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Topic: Pope Gregory VIII

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	Pope Gregory XVI
		Gregory XVI (Bartolommeo Alberto Cappellari), pope from 1831 to 1846, was born at Belluno on September 18, 1765, and at an early age entered the order of the Camaldoli[?], among whom he rapidly gained distinction for his theological and linguistic acquirements.
		In March 1825 he was created cardinal by Pope Leo XII, and shortly afterwards was entrusted with an important mission to adjust a concordat regarding the interests of the Catholics of Belgium and the Protestants of the Netherlands.
		The embarrassed financial condition in which Gregory left the States of the Church makes it doubtful how far his lavish expenditure in architectural and engineering works, and his magnificent patronage of learning in the hands of Mai, Mezzofanti[?], Gaetano, Moroni and others, were for the real benefit of his subjects.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Pope_Gregory_XVI.html (391 words)

	Pope Innocent III
		One of the greatest popes of the Middle Ages, son of Count Trasimund of Segni and nephew of Clement III, born 1160 or 1161 at Anagni, and died 16 June, 1216, at Perugia.
		If the pope finds that the king who has been elected by the princes is unworthy of the imperial dignity, the princes must elect a new king or, if they refuse, the pope will confer the imperial dignity upon another king; for the Church stands in need of a patron and defender.
		The pope now began to treat with King Philip Augustus of France and with the German princes, with the result that most princes renounced the excommunicated emperor and elected in his place the youthful Frederick II of Sicily, at the Diet of Nuremberg in September, 1211.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_iii,pope.html (4248 words)

	Pope St. Gregory VII
		Pope Gregory VI called him to Rome to reform the Abbey of St. Paul's-Outside-the-Walls, which was suffering from a relaxation of its rule.
		The pontificate of St. Gregory VII was to be one long struggle for the freedom of the Church and the reform of the clergy.
		The congregation at Cluny was the army of the pope and the mainstay of the Church.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1985_May/Pope_St_Saint_Gregory_VII.htm (1626 words)

	Pope Gregory I
		Gregory I, also known as St. Gregory or Gregory the Great, the first pope of that name and the last of the four doctors of the Latin Church, was born in Rome about the year 540.
		Gregory sought to protect the monks from episcopal oppression by issuing privilegia, or charters in restraint of abuses, in accordance with which the jurisdiction of the bishops over the monasteries was confined to spiritual matters, all illegal aggressions being strictly prohibited.
		Gregory died on the 12th of March 604, and was buried the same day in the portico of the basilica of St. Peter, in front of the sacristy.
	www.nndb.com /people/109/000094824 (2126 words)

	Pope Gregory VIII: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Pope Gregory VIII Pope Gregory VIII Gregory VIII (Albert de Mora) Pope from...He was consecrated pope in room of Urban III on October 25th, 1187, and died of fever of...
		In 1172 as papal legate he attended the council of Avranches[?], which absolved Henry II of England from the guilt of the murder of Thomas a Becket.
		He was consecrated pope in room of Urban III on October 25th, 1187, and died of fever of December 17th of the same year.
	www.encyclopedian.com /po/Pope-Gregory-VIII.html (221 words)

	pope gregory
		Pope Gregory did this at a time when he himself was confronted by a reckless opponent in the person of Cencius, who on Christmas-night surprised him in church and carried him off as a prisoner, though on the following day Pope Gregory was released.
		Pope Gregory had no power to compel the English king to an alteration in his ecclesiastical policy, so he chose to ignore what he could not approve, and even considered it advisable to assure him of his particular affection.
		Pope Gregory VII did not introduce the celibacy of the priesthood into the church, but he took up the struggle with greater energy than his predecessors.
	www.crusades-history.com /Pope-Gregory.aspx (2778 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Gregory VII
		During the year 1074 the pope's mind was also greatly occupied by the project of an expedition to the East for the deliverance of the Oriental Christians from the oppression of the Seljuk Turks.
		Henry's conduct toward the pope was meanwhile characterized by the greatest duplicity, and, when he went so far as to threaten to set up an antipope, Gregory renewed in 1080 the sentence of excommunication against him.
		He was beatified by Gregory XIII in 1584, and canonized in 1728 by Benedict XIII.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06791c.htm (3362 words)

	Biography – Pope Gregory VIII – The Papal Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		He was the last cardinal who bore the title of chancellor, for when Gregory VIII was pope that charge was given to Moses, canon of Lateran, with the specification taht he should only take the title of vice-chancellor.
		Gregory VIII, learning that there were some disputes between the republics of Pisa and Genoa, went to the former city to encourage its government to commence arming against the Saracens.
		Gregory, being attacked by fever at Pisa, died there on the 17th of December 1187, and was interred in the cathedral.
	www.saint-mike.org /Papal-Library/GregoryVIII/Biography.html (449 words)

