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	Pope Gregory IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gregory IV, pope (827-844), was chosen to succeed Valentinus in December 827, on which occasion he recognized the supremacy of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious in the most unequivocal manner.
		Gregory's response was to insist upon the primacy of St Peter's successor, the papacy being superior to the Emperor.
		This sequence of events is known as the Campus Mendacii or "field of lies." Louis was subsequently restored, and after his death Gregory made unsuccessful attempts to mediate in the conflict that ensued between the brothers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV (282 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Gregory XIII
		Thus Gregory XIII at least partly restored the old faith in England and the northern countries of Europe, supplied the Catholics in those countries with their necessary priests, and introduced Christianity into the pagan countries of Eastern Asia.
		In 1581, Gregory XIII dispatched the Jesuit Antonio Possevino as nuncio to Russia, to mediate between Tsar Ivan IV and King Bathory of Poland.
		The medal which Gregory XIII had struck in memory of the event bears his effigy on the obverse, which ion the reverse under the legend Vgonotiorum Strages (overthrow of the Huguenots) stands an angel with cross and drawn sword, killing the Huguenots.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07001b.htm (2534 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Gregory IV
		The appearance of the pope in the camp of the rebels made it appear that he was in their favour.
		Gregory gave the pallium to the Archbishops of Salzburg, Canterbury, and Grado, and favoured the latter against the encroachments of the Patriarch of Aquileia.
		To oblige Louis, Gregory caused some of his ecclesiastics to be trained in music in Rome, and he instructed him to proclaim the observance of the feast of All Saints throughout the empire.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06789b.htm (910 words)

	Pope St. Gregory the Great
		Gregory's father was Gordianus, a wealthy patrician, probably of the famous gens Amicia, who owned large estates in Sicily and a mansion on the Caelian Hill in Rome, the ruins of which, apparently in a wonderful state of preservation, still await excavation beneath the Church of St. Andrew and St. Gregory.
		Gregory's mind and memory were both exceptionally receptive, and it is to the effect produced on him by these disasters that we must attribute the tinge of sadness which pervades his writings and especially his clear expectation of a speedy end to the world.
		Gregory at once took the surprising step of appointing a tribune on his own authority to take command of the city (Epp., II, xxxiv), and, when no notice of this strong action was taken by the imperial authorities, the pope conceived the idea of himself arranging a separate peace with the Lombards (Epp., II, xlv).
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/CEGREGRY.HTM (7909 words)

	LOUIS IV. OR V. - LoveToKnow Article on LOUIS IV. OR V.
		Louis met them in June 833 near Kolmar, but owing possibly to the influence of Pope Gregory IV., who took part in the negotiations, he found himself deserted by his supporters, and the treachery and falsehood which marked the proceedings gave to the place the name of Lugenfeld, or the field of lies.
		The struggle with the pope was renewed in Germany, and when a formidable league had been formed against Louis, his thoughts turned to a reconciliation.
		At one time haughtily defying the pope, at another abjectly craving his pardoti, he seems a very inglorious figure; and the fact that he remained almost undisturbed in the possession of Germany in spite of the utmost efforts of the popes, is due rather to the
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LO/LOUIS_IV_OR_V_.htm (2592 words)

	Catholic Culture : Liturgical Year : Feasts of All Saints and All Souls (Activity)
		In the West the Feast of "All Holy Martyrs" was introduced when Pope Boniface IV (615) was given the ancient Roman temple of the Pantheon by Emperor Phocas (610) and dedicated it as a church to the Blessed Virgin Mary and all the martyrs.
		Pope Gregory III (741) had already stated this when he dedicated a chapel in Saint Peter''s in honor of Christ, Mary, and "all the apostles, martyrs, confessors, and all the just and perfect servants of God whose bodies rest throughout the whole world."
		The second purpose was given by Pope Urban IV: Any negligence, omission, and irreverence committed in the celebration of the saints'' feasts throughout the year is to be atoned for by the faithful, and thus due honor may still be offered to these saints.
	www.catholicculture.org /lit/activities/view.cfm?id=1185 (3617 words)

	The Struggle Between The Emperor and The Pope (814-1303)
		In 833 pope Gregory IV boldly attempted to interpose between Louis the Pious and his rebellious sons stating that the crowns of kings are subject to the arbitration of bishops.
		In 1073 Hildebrand ascended the papal throne as Gregory VII.
		Gregory soon after died but was followed by scarcely inferior leaders, Urban II and Pashcal II who strenuously persevered in the great contest for Ecclesiastical Independence.
	www.west.net /~antipas/books/papacy_in_history/pap_part1_5.html (1723 words)

	Pope Gregory VII (1020-1085) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gregory is chiefly known for his contest with the German emperor Henry IV (1050–1106) over lay investiture (the right of lay rulers to grant ecclesiastical officials the symbols of their authority), a contest that he helped to precipitate.
		Gregory defended his actions against Henry in two letters to Bishop Hermann of Metz: the emperor is in the church and therefore he may be called to account by the pope.
		Gregory's safety was dearly bought, for in a fight between the Normans and the Romans a large part of the city was burned down.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/PopeGregory-VII/PopeGregory-VII.html (2059 words)

