinello Aretino).
		On September 7, 1159 he was chosen the successor of Pope Adrian IV (1154–59), a minority of the cardinals, however, electing the cardinal-priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV (1159–64).
		This antipope, and his successors antipope Paschal III (1164–68) and antipope Calixtus III (1168–78), had the imperial support; but after the defeat of Legnano (1276), Barbarossa finally (in the peace of Venice, 1177) recognized Alexander III as Pope.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Alexander_III (517 words)

	Pope Eugenius III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The choice had not, however, the approval of Bernard, who remonstrated against the election on account of the "innocence and simplicity" of Eugene III; but after the choice was made he took advantage of the qualities in Eugene III which he objected to, so as to virtually rule in his name.
		During nearly the whole of his pontificate Eugene III was unable to reside in Rome.
		Though the citizens of Rome were jealous of the efforts of Eugene III to assert his temporal authority, they were always ready to recognize him as their spiritual lord, and they besides deeply reverenced his personal character.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Eugenius_III (414 words)

	Frederick I Barbarossa (c. 1123-1190)
		Frederick was the son of Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, duke of Bavaria, of the rival dynasty of the Welfs.
		The successor of Eugenius III, Pope Adrian IV, honoured the Treaty of Constance and crowned Frederick emperor on June 18, 1155, in Rome.
		Pope Alexander III was able to force the kings of Europe (especially Louis VII of France) not to enter into a political agreement with Barbarossa.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/frederickbarbarossa.html (2583 words)

	Ancestors and Family of Frederick I Barbarossa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Frederick was the son of Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, duke of Bavaria, of the rival dynasty of the Welfs.
		The successor of Eugenius III, Pope Adrian IV, honoured the Treaty of Constance and crowned Frederick emperor on June 18, 1155, in Rome.
		A letter from the Pope, which was translated in an inflammatory manner by the imperial chancellor Rainald of Dassel, caused a critical argument between the papal delegation and the German princes over whether or not the empire was dependent upon the papacy.
	nygaard.howards.net /files/3/2615.htm (730 words)

	Pope Adrian IV
		The Pope returned to Rome, and Arnold escaped and was taken under the protection of some of the bandit barons of the northern Campagna.
		As the Pope approached, the Emperor advanced to meet him, but did not hold the Pope's stirrup, which was part of the customary ceremony of homage.
		The Pope agreed to invest William with the crowns of Sicily and Apulia, the territories and states of Naples, Salerno, and Amalfi, the March of Ancona, and all the other cities which the King then possessed.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/adrian_iv,pope.html (3230 words)

	Medieval Spain: Lisbon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Born Bernardo Paganelli, Eugenius III was elected bishop of Rome in February, 1145, not long after the Muslim capture of Edessa.
		In October, 1146, and again in April, 1147, Eugenius issued another crusading bull, Divina dispensatione, proclaiming that the battles against the pagans in north-central Europe and against the infidels in Spain were equal in merit to an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
		While there is no direct evidence of a connection between Eugenius and the attack on Lisbon, King Afonso Henriques of Portugal had sworn fidelity to the Roman papacy in 1143, and Eugenius was quick to approve of Lisbon's reestablishment as a bishopric after the city's capture in 1147.
	medspains.stanford.edu /demo/lisbon/1eugenius.html (387 words)

	Popes
		He rose rapidly in the church during the pontificate of Pope Eugenius III and, during the reign of Pope Adrian IV, served as chief papal negotiator with Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
		The term aroused a storm of controversy with the imperial chancellor Rainald of Dassel, who argued that the term implied that the empire was a fief of the church and thus was an insult to the Emperor.
		Following the return of Alexander III to Rome in 1165, which was the result of a more favourable political climate in Italy caused by the temporary absence of Frederick Barbarossa, the conflict entered its critical period.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /database/glossary/popes/alexand3.html (1147 words)

	Pope Eugenius III - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A native of Pisa, Pignatelli was elected pope in February 1145.
		The choice had not, however, the approval of Bernard, who remonstrated against the election on account of the "innocence and simplicity" of Eugenius; but after the choice was made he took advantage of the qualities in Eugenius which he objected to, so as to virtually rule in his name.
		Though the citizens of Rome were jealous of the efforts of Eugenius to assert his temporal authority, they were always ready to recognize him as their spiritual lord, and they besides deeply reverenced his personal character.
	www.voyager.in /Pope_Eugenius_III (441 words)

