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	Pope Gregory VII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Pope Stephen X was elected, without previous consultation with the German court, Hildebrand and Bishop Anselm of Lucca were sent to Germany to secure a belated recognition, and he succeeded in gaining the consent of the empress Agnes de Poitou.
		Stephen, however, died before his return, and, by the hasty elevation of Bishop Johannes of Velletri, the Roman aristocracy made a last attempt to recover their lost influence on the appointment to the papal throne: a proceeding which was dangerous to the Church as it implied a renewal of the disastrous patrician régime.
		The reprimands of the pope, couched as they were in such an unprecedented form, infuriated Henry and his court, and their answer was the hastily convened national council in Worms, Germany, which met on January 24, 1076.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII (3048 words)

	Pope Gregory VI
		Pope Gregory VI Date of birth unknown; elected 1 May 1045; abdicated at Sutri, 20 December, 1046; died probably at Cologne, in the beginning of 1048.
		Unfortunately the accession of Gratian, who took the name of Gregory VI, though it was hailed with joy even by such a strict upholder of the right as St. Peter Damian, did not bring peace to the Church.
		He was received by the king with all the honour due to a pope, and in accordance with the royal request, summoned a council to meet at Sutri.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/g/gregory_vi,pope.html (689 words)

	Gregory VII and the Politics of the Spirit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1095 Pope Urban II preached his famous sermon to a large crowd in a meadow in Clermont, France calling on Christians of the West to come to the aid of their brothers and sisters in the East and to recover the holy city of Jerusalem for Christian civilization.
		On the death of Gregory VI in 1049 Hildebrand returned to Rome and was soon made administrator of the papal patrimony, the vast estates in central Italy governed directly by the pope.
		Gregory has little to say about the laity in his letters, and his reforms helped create a sense of the clergy as a distinct class united with the pope but separated from the laity, who occupy a lower place.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9901/wilken.html (5118 words)

	Biblically Unqualified Popes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope Benedict IX reigned from 1032 to 1044, in 1045, and from 1047 to 1048.
		Pope Clement VI reigned from 1342 to 1352.
		Pope Gregory VII reigned from 1073 to 1085.
	www.catholicconcerns.com /Popes.html (2067 words)

	ST. GREGORY VII
		Pope Leo IX took Hildebrand back to Rome and henceforth he served as a strong right arm to the reforming popes.
		Gregory knew he should await the Augsburg meeting, but he had been jockeyed by Henry into a position where he simply had to absolve the king.
		Gregory, besieged in the Castle of St. Angelo, was rescued by the Normans.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp155.htm (552 words)

	Can the Pope Retire?
		Pope St. Pontian was martyred in 236 (237), either from ill treatment in general or from a mortal beating.
		Pope Sylvester III was consecrated on Jan. 20, 1045.
		Pope Gregory XII (1406 - 1415) was elected as the legitimate pope at a time when there were two anti-popes: The Avignon Pope, Benedict XIII, who was supported by the French king; and the Pisa Pope, John XXIII, who was supported by conciliarists of the renegade Council of Pisa.
	www.catholiceducation.org /articles/religion/re0786.html (1221 words)

	The High Middle Ages, a Time of Faith and
		Pope Leo IX brought him back to Rome, ordained him a deacon, made him a cardinal, and thereafter he was made the administrator of the property of the Church in Rome and became an advisor to succeeding popes in the reform of the Church.
		He declared the pope deposed and sent a decree to Rome which was addressed "to Hildebrand, not pope, but false monk." Pope Gregory VII immediately excommunicated the emperor and declared that Henry's subjects no longer owed him obedience.
		Pope Gregory VII brought to the attention of the Christian world the true meaning of spiritual authority in the Church.
	www.catholiceducation.org /articles/history/world/wh0066.html (6383 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Upon This Rock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope St. Leo II (681-683) did confirm the acts of the council, but he also noted explicitly that Pope Honorius was being condemned for tardiness and negligence in not denouncing the Monothelite heresy sooner.
		No Pope has ever resigned for reasons of health, though several of them (notably Pope Leo XIII at the beginning of this century) have lived into their nineties, and one (Clement XII, the 246th Pope) was totally blind for the last eight years of his pontificate (1732-40).
		Pope Urban VI was validly elected and generally recognized as Pope in 1378 but was betrayed later that year by his entire College of Cardinals, which claimed against all the evidence that his election was invalid, and named Cardinal Robert of Gene va to take his place as Clement VII.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=902 (2862 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Gregory VII
		In sending the formal announcement of his elevation to Henry IV of Germany, he took occasion to indicate frankly the attitude, which, as sovereign pontiff, he was prepared to assume in dealing with the Christian princes, and, with a note of grave personal warning besought the king not to bestow his approval.
		During the year 1074 the pope's mind was also greatly occupied by the project of an expedition to the East for the deliverance of the Oriental Christians from the oppression of the Seljuk Turks.
		Henry's conduct toward the pope was meanwhile characterized by the greatest duplicity, and, when he went so far as to threaten to set up an antipope, Gregory renewed in 1080 the sentence of excommunication against him.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06791c.htm (3383 words)