	ST. GREGORY VII
		Pope Leo IX took Hildebrand back to Rome and henceforth he served as a strong right arm to the reforming popes.
		Gregory knew he should await the Augsburg meeting, but he had been jockeyed by Henry into a position where he simply had to absolve the king.
		Gregory, besieged in the Castle of St. Angelo, was rescued by the Normans.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp155.htm (552 words)

	St. Pachomius Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A native of Rome, Gregory IV was the cardinal priest of St. Mark's when he was elected pope in 827.
		As pope, Gregory fortified the port of Ostia against the Saracens and became involved in Lothair's 833 revolt against Louis; the rebellion was the result of Louis' having given half his kingdom to Lothair's half-brother, Charles the Bald.
		Gregory, who died in 844, was also known for building churches in Rome.
	www.voskrese.info /spl/Xgregory4.html (87 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When Gregory VI died in 1047, Hildebrand entered a monastery where he remained until Leo IX called him to Rome to serve as treasurer of the church.
		Gregory's opposition to lay investiture led to conflict with Emperor Henry IV, who deposed Gregory at the Synod of Worms in 1076.
		Gregory died in Salerno in 1085, and Paul V canonized him in 1606.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/gregoryvii.html (205 words)

	Pope Gregory IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gregory IV, Roman Catholic Pope from 827 to 844, was chosen to succeed Valentinus in December 827, on which occasion he recognized the supremacy of the Frankish emperor in the most unequivocal manner.
		His name is chiefly associated with the quarrels between Lothair and Louis the Pious, in which he espoused the cause of the former, for whom, in the Campus Mendacii (Lügenfeld, field of lies), as it is usually called (833), he secured by his treachery a temporary advantage.
		The institution of the feast of All Saints is usually attributed to this pope.
	www.nndb.com /people/114/000094829 (137 words)

	MS1, Detailed Description in Table Format, Syracuse University Library, Dept. of Special Collections
		The Decretal letter of Pope Nicholas III (1277-1280) dated 1278 and added to front flyleaf suggests that the main text was written before the date of that letter.
		The miniature of the pope hearing a petition (A-f.79r, P-f.78r) depicts a tonsured figure kneeling before the seated pope and a bishop handing a scroll to the pope.
		Pope Innocent IV; Pope Gregory IX; Raymond of Penafort.
	libwww.syr.edu /digital/collections/m/MedievalManuscripts/ms01/table01.htm (1139 words)

	All Saints and All Souls
		Pope Gregory III (731-741) dedicated an oratory in the original St. Peter's Basilica in honor of all the saints on Nov. 1 (at least according to some accounts), and this date then became the official date for the celebration of the Feast of All Saints in Rome.
		According to an early Church historian, John Beleth, Pope Gregory IV (827-844) officially declared Nov. 1 the Feast of All Saints, transferring it from May 13.
		Pope Benedict XIV in 1748 approved this practice, and it rapidly spread throughout Spain, Portugal and Latin America.
	catholiceducation.org /articles/religion/re0199.html (1533 words)

	The Daily World - www.dailyworld.com - Opelousas, LA
		Pope Boniface IV celebrated the first All Saints' Day on May 13, 609, when he accepted the Pantheon as a gift from Emperor Phocas and dedicated it as the Church of Santa Maria Rotonda in honor of the Blessed Virgin and all martyrs.
		Pope Gregory III, who served from 731 to 741, expanded the celebration to include all saints during his reign.
		Pope Gregory IV required Catholics to attend services and refrain from work on the day in 837.
	www.dailyworld.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051028/NEWS01/510280331/1002 (407 words)

	CELESTINE IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Indeed it is said that the Romans threatened to dig up the corpse of Pope Gregory and put it in with the cardinals if they did not elect one of their number.
		Godfrey Castiglioni was born in Milan, the son of John Castiglioni and Cassandra Crivelli, the sister of Urban III.
		He might have made a good pope, for he was an excellent theologian and was charitable to the poor, but he had no time to prove his ability.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp177.htm (454 words)

	Gregory IV -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Soon the empire was torn by the Investiture Controversy begun between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.
		Pope Gregory VII's 11th-century removal of Henry IV from the throne of Germany, one of the episodes of the Investiture Controversy.
		Pope Gregory VII's second excommunication of King Henry V in 1080, one of the episodes in the Investiture Controversy.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9038020 (559 words)