	30th Generation (cont.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The successor of Eugenius III, Pope Adrian IV, honored the Treaty of Constance and crowned Frederick emperor on June 18, 1155, in Rome.
		In 1159 Cardinal Octavian was elected Pope Victor IV with the support of Frederick, and Cardinal Roland was elected Pope Alexander III in a tumultuous and disputed voting session.
		Pope Alexander III was able to force the kings of Europe (especially Louis VII of France) not to enter into a political agreement with Barbarossa.
	www.boazfamilytree.com /gneville/aqwg28.htm (3993 words)

	Pope Adrian IV (Seattle Catholic)
		Moreover it is not unreasonable to infer that Nicholas was at the Council of Rheims in March 1148 and that Pope Eugenius (who called the Council) might have had a word with him concerning the situation in Catalonia and the continuing Muslim occupation of former centres of Chrisitianity.
		During his two year mission, Pope Eugenius III had died after eight years in office, but his successor, Anastasius IV, continued to support his work and asked to be kept informed of its progess.
		He once told John of Salisbury he did not much enjoy being pope, but it is a tribute to and reflection of the strength of his character and his determination to be a good pope in every sense of the word, that he restored much credibility to the papal office.
	www.seattlecatholic.com /a060322.html (2941 words)

	Copyright
		In a decretal of Pope Eugenius III, we can already see aequitas as a canonical concept that could be substituted for misericordia or moderation as being the antithesis to rigorism in the interpretation of the canons.
		Eugenius III, by referring to this imperial law as a rule of canon law, ignores totally the rule's legislative origin.
		The principle of aequitas was also used by Pope Innocent III in 1202 to justify the possi [*101] bility of switching to a possessory action from a petitory action at any stage of a law suit.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/Law111/LandauAequitas.htm (3667 words)

	Louis, VII Biography / Biography of Louis, VII Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		To overcome the widespread lack of enthusiasm, Louis invited Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the crusade, and the eloquent Cistercian awakened fervor for the project.
		Pope Eugenius III tried to repair the broken marriage on their return from the East and forbade its dissolution.
		After Eleanor gave birth to a second child, another girl, and after the death in 1151 of Suger, who had managed to save the marriage as long as he was alive, in March 1152 a council of bishops declared the marriage annulled for reasons of kinship.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-louis-vii (595 words)

	PetersNet: Christopher Bellitto, College of Cardinals Traces Its Roots to Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590) limited the number of cardinals to 70, but rarely were there that many in office at any one time.
		Pope Urban II (1088-1099), the Frenchman Eudes de Lagery, adopted as models procedures from Church and state: regulations from Cluniac monasteries and the administrative bureaucracy of the royal Capetian house's feudal holdings.
		Nevertheless, it's clear that he held the relationship between a pope and his college of cardinals to be so close that each ought to consult with the other, for consultation among many renders better judgment, as is the case with an abbot and his monks or a bishop and the canons of his cathedral.
	www.petersnet.net /browse/340.htm (1422 words)

	Europe's 12th-Century Development by Sanderson Beck
		Pope Paschal canceled his grant of lay investiture at the Easter synod of 1116; but he had to flee to the Normans as Heinrich and young Matilda were crowned in Rome by exiled Portuguese archbishop Maurice who was made (anti-) Pope Gregory VIII.
		A disciple of Bernard of Clairvaux was elected as Pope Eugenius III.
		Pope Adrian sent a request that Arnold of Brescia should be handed over and executed by Friedrich, who had him hanged and his body burned, scattering his ashes in the Tiber to prevent the people from venerating his body.
	www.san.beck.org /AB20-Europe12thCentury.html (23248 words)

	Second Crusade - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugenius III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other important European nobles.
		Eugenius did not control Rome and lived instead at Viterbo, but nevertheless the crusade was meant to be more organized and centrally controlled than the First Crusade: certain preachers would be approved by the pope, the armies would be led by the strongest kings of Europe, and a route would be planned beforehand.
		The bull was reissued on March 1, 1146, and Eugenius authorized Bernard to preach the news throughout France.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Second_Crusade (3781 words)

	St. Bernard Of Clairvaux Abbot, Doctor Of The Church - 1153 [Free Republic]
		Innocent II was chosen pope by a majority of the cardinals, but simultaneously a minority faction elected one of their number, Cardinal Peter de Leone, who took the name of Anacletus.
		III and weak though he was, Bernard obeyed, stopping to preach along the way Geoffrey, his secretary, accompanied him, and relates various miracles to which he was an eyewitness.
		Pope Eugenius died in 1153, and that same year Bernard was taken with his last illness.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b815e732271.htm (5689 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Pope Eugenius III had just been elected when he was brought word of the disaster by Bishop Hugh of Jabala.
		It was not until late fall, however, that Eugenius finally issued a crusading bull: Quantum praedecessores, addressed to Louis VII and the Gauls, on 1 December 1145.
		Eugenius, a little discouraged at the underwhelming response, referred the matter to Bernard of Clairvaux and commissioned Bernard to preach the crusade.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/crusade/secondcru.html (3832 words)