	Chapter 10
		Pope Honorius reigned from 625 to 638 A.D. He was condemned as a heretic by the Sixth Ecumenical Council (680-681).
		Pope Gregory VII said that he knew of more than 40 men who became Pope by means of bribery.
		The Pope gave the Albigensian Crusaders a special indulgence which was supposed to guarantee that if they died in battle then their sins would be remitted and they would go to Heaven.
	www.angelfire.com /ky/dodone/Chap_10.html (1428 words)

	SBU Dept. of History & Political Science: HIS 1113 Lecture Twenty-six (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gregory VII's pontificate was extremely important for the medieval papacy, for even though Gregory was thwarted in many of his most grandiose schemes he was successful in establishing precedents upon which later popes would be able to build.
		Pope Gregory VII was a pioneer in seeing the need for the collection and organization of canon law.
		Pope Gregory VII, equipped with his new ideology of papal power, papal suzerainty began acting the part aggressively from almost the beginning of his pontificate.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/hi13le26.html (4529 words)

	Rejection of Pascal's Wager: Popes Throughout History
		The next two popes were merely stop-gap instruments of Marozia- to warm the papal throne until her son could ascend to it.
		Gregory VI was deposed by a synod which charged him with bribing his way into the papal throne.
		Pope Alexander III (in office 1159-1181) had the dubious distinction of being one of the first popes to order the use of force against heresies.
	www.geocities.com /paulntobin/papacy.html (7813 words)

	Catholic World News : Bishop's Remarks on Papal Resignation Cause Furor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope Martin I, who was exiled by the Byzantine emperor in 653, tacitly approved the election of a successor, Pope Eugene I. In 964 Pope Benedict V, often seen as an anti-pope, was deposed by Emperor Otto I, and accepted that verdict, renouncing his pontificate.
		Pope Sylvester III was expelled by his rival, Pope Benedict IX, in 1045; Benedict IX in turn abdicated several months later in favor of Pope Gregory VI.
		Pope John Paul II (bio - news) himself addressed the question of papal resignation in his apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis, concerning the procedures for a papal conclave.
	www.cwnews.com /news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=11977 (518 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When Gregory VI died in 1047, Hildebrand entered a monastery where he remained until Leo IX called him to Rome to serve as treasurer of the church.
		Gregory's opposition to lay investiture led to conflict with Emperor Henry IV, who deposed Gregory at the Synod of Worms in 1076.
		Gregory died in Salerno in 1085, and Paul V canonized him in 1606.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/gregoryvii.html (205 words)

	GREGORY VI
		Yet Gregory VI was a good man, a good priest, and a good pope.
		When the scandalous Benedict IX began to grow weary of being pope he went to his godfather, John Gratian, the worthy archpriest of St. John-at-the- Latin-Gate, and asked him if it were legitimate for a pope to abdicate.
		Gregory died some time after 1047, but the date and place of his death are unknown.
	www.cfpeople.org /books/pope/POPEp147.htm (489 words)

	Church History Forum: Papal Abdication and Retirement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope St. Martin I (649-655): resigned in 655 while in exile in Crimea (he had been exiled by the Byzantine Emperor Constans II for his rejection of the heresy of Monothelitism).
		Pope Benedict IX (1032-45): this pope was one of the few bad eggs that have held the Chair of Peter.
		Pope Gregory VI (1045-46): this pope was the godfather of Benedict IX, he bought the office from his godson, to avoid further scandal.
	www.saint-mike.org /Apologetics/QA/Answers/Church_History/h010826Lim.html (427 words)

	Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)
		Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) set the papacy on a course that his predecessors would have thought unthinkable, and his successors saw as inevitable.
		Gregory VII (1073-1085) set the papacy on a course that his predecessors would have thought unthinkable, and his successors saw as inevitable.
		As pope, he fought vigorously for—and achieved—clerical reform and a separation between the secular and ecclesiastical authorities.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/papal_history/117909 (500 words)

	History of the Mass (9histort.htm)
		Gregory had been a holy sovereign pontiff and the first pope who hailed from west of the Alps.
		The irony is that the new Pope, a layman by the name of Theophylact was, in actuality, a descendant of the nefarious Theophylact family which had ruined so many pontificates during their half century reign in the 900's.
		Remember, Gregory VI had been the candidate of the Crescentians who had bitterly opposed the German influence and Henry did not forget this.
	www.dailycatholic.org /9histort.htm (2288 words)