	History of the Mass (2histort.htm)
		With Pope Gregory IV's death on January 11, 844 the Roman common people demanded that a deacon by the name of John be chosen his successor.
		Pope St. Leo IV was called home to Heaven on July 17, 855 just as another antipope, one who Leo had excommunicated, waited in the wings and more troubles would ensue with both the Frankish emperors and the Saracens.
		He was unable to keep up the vigor and pace of his predecessor Nicholas and because of this was not quick to discern problems or vasilations in the Church, especially in the Carolingian realms and in the east where Nicholas had staked Rome's claim to Bulgaria.
	www.dailycatholic.org /2histort.htm (2626 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : History Biographies : Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV
		In the 11th century Pope Gregory VII excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV.
		When he excommunicated Henry IV, Pope Gregory also told Henry’s vassals (noblemen who rented the Emperor’s lands) that they did not need to give their support to the Emperor anymore.
		Gregory was forced into exile, and he died in Salerno in 1085.
	www.saburchill.com /history/biblio/006.html (175 words)

	Coins Of The Medieval Papal State
		The popes, and also the Senate when it coined money, appear to have used the imperial mint of Rome, which was on the slope of the Campidoglio, not far from the Arch of Septimius Severus; but, in the fifteenth century, the mint was near the bank of Santo Spirito.
		In 1835 Gregory XVI regulated the monetary system of the Pontifical States, establishing the scudo as the unit, and dividing it into 100 baiocchi, while the baiocco was divided into 5 quattrini (the quattrino, until 1591, had been equal to ¼ of a baiocco).
		Since the loss of the temporal power, the pope has not coined money; each year, however, he strikes the customary medal for the feast of Saint Peter, which is given to cardinals and to the employees of the Roman Curia.
	medievalcoins.ancients.info /Papal_State.htm (1927 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Gregory IX
		In June 1232, a popular revolt in Rome caused Gregory to flee to Anagni.
		Gregory supported the Dominicans, and conducted the funeral services for Saint Dominic.
		Gregory appointed fourteen cardinals during his papacy including the men who would later be Pope Innocent IV and Pope Alexander IV.
	www.catholicforum.com /saints/pope0178.htm (480 words)

	Domestic-Church.Com: Saint Profile: All Saints Day
		In about the year 731, Pope Gregory III consecrated a chapel in Saint Peter's Church to all the saint's and from that date, the Feast of All Saint's has been celebrated.
		Pope Gregory IV changed the date of the Feast again in the ninth century.
		Pope Sixtus IV established the Feast of All Saint's as a holy day of obligation for the entire Latin Church.
	www.domestic-church.com /CONTENT.DCC/19980901/SAINTS/ALL_SNTS.HTM (565 words)

	Countdown to 2000
		In a significant event in world history, Charlemagne was crowned by Pope Leo III, creating a Roman empire in the west that was distinct from the Byzantine Empire of the east.
		821-840 A.D. Pope Gregory IV should have been known as 'the Referee.' He spent a great portion of his 16 years in the Vatican trying to keep peace in the imperial family, which was split by jealousies, conspiracies and disputes.
		Popes Gregory VI and Benedict IX deposed...Clement II elected to head Church...Normans invade England...Construction begins on Westminster Abbey...Macbeth murdered...rule established to limit electors of pope to cardinals...
	www.evangelist.org /evv/comp0960.htm (2714 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Saint Gregory VII
		Gregory took the throne as a reformer, and Emperor Henry IV promised to support him.
		The Pope retreated to Salerno where he spent the remainder of his papacy.
		May almighty God, from whom all good things come, continually enlighten your minds and fill them with love for him and for your neighbor, so that by your devotion you may deserve to make this father and mother of whom I have spoken your debtors and enter without shame into their company.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintg09.htm (229 words)

	Pope Gregory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Gregory has been the name of sixteen Roman Catholic Popes:
		Pope Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great
		Pope Gregory XIII, responsible for the Gregorian calendar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory (100 words)

	Saints of June 2
		Saint Gregory the Great recorded that his relics were preserved in the Formiae cathedral in the sixth century.
		Pope Saint Damasus tells us that, when he was a child, he heard these details from the lips of the executioner himself.
		Pope Gregory the Great preached his twenty homilies on the gospels in the church of SS.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0602.htm (3088 words)

	[No title]
		In the early 7th Century A. D., Pope Boniface IV dedicated Hadrian’s Pantheon, the Roman temple with the giant dome, to the Virgin Mary and to Martyrs.
		In 835 A. D., Pope Gregory IV changed the date to November 1 probably for the purpose of Christianizing the superstitious pagan festivals of Pomona and Samhain.
		Pope Gregory IV declared November 1 to be "All Saints Day".
	www.geocities.com /jefferywinkler/halloween.html (3848 words)

	All Saints' Day (Christian, Roman Catholic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Boniface dedicated it as the Church of Santa Maria Rotonda in honor of the Blessed Virgin and all martyrs.
		During Pope Gregory III's reign (731-741), the festival was expanded to include all saints and a chapel in St. Peter's church was dedicated accordingly.
		Pope Gregory IV officially designated the day in 837.
	www3.kumc.edu /diversity/ethnic_relig/allsaint.html (135 words)

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