	CHRONOLOGY OF THE ORDER
		Pope Innocent II (1130-43) in the bull, 'Omne Datum Optimum', brought the Templars under papal authority, providing them with privileges and exemptions that made the Templars an autonomous corporate body and allowed them to secure an economic base for financing their military activities.
		Pope Eugenius III authorised the Templars to add the red cross on the left breast of their tunics and the shoulder of their mantles, symbolising willingness to shed their blood and die for the Faith.
		Pope Calixtus III (1455-1458) granted to the Knights of Christ the ecclesiastical jurisdiction for the Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia.
	www.osmthu.org.uk /templar_knight_chronology.htm (5841 words)

	Wikinfo \| Second Crusade
		The news of the fall of Edessa led Pope Eugenius III to issue the bull Quantum praedecessores on December 1, 1145, calling for a second crusade.
		Bernard also preached to Conrad III of Germany in December of 1146, delivering an emotional sermon in which he took the role of Christ and asked what more he could do for the emperor.
		Baldwin III unwisely seized Ascalon in 1153 amd brought Egypt into the sphere of conflict, thus preparing the way for the fall of Jerusalem.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Second_Crusade (639 words)

	University of Oregon Libraries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Eugenius had been a monk at Clairvaux and Bernard worried about his ability to cope with the change of lifestyle.
		Eugenius had been accustomed to the contemplative life of a monastery, but he was suddenly required to devote much of his time to the administrative and political affairs of the papacy.
		In De Consideratione, Bernard advised Eugenius to "set aside time for his spiritual life amidst the pressures of daily business." He believed that Eugenius, through consideration, or contemplation, could achieve a balance that allowed him to deal with the affairs of the church and satisfy his own spiritual needs.
	libweb.uoregon.edu /speccoll/exhibits/burgess/ms14.html (1407 words)

	Eugenius III (d. 1153) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Eugenius, like others of western Europe, was shocked by the fall of Edessa, the capital of the first crusader state, in 1144.
		With Rome in a state of anarchy, by early 1146 Eugenius was forced into exile by his archenemy, the Italian reformer Arnold of Brescia.
		Eugenius returned to Italy in June 1148 and in July excommunicated Arnold, who denounced Eugenius as “a man of blood” and spread the revolt against him.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/PopeEugenius-III/PopeEugenius-III.html (222 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Saint Malachy O'More
		He wrote poetic descriptions of each of the pontiffs, presented the manuscript to Pope Innocent II - and it was forgotten until 1590.
		The corresponding pope was John Paul I (1978-78), who was born in the diocese of Belluno (beautiful moon) and was baptized Albino Luciani (white light).
		The corresponding pope is John Paul II (1978-present).
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintm25.htm (1039 words)

	The Ecole Glossary
		Pope from 1145-1153, the blessed Eugene III was born Bernard Pagnelli di Montemagno and was the first Cistercian pope.
		The fall of Edessa in 1149 shocked Eugene, and as pope, he urged Louis VII to liberate the city.
		In 1146, Arnold of Brescia controlled Rome and exiled the pope, who returned in 1148 and excommunicated Arnold.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/eugeneiii.html (168 words)

	THE CRUSADES TO THE HOLY LAND
		Pope Urban II saw the request by Alexius I Comnenus as an opportunity to heal the Schism of East and West, especially as Alexius promised he would take measures toward recognizing Rome once Constantinople was safe from the Turks.
		The plans of Pope Urban II to recapture the Holy Land, to come to the defense of the Byzantine East, and to unite Europe in a common cause were truly principled.
		Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras held an historic meeting in Jerusalem in January of 1964, and on 7 December 1965 the anathemas of 1054 were mutually revoked at simultaneous ceremonies, in Rome by the Second Vatican Council and in Constantinople by the Holy Synod.
	www.maryourmother.net /Crusades.html (5695 words)

	Crusades in the Levant (1097-1291)
		Pope Gregory was interested in sponsoring an expedition to recover Asia Minor in hopes of also restoring the Church unity that had recently been broken.
		These motivations were latent and ready when Pope Urban convened a church synod at Piacenza in March of 1095, at which the Emperor's appeals were again presented, and then went on to Clermont to deliver his powerful speech on November 26th.
		Pope Innocent III raised a crusade in France with the objective of attacking the center of Moslem power in Egypt.
	www.xenophongroup.com /montjoie/crusade2.htm (7678 words)

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