	Pope Gregory VII - Sketches of Church History
		Another thing an which Gregory set his heart, as a means of increasing the power of the popes, was to do away with what was called "Investiture." This was the name of the form by which princes gave bishops possession of the estates and other property belonging to their sees.
		Gregory, therefore, ordered that no bishop should take investiture from any sovereign, and that no sovereign should give investiture; and out of this grew a quarrel which lasted fifty years, and was the cause of grievous troubles in the Church.
		Gregory entreated the help of Robert Guiscard, the chief of some Normans who had got possession of the south of Italy; and Guiscard, who was glad to have such an opportunity for interfering, speedily came to his relief and delivered him.
	bible.christiansunite.com /sch/sch02-08.shtml (1639 words)

	January 6: HISTORY (jan6his.htm)
		Pope Gregory VIII was only Pope for less than three months, but in this short span of time he was able to bring stability to the papacy, reconcile with the powerful German king and emperor Frederick Barbarossa convincing him to lead the Third Crusade in the aftermath of the disaster of Jerusalem.
		While Gregory VIII’s legacy is for launching the Third Crusade, he was first and foremost a peacemaker whose philosophy was that the only way to defeat the Saracen threat in the Mid East was through a unified Christian world.
		Gregory had realized all of Christian Europe needed to be united in a cause and time was of the essence.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/jan6his.htm (1136 words)

	Pope Gregory III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Gregory immediately appealed to the Emperor Leo III to moderate his position on the controversy.
		Gregory's support of the empire led to help contribute to the recapture of Ravenna after it had fallen to the Lombards in 733.
		Gregory promoted the Church in northern Europe - such as the missions of Saint Boniface in Germany and Wilibald in Bohemia.
	www.freeglossary.com /Pope_Gregory_III (473 words)

	EUROPEAN HISTORY 1100 - 1159
		Pope Eugine III traveled to France to forward the Crusade but his secret mission is to seek the help of Conrad III of Germany (1138-1152) and Roger II of Sicily (1095-1154) to conduct a Holy War against the rebellious Romans.
		Pope Eugine III (1145-1153) excommunicated Arnold of Brescia (d-1155) because he allied himself with the Rome commune and denounced the pope as a man of blood.
		Pope Gregory I (590-604), the Great who emphatically stated that Christ alone is conceived without sin, the sex act always involved sin, Mary is therefore conceived in sin and committed actual sin; the New Testament said so.
	www.agt.net /public/dgarneau/euro50.htm (2257 words)

	Pope Innocent III
		The election of Pope Celestine III in the following year withdrew Lotario for a while from the active work of the Curia, the new pope belonging to the family of the Orsini, who were at feud with the Scotti.
		Other popes before him -- from Gregory VII onwards -- had upheld the theory of the supremacy of the spiritual over the temporal authority, with various fortune; it was reserved for Innocent to make it a reality.
		So widespread was the prestige of the pope that Kaloyan, prince of Bulgaria, hoping to strengthen himself against internal foes and the aggressions of the Eastern Empire, submitted to Rome and, in November 1204, received the insignia of royalty from the hands of the papal legates as the vassal of the Holy See.
	www.nndb.com /people/536/000092260 (1745 words)

	Pope Gregory VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Cardinal Alberto was one of the two legates dispatched to England by Alexander III to investigate the murder of St. Thomas a Becket.
		He also, in the pope's name, placed the royal crown on Alfonso II of Portugal.
		He was universally beloved for the mildness and gentleness of his disposition; and was no sooner seated on the pontifical throne than he confirmed the popular estimate of his character by making overtures to Barbarossa for a reconciliation with the Church.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/g/gregory_viii,pope.html (352 words)

	Pope Gregory VIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gregory VIII was a well-educated Beneventan noble who became a Cistercian monk at a young age.
		Gregory VIII did not live to see the crusade, as he died of fever that same year.
		This biography of a Pope or a claimant to the papacy is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII (216 words)

	Pope Gregory VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		'''Gregory VIII''', né Albert de Mora (''ca.'' 1100 - December 17, 1187) was Pope from October 25th, 1187 until his death.
		He was consecrated pope in place of Urban III on October 25, 1187, and died of fever of December 17th of the same year.
		Gregory 08 Gregory 08 Gregory 08 de:Gregor VIII.
	pope-gregory-viii.iqnaut.net (110 words)

	Steve Quayle News Alerts
		The Pope's pontificate was overshadowed by Napoleon whose emblem was the eagle.
		Pope John was the pastor of the world and perhaps more loved by Catholics and non-Catholics alike than any other Pope in history.
		They indicate that Popes John Paul I and John Paul II should be considered as one Pope in the prophecies because of John Paul I's short reign as Pope and John Paul II's choice of a name.
	www.stevequayle.com /News.alert/05_Prophetic/050404.next.pope.last.html (5946 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Gregory VIII
		Papal chancellor to Pope Alexander III in 1172, the last cardinal to have the title of chancellor for centuries.
		Papal legate to England to investigate the murder of Saint Thomas a Becket.
		The College of Cardinals selected Cardinal Henry, monk of Clairvaux to succeed Pope Urban III, but he refused and worked for the election of Albert de Morra.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0173.htm (175 words)