	Pope can step down if he wants to - and he wouldn’t be the first
		Third to resign (and the one usually quoted as being the only pope to resign) was the aged monk Peter Morrone, who became St Celestine V. Pope Nicholas IV died on April 4, 1292, but the cardinals had still not agreed on the election of a successor more than two years later.
		As successor to the legitimate popes Urban VI (1378-89), Boniface IX (1389-1404) and Innocent VII (1404-06) during the Great Schism (1378-1417), Gregory was elected on November 30, 1406.
		Along with the anti-pope* Benedict XIII, Gregory was ‘deposed’ as a schismatic by the Council of Pisa on June 5, 1409.
	www.catholicweekly.com.au /02/jun/2/19.html (1023 words)

	Gregory, popes -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		pope from 590 to 604, reformer and excellent administrator, “founder” of the medieval papacy, which exercised both secular and spiritual power.
		As the fourth and final of the traditional Latin “Fathers of the Church,” Gregory was the first exponent of a truly medieval, sacramental spirituality.
		His learning and ability called him to the attention of Pope Pelagius II, and he was sent as an emissary to the imperial court at Constantinople in 579.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9274661 (612 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Saint Gregory VII
		Gregory took the throne as a reformer, and Emperor Henry IV promised to support him.
		Gregory responded by excommunicating anyone involved in lay investiture.
		The Pope retreated to Salerno where he spent the remainder of his papacy.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintg09.htm (229 words)

	Gregory VI -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		He was elected pope on May 5, 1045, after he paid Pope Benedict IX to resign in order to save the papacy from scandal arising from Benedict's licentious behaviour.
		But Gregory was accused of simony at the Council of Sutri, Papal States, held by the Holy Roman emperor Henry III in 1046, and he abdicated on December 20, retiring…
		The major cause of the schism was the move of the papacy to Avignon, France, early in the 14th century.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9038023 (554 words)

	The History of the Corporation, Volume One by Bruce Brown (Chapter 6)
		Born to poor parents in the marshes of Tuscany around 1023, Hildebrand came to Rome as a young boy, where he was educated in the Cluniac-influenced convent of St. Mary on the Aventine and probably took monastic vows.
		As archdeacon and later pope he steadfastly attacked the traditional liberties of the ordinary parish priests, especially the right of marriage.
		Pope Hadrian II (867-72) was himself a married man, and Ailred of Rievaulx was son, grandson and great grandson of priests.
	www.astonisher.com /archives/corporation/corporation_ch6.html (1597 words)

	Continued on B7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Before 1032 there really were some bad Popes, including the one's the ruled under "Pornocracy," but once we get to 1032 things really start to kick in.
		Another thing I don't understand about Catholics is why they consider the Pope to be their link to God and the one person who can decide if they can or can't go to heaven.
		They were though of before by many theologians but were never put into play until Pope Gregory I added them to the church in what historians believe was for the power.
	home.triad.rr.com /akerman/sterlic/2005/04/papal-stupidity.html (1107 words)

	Pope Gregory VI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope Gregory VI This is a beta version of NNDB
		Gregory VI, Roman Catholic Pope from 1045 to 1046.
		He was accompanied into exile by his young protégé Hildebrand (afterwards pope as Gregory VII), and was succeeded by Pope Clement II.
	www.nndb.com /people/116/000094831 (108 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, the Catholic Church claims to have apostolic succession—an unbroken chain of valid popes that go all the way back to the Apostle Peter.
		[Note 8] Pope Benedict IX reigned from 1032 to 1044, in 1045, and from 1047 to 1048.
		“Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well.” (1 Timothy 3:12) Pope Gregory VII wanted to increase the power of the papacy.
	www.catholicconcerns.com /Download/Popes.doc (2199 words)

	Gregory VI takes Benedict IX's place (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He was not pope long, owing to a general perception his payoff to Benedict amounted to the purchase of the papacy.
		Everyone agrees that he was one of the worst-behaved of all the popes, a disgrace to the Roman Church.
		All the same, the deal looked bad when Gratian was elected pope on May 1, 1045, taking the name Gregory VI.
	chi.gospelcom.net /morestories/gregory_benedict.shtml (539 words)

	Pope Clement II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pope Clement II This is a beta version of NNDB
		He belonged to a noble Saxon family, was Bishop of Bamberg, and chancellor to the emperor Henry III, to whom he was indebted for his elevation to the papacy upon the abdication of Pope Gregory VI.
		He was the first pope placed on the throne by the power of the German emperors, but his short pontificate was only signalized by the convocation of a council in which decrees were enacted against simony.
	www.nndb.com /people/190/000094905 (118 words)

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