	Leo III-Gregory VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		In the Pope's eyes, Charlemagne interfered in church affairs; in Charlemagne's eyes, the Pope ought not to interfere in political affairs.
		The pope ruled with the newly constituted and empowered College of Cardinals and the new curia (papal officials) through which international appointments helped the popes at home and abroad.
		The result was, however, that church and state were divided in a way that would not be reversed and eventually, the tide turned against the absolute power of the popes, as witnessed by the capture of Boniface VIII by Philip the Fair of France in 1304 and the long Avignon captivity.
	www.missouri.edu /~religjr/Leo_III-Gregory_VII.html (929 words)

	Urban VIII
		Upon the death of Pope Gregory XV, in1623, Maffeo Barberini was elected Pope, taking the name of Urban VIII.
		For this reason, Urban VIII favored the anti-Hapsburg policy of the French, neglecting to support the catholic cause in Germany.
		It appears that the Pope never forgave Galileo for putting the argument of God's omnipotence (the argument he himelf had put to Galileo in 1623) in the mouth of Simplicio, the staunch Aristotelian whose arguments had been systematically destroyed in the previous 400-odd pages.
	cnx.org /content/m11983/latest (1063 words)

	[No title]
		The Spirit of truth guarantees that when the Pope declares that he is teaching infallibly as Christ's representative and visible head of the Church on basic matters of faith or morals, he cannot lead the Church into error.
		This pope was born in 1740 and his elevation to the Papacy was foretold, as Pius VII himself later related, by his mother, who in 1763 had entered the convent of Carmelites.
		In any event, for this scenario to work the present Pope, who is in frail health, must live at least another 10 years and not be a believer, or there would be a period of time when there would not be a head of the church, or the Pope would be a nonbeliever.
	www.jpdawson.com /newsltrs/newsltr44pope.htm (4575 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Galileo \| Patrons \| Pope Urban VIII
		The Barberini were a powerful family, with branches in Rome and Florence, which had produced several cardinals up to that point.
		As bishop, Barberini convened a synod, completed the construction of one seminary and built two others, and served as legate of Bologna and prefect of the Segnatura di Giustizia.
		Pope Urban strenghtened fortifications and armaments in the papal territories.
	galileo.rice.edu /gal/urban.html (740 words)

	Pope Gregory II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Saint Gregory II pope from 715 or 716 to February 11 731 succeeded Pope Constantine his election being variously dated May 19 715 and March 21 716.
		Having it is said bought the Lombards for thirty pounds of gold he the tranquillity thus obtained for vigorous missionary in Germany and for strengthening the papal authority the churches of England and Ireland.
		By the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian he prepared the way a long series of revolts and civil which tended greatly to the establishment of temporal power of the popes.
	www.freeglossary.com /Pope_Gregory_II (428 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		This calendar package is based on the Gregorian Calendar, implemented by Pope Gregory VIII in 1582 to correct for the error that was inherent in the Julian Calendar, in use since Julius Caesar implemented it in 45 BC.
		For this reason, Pope Gregory had his astronomers and mathematicians devise a new calendar that compensated for the slight differences between the actual length of a year and the integer number of days required by a calendar (a calendar year of 365 and a fourth days would be hard to work with).
		When Pope Gregory implemented the new calendar, he first needed to correct the error caused by so many centuries of the Julian Calendar.
	arnspub.com /arnspub/CalendarUtils2.php (467 words)

	Wikinfo \| Pope Gregory XV
		Gregory XV (Alessandro Ludovisio), pope (1621-1623), born at Bologna in 1554, succeeded Paul V on February 9, 1621.
		He was a learned divine and manifested a reforming spirit; and his pontificate was marked by the canonization of St Theresa of Avila, Francis Xavier, Ignatius Loyola, and Philip Neri.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Pope_Gregory_XV (177 words)

	Pope John Paul the most revered human being on earth popejohnpaul.com
		The various steps and procedures for the election of the new Pope as revised and promulgated by John Paul II in 1996 may be summarized as follows: The cardinals assemble in the Sistine Chapel to elect a new pope 15-20 days after the death of the reigning Pope.
		John Paul II was the one and only pope who had a real connection with the youth of the world as i am a youth myself i am glad to have seen him on tv and have gone to the first world youth day without his presence.
		Pope John Paul II was a legend and should be remembered by all mankind as a peaceful human being.
	www.popejohnpaul.com /php/showGuestBook.php?linkid=8 (6581 words)

	Pope Urban III
		Urban III, given name Uberto Crivelli, Roman Catholic Pope from the 25th of November 1185 to the 20th of October 1187, was a Milanese, and had been made cardinal-priest of St. Lorenzo in Damaso and archbishop of Milan by Pope Lucius III, whom he succeeded.
		In 1187 he exhorted the Christian kings to renewed endeavors in the Holy Land, and the fall of Jerusalem on the 2nd of October is said to have caused his death.
		He died at Ferrara and was succeeded by Pope Gregory VIII.
	www.nndb.com /people/293/000095008 (200 words)

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